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DESKTOP STUDY on DISASTER RISK REDUCTION of HERITAGE CITIES in SOUTH EAST ASIA and SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES of the PACIFIC By: Dr

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DESKTOP STUDY on DISASTER RISK REDUCTION of HERITAGE CITIES in SOUTH EAST ASIA and SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES of the PACIFIC By: Dr 4 April 2017 DESKTOP STUDY ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION OF HERITAGE CITIES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA AND SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES OF THE PACIFIC By: Dr. Rohit Jigyasu Developed for UNESCO Office Jakarta as a preliminary study for the project entitled “Capacity Building for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) of Heritage Cities in Southeast Asia (SEA) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Pacific”, funded by the Malaysian Funds-in-Trust. 1. Disaster Risk Profile of South-East Asia: Southeast Asia is one of the most disaster-affected regions in the world. With the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 hitting several countries in the region and Cyclone Nargis in 2008 devastating Myanmar, the region has seen two of the world’s deadliest mega-disasters in the last decade. More recently, floods in Thailand in 2011 caused over US$45 billion in damages and the latest major disaster, super typhoon Yolanda/Haiyan was the deadliest disaster in 2013, with more than 6,000 fatalities. According to the International Disaster Database, the region accounted for over 31 percent of all global fatalities from disasters and 8.83 percent of those affected by disasters from 2003-2013. Losses related to natural disasters cost the ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) region, on average, more than US$4.4 billion annually over the last decade. (Daniel Petz, 2014) The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Brunei Darussalam then joined on 7 January 1984, Viet Nam on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999, making up what is today the ten Member States of ASEAN. The ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER), which came into force in December 2009, set the foundation for regional cooperation, coordination, technical assistance, and resource mobilisation in all aspects of disaster management and emergency response. The Agreement supports ongoing and planned national initiatives of ASEAN Member States, and with supporting and complementing national capacities and existing work programmes. Since its inception and through various initiatives, ASEAN 1 through AADMER has managed to increase both regional and national capacities for responding to disasters in Southeast Asia. Today, ASEAN has a population of over 600 million people with the third largest labour force in the world, and by 2050, ASEAN is expected to rank as the fourth-largest economy in the world. Yet, ASEAN is also the most natural disaster-prone region in the world. More than 50 percent of global disaster mortalities occurred in the ASEAN region during the period of 2004 to 2014. During this period, the region contributed to more than 50 percent of the total global disaster fatalities, or 354,000 of the 700,000 deaths in disasters worldwide. The total economic loss was US$91 billion. About 191 million people were displaced temporarily and disasters affected an additional 193 million people. In short, about one in three to four people in the region experienced different types of losses. The World Humanitarian Summit Synthesis Report has outlined five (5) key areas of action to future humanitarian action: dignity, safety, resilience, partnerships, and finance. ASEAN will need to consider these core action areas as the guidelines for disaster management in the region are developed. With dignity, ASEAN will need to further develop and apply its people-centered approach as a main priority. With this approach at the centre of the humanitarian initiative will ensure gender equality and empowerment for women, girls, the youth, and children so that they can act as agents of their own response. (The ASEAN Vision 2025 on Disaster Management) The ASEAN region is exposed to almost all types of natural hazards. These include periodic typhoons, tropical cyclones, flood, drought, earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruption, landslides, forest-fires, haze and pandemics, facing agricultural and resources risks as well as risks associated with rapid urbanization, migration and socio-economic changes. The region has a history of devastating disasters, including the December 26 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2008 Cyclone Nargis, the 2009 Luzon earthquake in the Philippines, the 2009 typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng. The ASEAN region is geographically diverse, covering a land area of 4.5 million square kilometers or 3.3% of the world area, and a coastline of 173,252 km, the third longest in the world. The region sits between several tectonic plates which cause earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. Located between The Pacific and the Indian Ocean, it is susceptible to seasonal typhoons and tsunamis in some areas. Most parts of the region have hot and humid tropical climates, with the exception of mountainous areas. 2 The ASEAN region faces a multitude of inter-related forces and risks. These are related to food security and agricultural risk, natural catastrophes, resource needs (food, water, energy), population growth, unprecedented urbanization and population migration, rapid economic advancement, wealth and income disparities, exposure to pandemics, climate change and geopolitical instability. Despite rapid economic growth, the region has challenges related to poverty, urbanization, and environmental degradation, which can increase risk exposure and vulnerability of the population of the region. The ASEAN area has a population of over 593.05 million (2009). The majority of the population lives in riverine plains, low lying coastal plains and deltas, putting them at high risk of periodic flooding. According to the ADB (2009) and the SEA- START RC (2007) climate-sensitive sectors could be severely impacted by climate change trends, such sea-level rise, increasing temperatures and extreme weather. Typhoons are the most prevalent hazard in the region, causing floods and landslides. Cyclone Nargis killed over 133,000 people, affected over 2.4 million and caused an estimated economic loss of over $4 billion. In 2009, total damage and losses from tropical Storm Ondoy and Typhoon Pepeng reached US$4.38 billion, or about 2.7 percent of the Philippine’s gross domestic product. Indonesia, Philippines and Myanmar face high earthquake hazards. Except for Singapore, flood mortality risk is high in all ASEAN Member States. Brunei has the highest percentage of population at landslide risk, followed by Philippines and Indonesia. Both Indonesia and the Philippines are at high risk from volcanic eruptions. In terms of area susceptible to cyclones, Philippines has the largest area, followed by Viet Nam and Myanmar. Multi-hazard mortality risk is higher for Philippines, Viet Nam, Myanmar and Indonesia. Cyclonic storms cause most casualties followed by earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, epidemics, landslides, droughts, volcanic eruptions and forest fires. Over the last 40 years (1970-2009), cyclones/storms caused over 184,000 deaths, earthquakes 114,000 and tsunamis 83,600. With high density of people and assets, urban areas are especially vulnerable to the adverse impacts of disasters, especially cities Manila, Jakarta, Bangkok, Ha Noi, and Singapore. Manila faces highest risk of earthquake, followed by Jakarta and Bangkok. Manila is also at the highest risk from flood, followed by Jakarta, Bangkok and Ha Noi. Cyclonic risk is highest for Manila, followed by Ha Noi and Jakarta. In terms of overall risks, Manila tops the list with Jakarta, Bangkok, Ha Noi, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Naypyidaw, Phnom Penh, Vientiane and Bandar Seri Begawan 3 following. According to DRMI (2010), for ASEAN, average annual losses are as follows: forest fires ($ 512 mil), storms ($ 339 mil), floods ($ 312 mil), earthquakes ($ 244 mil), droughts ($ 46 mil), volcanoes ($32 mil), and landslides ($ 4 million). Most vulnerable areas include the Mekong River Delta region of Viet Nam, all regions of the Philippines, almost all regions of Cambodia, North and East Lao PDR, the Bangkok region of Thailand and the west and south of Sumatra, and western and eastern Java in Indonesia (Yusuf and Francisco, 2009). In terms of social vulnerability (SV), Myanmar has the highest SV ranking, followed by Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Malaysia. In terms of economic vulnerability (EV), Myanmar has the highest ranking, followed in descending order by Laos, Indonesia, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Philippines, Thailand and Malaysia. (ASEAN, GFDRR, 2012) 2. Disaster Risk Profile of Small island developing states (SIDS): SIDS are found in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Caribbean, Pacific, and Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Seas (AIMS) regions and are vulnerable to damaging natural hydro-meteorological (cyclones, storm surges, extended droughts and extensive floods) and geological (volcanic activities and emissions, earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides) disasters. All three regions are vulnerable hotspots in terms of the extreme impacts of climate change, such as rising temperature and sea-levels, increasing storm surges and inundation, coastal erosion and cyclonic wind damage. Inter- and intra-regionally SIDS may differ significantly in size, topography, geology, human and natural resources, economic development, and relative vulnerability to the different types of natural disasters. However, shared structural disadvantages and characteristics
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