DOCSLIB.ORG

사이클론에 대한 피지의 방재력 정량화 연구 Quantitative Resilience Analysis of Fiji to Cyclones

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

한국방재학회논문집 기상방재 제12권 2호 2012년 4월 pp. 55 ~ 63 사이클론에 대한 피지의 방재력 정량화 연구 Quantitative Resilience Analysis of Fiji to Cyclones 유순영*·김성욱**·박경호***·오창환****·박덕근*****·김창용****** Yu, Soonyoung·Kim, Sung Wook·Park, Kyung-Ho·Oh, Chang Whan·Park, Dug Keun·Kim, Chang Yong ·································································································································································································································· Abstract Resilience Cost is applied to quantitatively assess the resilience and the vulnerability of Fiji to tropical cyclones (TCs), based on historical damage data. The resilience cost, which was developed by the US Department of Homeland Security to protect critical infrastructures, is the sum of the system impact and the total recovery effort. The higher resilience cost indicates that the system is less resilient. Study results show that the resilience of Fiji to TCs depends on the strength and the path of a TC as well as inven- tory in affected areas. In particular, the northern division whose economy is based on commercial agriculture of sugar cane is vul- nerable to TCs due to the frequency of TCs as well as the vulnerability of agriculture to TCs. This study result demonstrates that the resilience cost is a good indicator to determine a location to give priority to for resilience enhancement or recovery resources and can be used to assess causes of vulnerability. In addition, the resilience cost may be used to determine optimal recovery strat- egies if integrated with a modeling, simulation, and analysis program given scenario analysis capabilities. Key words : Resilience cost, System impact, Recovery effort, Priority, Causes of vulnerability 요지 피지의 사이클론 피해 보고서를 바탕으로 사이클론에 대한 피지의 방재력을 정량적으로 측정하고 취약성을 분석해 보고자 리 질리언스 비용을 활용하였다. 미국 국토안보부가 국가기반시설 리질리언스 확보 연구를 위해 고안한 리질리언스 비용은 시스템 영향과 복구노력의 합으로, 상대적 수치 비교를 통해 시나리오 간의 리질리언스를 정량적으로 비교한다. 연구 결과, 사이클론에 대한 피지의 방재력은 사이클론의 카테고리, 이동 경로, 피지 도달 시점에서의 카테고리 및 피해지역의 인구분포와 자산 등에 영향을 받으며, 특히 상업적 농업 활동의 비중이 큰 북부지역이 사이클론에 취약함을 알 수 있었다. 이는 사이클론이 북서부지 역에서 주로 발생하고, 농업활동이 사이클론에 크게 영향을 받기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 본 연구의 연구 결과는 리질리언스 비 용이 다양한 이해관계 속에서 긴급 지원이 필요한 곳에 우선순위를 지정하고, 취약 원인을 분석하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있 음을 보여준다. 또한 모의 기술을 통한 시나리오 평가 연구가 함께 수행될 경우, 리질리언스 비용은 최적의 복구 전략을 수립 하는데도 크게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 핵심용어 : 리질리언스 비용, 시스템영향, 복구노력, 우선순위, 취약 원인 ·································································································································································································································· 1. 서론 력의 크기를 나타내는 시스템의 특성으로 사용되도록 권고된 바 있다(Klein 등. 2003). 여기서 시스템이란 규모에 따라 국가 안보를 위해 재난 연구에도 리질리언스(resilience) 개 국가, 도시, 마을이 될 수 있으며, 목적물에 따라 교통, 물자, 념이 도입되기 시작하였다(Klein 등, 2003 Vulgrin 등, 2010). 전력, 수자원, 에너지 공급 시스템 등일 수 있다. 시스템의 여기서 리질리언스는 개념 자체의 복잡성으로 인해 여러 분 리질리언스는 생태학자 Holling(1973)이 처음 정의한 것으로 야에서 사용자마다 각기 달리 정의하여 사용하는 용어로, 재 알려지고 있으며, 그의 정의에 따르면 리질리언스는 시스템의 난 관리의 경우, 시스템이 흡수할 수 있는 소요(disturbance) 지속 능력 및 외부 변화를 흡수하여 현 상태를 유지하는 능 의 크기 및 스스로 재조직(self-organization) 할 수 있는 능 력이다. Holling(1973) 이후 많은 사람들이 유사하게 리질리 ******정회원·국가수리과학연구소 계산수리과학연구부 연구원(E-mail : [email protected]) ******지아이 지반정보연구소 대표 ******(주)본이앤씨 ******전북대학교 지구환경과학과 교수 ******정회원·국립방재연구원 지반방재연구팀 시설연구관 ******정회원·한국건설기술연구원 SOC성능연구소 Geo-인프라 연구실 연구위원(교신저자) 55 언스를 정의하고 있으며, 공통적으로 외부력에 의한 변화 압 력에 저항하는 능력의 의미를 담고 있다(Vugrin 등, 2010). 방재선진국 미국은 재난으로부터 국가기반시설을 보호하기 위해 국가기반시설보호(Critical Infrastructure Protection, CIP)에 리질리언스 개념을 통합하기 시작하였다. 이는 기반시 설의 물리적인 보강만으로는 국가 안보를 실현할 수 없기 때 문으로, 재난 시에도 주요한 시설물의 기본 기능이 유지될 수 있는 국가 시스템을 만들기 위해서이다. 미국 국토안보부 주 도하에 연구되는 국가기반시설 리질리언스(Critical Infrastructure Resilience, CIR)는 Vugrin 등(2010)에 의해 “특정 사건 발생시 시스템의 성능(System Performance, SP)을 목표치(Target System 그림 리질리언스 비용 등 Performance, TSP)로부터 크게 떨어트리지 않고, 목표치 이 1. (Vulgrin , 2010) 하의 성능을 보이는 시간도 짧게 줄일 수 있는 시스템의 능 력”으로 정의되어 사용되고 있다. Vugrin 등(2010)의 리질리 비용이 크면 시스템 영향이 크거나 총 복구노력이 많이 소요 언스 연구 목적은 재난 이전 기반시설의 리질리언스를 강화 되어 시스템의 리질리언스가 좋지 않은 것으로 해석한다. 또 하고 재난 직후 빠르고 효율적인 최적의 복구 대책을 수립하 한 동일 재난과 동일 시스템의 리질리언스 비용을 측정하더 고자 하는 것으로, 특히 기존의 리질리언스 연구와 달리 복 라도, 시스템영향 및 총 복구노력을 평가하는 방법에 따라 구 노력의 중요성을 강조하고 있다. 리질리언스 비용이 달라질 수 있으므로, 절대적인 수치보다는 국내에서도 리질리언스란 용어가 회복력(2010년 ICLEI 세 상대적인 비교를 통해 의미를 갖게 된다. 특히 리질리언스 계환경회의), 방재력(국립방재교육연구원, 2010) 등으로 번역 비용은 기존의 연구 방법과 달리 리질리언스 평가에 있어 시 되어 재난 연구에 사용된 바 있다. 특히 국립방재교육연구원 스템 영향뿐만 아니라 복구 노력도 중요함을 강조하고 있다. (2010)은 도시 방재력을 번역하기 위해 리질리언스라는 용어를 즉 그림 1에서 시스템영향만 보면 시스템 1과 시스템 2의 사용하였는데, 이는 기존에 널리 번역되던 disaster prevention 리질리언스는 동일하다. 그러나 시스템 1에 투입된 복구노력 또는 disaster reduction과는 다른 개념으로, 국내에서도 리질 이 더 큼을 고려한다면, 시스템 2가 더 리질리언스가 확보된 리언스 연구가 시작되는 계기가 되었다고 할 수 있다. 본 논 시스템이라 할 수 있다. 또한 동일한 사건에 대해 특정 시스 문에서는 리질리언스를 Vugrin 등(2010)의 리질리언스와 같 템의 영향 및 복구 시간은 복구 노력 방법에 따라 달라질 이 정의하고, 필요에 따라 방재력으로 번역하였다. 수 있다. 이에 Vugrin 등(2010)은 리질리언스 비용을 특정 본 논문은 Vugrin 등(2010)의 리질리언스 비용(resilience 복구활동에 의한 리질리언스(Recovery Dependent Resilience, cost) 방법을 통해 피지의 방재력을 평가하고자 한다. 이러한 RDR) 비용과 최적의 리질리언스(Optimal Resilience, OR) 분석 과정은 “리질리언스 비용”이 국내에서 지역방재력을 비 비용으로 구분하여 각각 계산하였다. 교하고 취약성을 분석하는데 있어 지수로 사용될 수 있음을 본 연구논문은 허리케인 아이크(Ike) 직후 화학제품 공급망 검토하고자 함이다. 국내의 경우, 방재력 평가에 관한 연구는 의 리질리언스 비용을 평가한 Warren 등(2010)과 같이, 기존 일부 찾아볼 수 있으나(김경남, 2008; 국립방재교육연구원, 의 재해 사례를 통해 시스템영향과 복구노력을 평가하고, 리 2010), 방재력을 정량화하여 비교 분석할 수 있는 기법에 관 질리언스 비용을 계산하고자 하였다. 이미 발생한 사건을 대 한 연구는 아직 부족한 실정이다. 방재력은 다면적 속성으로 상으로 리질리언스 연구를 수행할 경우, 실제 자료가 사용됨 인해 정의하기 쉽지 않고, 측량은 더더욱 어려운 개념이나, 으로 리질리언스 해석 결과의 검증이 가능하다. 또한 유사 산재한 국가 현안들 사이에서 시급성을 판단하기 위한 지수 사건에 대비하여 리질리언스 확보책을 강구하는데 유용하게 로써 정량화될 필요가 큰 개념이기도 하다. 활용될 수 있다. 그러나 기 발생된 사건의 리질리언스를 평 가하기 위해서는 시스템영향과 복구노력을 측정할 수 있는 2. 연구방법 적절할 자료가 필요한데 이를 구하는 것이 쉽지 않다. 실제 많은 사람들이 시스템의 회복력, 복구력을 연구하기 위해 리질리언스 비용을 고안한 미국 국토안보부의 경우도, 자료 리질리언스 개념을 사용하고 있으나, 리질리언스를 정량적으로 부족 문제로 현재 민관이 함께 자료 구축을 활발히 수행 중 평가한 연구는 Bruneau 등(2003), Chang 등(2004), Rose(2007), 이다. 또한 자료 부족 등의 이유로 모의 기술을 리질리언스 Vugrin 등(2010)과 같이 극히 소수에 불과하다. Vugrin 등 비용 평가에 크게 활용하고 있다(Vulgrin 등, 2010, Vugrin (2011)은 이들 방법들을 비교하고, Vugrin 등(2010)에 의해 등, 2011, 유순영, 2011). 모의 기술의 시나리오 평가 기능은 개발된 리질리언스 비용의 우수성을 검증한 바 있다. 이에 복구 시나리오에 따른 리질리언스 비용 차이를 평가하고 최 본 연구는 Vugrin 등(2010)의 리질리언스 비용 방법을 활용 적의 복구 방법을 결정하는데 활용될 수 있다. 또한 복구 과 하여 피지의 국가 방재력을 측정해 보고자 한다. 정에서 시스템의 영향이 변화하는 과정도 모의할 수 있으므 리질리언스 비용은 시스템 영향(System Impact, SI)과 총 로, 이에 따른 최적의 복구 전략을 실시간으로 결정하는데도 복구노력(Total Recovery Effort, TRE)의 합으로, 리질리언스 도움을 줄 수 있다. 56 한국방재학회논문집, 제12권 2호 2012년 4월 3. 연구지역 피지 표 3. 호주의 열대성 사이클론 강도 등급 (Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale) 2010년 제4차 UN 재해경감 아시아 각료회의에서 채택된 분 평균 풍속 행동계획(Action plan)의 완성도 높은 수행을 위해, 재해 취 이름 카테고리 10 돌풍 (sustained winds) (gusts) 약국들을 대상으로 하는 국제연구사업을 검토하고 미흡한 부 Severe tropical 5 >200 km/h >279 km/h 분을 보완하기 위한 신규 사업이 기획될 필요가 있다. 특히 cyclone 피지를 포함한 남태평양 지역의 도서국들은 열대성 사이클론 Severe tropical 4 160-200 km/h 225-279 km/h cyclone 의 피해에 매우 취약하나 지리적 고립성, 소규모 인구, 낙후 Severe tropical 된 기반 시설 등으로 인해 자연재해관리체계가 미흡한 실정 3 118-159 km/h 165-224 km/h Cyclone 이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 사이클론에 대한 피해 조사가 비 Tropical cyclone 2 89-117 km/h 125-164 km/h 교적 잘 이루어지고 있는 피지를 선택하여, 사이클론의 취약 Tropical cyclone 1 63-88 km/h 91-125 km/h 원인을 분석하고 방재력 강화가 시급한 지역을 찾아보고자 Tropical Low - <63 km/h 91 km/h 리질리언스 비용을 적용하여 보았으며, 향후 본 연구 방법이 재해취약국은 물론 국내 방재 전략 수립에 도움이 될 수 있 고려할 북서쪽 섬들이 높은 피해 위험에 놓였다고 할 수 있 을지 알아보고자 하였다. 다(FMS, 2012). 특히 최근에는 지구온난화, 산림벌채, 인구증 피지는 남태평양 서부 멜라네시아의 남동부에 있는 국가로, 가 및 무분별한 도시계획 등으로 사이클론의 피해가 잦아지고 행정구역상 중부, 동부, 서부, 북부의 4개 지역으로 구분되어 있으며, 사이클론 이외에도 열대 저압부(tropical depression)와 관리되고 있다(표 1). 연중 부드러운 남동무역풍의 영향으로 저압계(low pressure system)가 돌발 홍수의 원인이 되고 있다. 극단적으로 비가 많이 오지는 않으나, 여름철 우기(11월-4월) 피지는 자연재해관리법(Natural Disaster Management Act, 에는 열대성 사이클론의 영향을 받기도 한다(그림 2). 1월과 1997)에 의해 조성된 재해복구기금(National Disaster Relief 2월에 가장 빈번하게 발생하는 열대성 사이클론은 평균적으 and Rehabilitation Fund)에도 불구하고 경제규모에 비해 큰 로 10년에 10~15개가 피지에 영향을 미치고 있으며, 이 중 사이클론 피해가 매년 반복되고 있어, 복구 비용을 선진국 2~4개는 치명적인 피해를 입히고 있다(FMS, 2012). 특정 지 및 국제기구로부터 원조받고 있다(표 2). 피해지역의 복구비 역이 수년 동안 연속적으로 직접 피해를 입은 적은 없으나, 를 해외로부터 조달받기 위해 재난 직후 피해 상황을 비교적 사이클론이 대개 북서쪽에서 발생하여 남동쪽으로 이동함을 잘 정리하고 있으며 , 피해 내역뿐만 아니라, 비상대응결과, 원 조상황, 복구계획 및 향후대책 등을 보고하고 있다.
Recommended publications
  • Social Policy in the Post-Crisis Context of Small Island Developing States: a Synthesis

    Social Policy in the Post-Crisis Context of Small Island Developing States: a Synthesis

    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Perch, Leisa; Roy, Rathin Working Paper Social policy in the post-crisis context of small island developing states: A synthesis Working Paper, No. 67 Provided in Cooperation with: International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) Suggested Citation: Perch, Leisa; Roy, Rathin (2010) : Social policy in the post-crisis context of small island developing states: A synthesis, Working Paper, No. 67, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG), Brasilia This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/71774 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in
  • Fiji Islands Climate Summary December 2007

    Fiji Islands Climate Summary December 2007

    FIJI METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE Private Mail Bag (NAP0351) Nadi Airport, Fiji Islands Fiji Islands Climate Summary Ph: +679 6724888, Fax: +679 6736047 Email: [email protected] December 2007 See online version at http://www.met.gov.fj Since: August 1980* IN BRIEF Tropical Cyclone Daman passed through Fiji’s Waters between De- average across the country. The number of bright sunshine hours re- cember 5 to 9. There was little damage on the main islands apart from corded in December was near normal. landslides and flooding in northern parts of the Northern Division and Viti Levu. Heavy rainfall was also received in the Lomaiviti and Lau The 2007/08 La Niña event strengthened further in December and is Groups. Cikobia Island was the worst affected by wind damage as the now firmly established in the Pacific ocean and atmosphere. All dy- Category 4 cyclone passed over the island. According to press reports namical and statistical ENSO models forecast the La Niña event to con- most buildings on Cikobia were either partially or completed de- tinue through the January to March 2008 period, with more than 50% of stroyed and there was significant damage to agricultural produce and the models forecasting La Niña conditions to exist during the April to other vegetation. Damage costs were reported to be at around F$0.65 June 2008 period. Based on the current and predicted ocean and atmos- Million in the Fiji Times on December 22. pheric conditions in the equatorial Pacific, generally average to above average rainfall is favoured across the Western and Northern Divisions Overall, below average to well above average rainfall was received and Rotuma, below average to average rainfall across most of the Cen- across the country in December.
  • Shelter and Settlements Risk Profile NATURAL DISASTERS from 1980

    Shelter and Settlements Risk Profile NATURAL DISASTERS from 1980

    Shelter and Settlements Risk Profile ShelterCluster.org Coordinating Humanitarian Shelter HISTORIC EVENTS (ReliefWeb) Dec 2012 1. Tropical Cyclone Evan KEY DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Tropical Cyclone Evan (TC Evan) − a Category 4 cyclone, wind Full Name: Republic Of The Fiji Islands speeds of 210 km/h (130 mph), impacted Northern Vanua Population: 862,333 (UN, 2012) Levu and Western Viti Levu on 17 December 2012,is Annual Growth Rate: 0.5% considered one of the worst to ever hit Fiji in recent history. Capital: Suva Approximately 60% of the total population were affected in Population In Urban Areas: 52.90% the post-disaster period. The Northern division recorded the Area: 18,376 Sq Km(7,095 Sq.mile) highest percentage of affected population (52%) as a Major Languages: English, Fijian, Hindi proportion of their total population, followed by the Western Division (38%) and the Central and Eastern divisions (23%). Major Religions: Christianity, Hinduism, Islam March 2. Fiji: Floods Life Expectancy: (UN) 67 Years (M)/72 Years (W) 2012 Monetary Unit: 1 Fijian Dollar = 100 Cents Severe flooding in the areas of Ra, Tavua, Ba, Lautoka, Nadi, Main Exports: Sugar, Clothing, Gold, Processed Nadroga, Sigatoka, and Rewa in January 2012 The Fish, Timber Government of Fiji estimated that damage from the 2012 GNI Per Capita: US $3,720 (WB) 5,390 (FS) floods was at approximately F$71 million. This suggests that Human Development Index: 0.6881 Fiji experienced damage of F$146 million in 2012 alone. Rainfall In Capital (Mm): 3040 Jan 3. Fiji: Floods Temperature In Capital City ° C: 22.2/28.7 2012 Average Family Size: 5 March 4.
  • Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900-Present

    Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900-Present

    DISASTER HISTORY Signi ficant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900 - Present Prepared for the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance Agency for International Developnent Washington, D.C. 20523 Labat-Anderson Incorporated Arlington, Virginia 22201 Under Contract AID/PDC-0000-C-00-8153 INTRODUCTION The OFDA Disaster History provides information on major disasters uhich have occurred around the world since 1900. Informtion is mare complete on events since 1964 - the year the Office of Fore8jn Disaster Assistance was created - and includes details on all disasters to nhich the Office responded with assistance. No records are kept on disasters uhich occurred within the United States and its territories.* All OFDA 'declared' disasters are included - i.e., all those in uhich the Chief of the U.S. Diplmtic Mission in an affected country determined that a disaster exfsted uhich warranted U.S. govermnt response. OFDA is charged with responsibility for coordinating all USG foreign disaster relief. Significant anon-declared' disasters are also included in the History based on the following criteria: o Earthquake and volcano disasters are included if tbe mmber of people killed is at least six, or the total nmber uilled and injured is 25 or more, or at least 1,000 people art affect&, or damage is $1 million or more. o mather disasters except draught (flood, storm, cyclone, typhoon, landslide, heat wave, cold wave, etc.) are included if the drof people killed and injured totals at least 50, or 1,000 or mre are homeless or affected, or damage Is at least S1 mi 1l ion. o Drought disasters are included if the nunber affected is substantial.
  • Ich Safeguarding and Disaster Risk Management in the Asia-Pacific Region

    Ich Safeguarding and Disaster Risk Management in the Asia-Pacific Region

    束=12.5mm（仮） IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC RESEARCH ON ICH SAFEGUARDING AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PRELIMINARY PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON ICH SAFEGUARDING AND PROJECT REPORT FOR FY 2016-2017 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION PROJECT REPORT FOR FY 2016-2017 in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI) Intangible Cultural Heritage International Research Centre for International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI) PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON ICH SAFEGUARDING AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION PROJECT REPORT FOR FY 2016-2017 International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI) Edited by Wataru Iwamoto, Misako Ohnuki, and Yoko Nojima Published by INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE FOR INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION (IRCI) 2 Mozusekiun-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai city, Osaka 590-0802, Japan Phone: +81-72-275-8050 Fax: +81-72-275-8151 Website: https://www.irci.jp/ e-mail: [email protected] Printed by Yubunsha Date of Publication: March 2018 © International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI) 2018 PREFACE The International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (IRCI) was established in 2011 within the National Institutes for Cultural Heritage (NICH), Japan, as a Category 2 Centre under the auspices of UNESCO. Since its establishment, IRCI has been working extensively to enhance research for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in the Asia-Pacific region through implementing research projects in cooperation with research institutes, museums, NGOs, and government sections within and outside the region.
  • Annex J: Initial Environmental Examination – Wastewater Subproject – Draft Table of Contents Page

    Annex J: Initial Environmental Examination – Wastewater Subproject – Draft Table of Contents Page

    ANNEX J: INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION – WASTEWATER SUBPROJECT – DRAFT TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.0 Executive Summary 1 2.0 Poicy, Legal and Administrative Framework 3 2.1 National Level 3 2.2 International Level 9 3.0 Description of the Subproject 12 3.1 Kinoya WWTP Upgrade 12 3.2 Existing Pump Stations Upgrading 12 3.3 Upgrading All Existing Sewer Rising and Gravity Mains 12 3.4 Sewer Extension Program 12 4.0 Description of the Environment 13 4.1 Rewa Watershed 13 4.2 Biodiversity 13 4.3 Rewa River 15 4.4 Mining 26 4.5 Laucala Bay 29 4.6 Climate Change 30 4.7 Sustainability 36 5.0 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 39 5.1 Kinoya WWTP Upgrade 39 5.2 Existing Pump Stations 40 5.3 Upgrading All Mains 40 5.4 Sewer Extensions 40 6.0 Analysis of Alternatives 42 6.1 Sewerage 42 6.2 Least Cost 42 7.0 Information Disclosure 43 8.0 Environmental Management Plan 44 8.1 Environmental Management Plan Framework 44 8.2 Mitigation Notes 47 8.3 Monitoring Notes 48 8.4 Implementation Notes 48 8.5 Performance Notes 49 9.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 50 9.1 Conclusions 50 9.2 Recommendations 50 List of Tables Page 4.1. Average Salinity Values, ppt 17 4.2. Comparison of heavy metals from the reference site, study area and recommended levels: conc in ug/l 18 4.5 Overall means, reference site levels and recommended levels of heavy metals in kai, all conc. In ug/g 19 4.9 Heavy metals (ug/g) from reference sites and sediment quality criteria 20 4.10 Heavy Metals in Sediments of Study Sites 20 4.11 Trace Metal Concentrations in Namosi
  • Situation Analysis of Children in Fiji ©United Nations Children’S Fund (UNICEF), Pacific Office, Suva

    Situation Analysis of Children in Fiji ©United Nations Children’S Fund (UNICEF), Pacific Office, Suva

    Situation Analysis of Children in Fiji ©United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Pacific Office, Suva December 2017 This report was written by Kirsten Anderson, Ruth Barnes, Awaz Raoof and Carolyn Hamilton, with the assistance of Laura Mertsching, Jorun Arndt, Karin Frode, Safya Benniche and Kristiana Papi. Maurice Dunaiski contributed to the chapters on Health and WASH. Further revision to the Child Protection chapter was done by Shelley Casey. The report was commissioned by UNICEF Pacific, which engaged Coram International, at Coram Children’s Legal Centre, to finalize Fiji Situation Analysis. The Situational Analyses were managed by a Steering Committee within UNICEF Pacific and UNICEF EAPRO, whose members included Andrew Colin Parker; Gerda Binder (EAPRO); Iosefo Volau; Laisani Petersen; Lemuel Fyodor Villamar; Maria Carmelita Francois; Settasak Akanimart; Stanley Gwavuya (Vice Chair), Stephanie Kleschnitzki (EAPRO); Uma Palaniappan; Vathinee Jitjaturunt (Chair); and Waqairapoa Tikoisuva. The contents of the report do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF. UNICEF accepts no responsibility for error. Any part of this publication may be freely reproduced with appropriate acknowledgement. Suggested citation. United Nations Children’s Fund, Situation Analysis of Children in Fiji, UNICEF, Suva, 2017 Cover Image: ©UNICEF/UN0249076/Alcock Situation Analysis of Children in Fiji 2 Situation Analysis of Children in Fiji Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................4
  • A Study of Tropical Cyclone Track Sinuosity in the Southwest Pacific

    A Study of Tropical Cyclone Track Sinuosity in the Southwest Pacific

    CLIMATIC VARIABILITY: A STUDY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK SINUOSITY IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC by Arti Pratap Chand A supervised research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science (M.Sc.) in Environmental Sciences Copyright © 2012 by Arti Pratap Chand School of Geography, Earth Science and Environment Faculty of Science and Technology and Environment The University of the South Pacific October, 2012 DECLARATION Statement by Author I, Arti Pratap Chand, declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with material submitted for the award of any other degree at any institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Signature……………………………………… Date…18th October 2012… Arti Pratap Chand Student ID No.: S99007704 Statement by Supervisors The research in this thesis was performed under our supervision and to our knowledge is the sole work of Ms Arti Pratap Chand Signature……………………………………… Date…18th October 2012….. Principal Supervisor: Dr M G M Khan Designation: Associate Professor in Statistics, University of the South Pacific Signature…… ……….Date……18th October 2012…… Co - supervisor: Dr James P. Terry Designation: Associate Professor in Geography, National University of Singapore Signature……………………………………… Date…18th October 2012…… Co - supervisor: Dr Gennady Gienko Designation: Associate Professor in Geomatics, University of Alaska Anchorage DEDICATION To all tropical cyclone victims. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am heartily thankful to my co – supervisor, Dr Gennady Gienko, whose trust, encouragement and initial discussions lead me to this topic. I would like to gratefully acknowledge my Principal Supervisor, Dr MGM Khan and my co – supervisor Dr James Terry for their advice, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabling me to develop an understanding of the subject and statistical techniques.
  • Summary of Major Disaster in Fiji 1985 – March 2010

    Summary of Major Disaster in Fiji 1985 – March 2010

    SUMMARY OF MAJOR DISASTER IN FIJI 1985 – MARCH 2010 YEAR MONTH DISASTER DESCRIPTION TOTAL NO. HUMAN ESTIMATED OF EFFECTS HOUSE LOST OF DEATHS AFFECTED DAMAGED POP. US $ Jan Jan TC’s Erick & Severe damage to housing schools 23 150,000 39,712,636.00 1985 Nigel infrastructure & agriculture 8% of loss to suga industry. Most affected areas Viti Levu and NW island groups March March TC Gavin Widespread flooding in Western 7 Division March March TC Hina Wind damage & flooding in Western 3 6,000 Division & Kadavu April April TC Martin Floods in Northern & Central Division 5,600 1986 especially Suva area Dec Dec TC Rajah Damage to crops, sugar, roads, 1 3,000 14,000,000.00 bridges, power & telecom in Vanua Levu, Taveuni & Lau March March TC Rae Minor damage $26,200,000.00 1990 Nov Nov TC Sina Damage to houses, sugar & crops in $10,100,000.00 Western, Eastern & Central Divisions Nov “ T C Mike March March TC Fran Minor damage 1992 Dec Dec TC Joni Confirmed to Western Division 1,600,000.00 Jan 1993 Jan TC Kina Severe damage to infrastructure, 23 28,000 100,000,000.00 private property & crops across country caused by the worst floods in 100 years 1 YEAR MONTH DISASTER DESCRIPTION TOTAL NO. HUMAN ESTIMATED DAMAGED OF EFFECTS HOUSE LOST OF DEATHS AFFECTED US $ POP. March March TC Thomas Minor damage 1994 1995 TC Gavin Widespread wind storm surge & 25 3,500 $18,300,000.00 flood damage to power telecom & crops May May TC June Minor damage. 1997 Sept Sept Droughts Prolonged drought affecting 75% of 40000 60,000,000.00 country, devastating sugar & subsistence
  • Situation Analysis of Children in the Pacific Island Countries © United Nations Children’S Fund (UNICEF), Pacific Office

    Situation Analysis of Children in the Pacific Island Countries © United Nations Children’S Fund (UNICEF), Pacific Office

    Situation Analysis of Children in the Pacific Island Countries © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Pacific Office December 2017 This report was written by Kirsten Anderson, Ruth Barnes, Awaz Raoof and Carolyn Hamilton, with the assistance of Laura Mertsching, Jorun Arndt, Karin Frode, Safya Benniche and Kristiana Papi. Maurice Dunaiski contributed to the chapters on Health and WASH. Further revision to the Child Protection chapter was done by Shelley Casey. The report was commissioned by UNICEF Pacific, which engaged Coram International, at Coram Children’s Legal Centre, to finalise 14 Situation Analyses and a regional overview of Pacific Island Countries: the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. In-country data collection was implemented in the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji and Solomon Islands. UNICEF Pacific is a multi-country office based in Fiji, with country offices in Vanuatu, Kiribati and Solomon Islands. UNICEF Pacific promotes the rights and wellbeing of every child in the 14 Pacific Island Countries, which are home to around 1.2 million children and youth, living on more than 660 islands and atolls stretching across 17.2 million square kilometres of the Pacific Ocean. The Situational Analyses were managed by a Steering Committee within UNICEF Pacific and UNICEF EAPRO, whose members included: Andrew Colin Parker; Gerda Binder (EAPRO); Iosefo Volau; Laisani Petersen; Lemuel Fyodor Villamar; Maria Carmelita Francois; Settasak Akanimart; Stanley Gwavuya (Vice Chair), Stephanie Kleschnitzki (EAPRO); Uma Palaniappan; Vathinee Jitjaturunt (Chair) and Waqairapoa Tikoisuva. The contents of the report do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF.
  • Title the Potential of Fijian Traditional Housing to Cope with Natural

    Title the Potential of Fijian Traditional Housing to Cope with Natural

    The Potential of Fijian Traditional Housing to Cope with Title Natural Disasters in Rural Fiji Author(s) Fujieda, Ayako; Kobayashi, Hirohide Citation Journal of Disaster Research (2013), 8(1): 18-27 Issue Date 2013-02 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/173637 (C) 2013 Fuji Technology Press Co, . Ltd.; この論文は出版社 版でありません。引用の際には出版社版をご確認ご利用 Right ください。; This is not the published version. Please cite only the published version. Type Journal Article Textversion author Kyoto University The Potential of Fijian Traditional Housing to Cope with Natural Disasters in Rural Fiji Paper: Dr8-1-5700; 2013/1/25 The Potential of Fijian Traditional Housing to Cope with Natural Disasters in Rural Fiji Ayako Fujieda and Hirohide Kobayashi Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan E-mail: {fujieda.ayako.8r@, kobahiro@archi.}kyoto-u.ac.jp [Received October 10, 2012; accepted January 21, 2013] Fiji is, as an island country in the Pacific Ocean widely they can do for themselves with little or no external assis- recognized to be vulnerable to natural disasters due to tance [3]. Over the hundreds of years, prior to European its location and characteristics. Recent studies show contact the Pacific communities had survived recurrent the increasing emphasis on a capacity of disaster af- natural hazards on their own and their extensive knowl- fected people and communities rather than their vul- edge and experience have molded their lifestyle to cope nerability and on what they can do for themselves. In with the natural hazards [4, 5]. In a recent study, Mercer the light of resilience, indigenous knowledge that has emphasizes on the potential of the indigenous knowledge been generated and accumulated over years in adapt- for the disaster risk reduction in the small island states [6].
  • Local Building Cultures for Sustainable and Resilient Habitats

    Local Building Cultures for Sustainable and Resilient Habitats

    Detailed country profile Fiji: local building cultures for sustainable and resilient habitats Annalisa Caimi, Eugénie Crété, Thierry Joffroy, Olivier Moles, Murielle Serlet„ Enrique Sevillano Gutierrez To cite this version: Annalisa Caimi, Eugénie Crété, Thierry Joffroy, Olivier Moles, Murielle Serlet„ et al.. Detailed country profile Fiji: local building cultures for sustainable and resilient habitats. CRAterre, 24 p., 2017.hal- 02888146 HAL Id: hal-02888146 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02888146 Submitted on 2 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Detailed country profile Local Building Cultures for sustainable Fiji and resilient habitats SeptemberCountry profile: 2017 FIJI | Local building cultures for sustainable and resilient habitats Cover images (from top to bottom): Traditional bure house (©Vaughn); Transitional timber house (©culturevixen.com); Formal timber house after 2015 cyclone Winston (©unicef). 2 / 24 Country profile: FIJI | Local building cultures for sustainable and resilient habitats Table of contents