DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Tropical Cyclone Track Sinuosity in the Southwest Pacific

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Tropical Cyclone Track Sinuosity in the Southwest Pacific CLIMATIC VARIABILITY: A STUDY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK SINUOSITY IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC by Arti Pratap Chand A supervised research project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science (M.Sc.) in Environmental Sciences Copyright © 2012 by Arti Pratap Chand School of Geography, Earth Science and Environment Faculty of Science and Technology and Environment The University of the South Pacific October, 2012 DECLARATION Statement by Author I, Arti Pratap Chand, declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with material submitted for the award of any other degree at any institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Signature……………………………………… Date…18th October 2012… Arti Pratap Chand Student ID No.: S99007704 Statement by Supervisors The research in this thesis was performed under our supervision and to our knowledge is the sole work of Ms Arti Pratap Chand Signature……………………………………… Date…18th October 2012….. Principal Supervisor: Dr M G M Khan Designation: Associate Professor in Statistics, University of the South Pacific Signature…… ……….Date……18th October 2012…… Co - supervisor: Dr James P. Terry Designation: Associate Professor in Geography, National University of Singapore Signature……………………………………… Date…18th October 2012…… Co - supervisor: Dr Gennady Gienko Designation: Associate Professor in Geomatics, University of Alaska Anchorage DEDICATION To all tropical cyclone victims. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am heartily thankful to my co – supervisor, Dr Gennady Gienko, whose trust, encouragement and initial discussions lead me to this topic. I would like to gratefully acknowledge my Principal Supervisor, Dr MGM Khan and my co – supervisor Dr James Terry for their advice, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabling me to develop an understanding of the subject and statistical techniques. I would also like to acknowledge and thank Dr Gennady and Dr Shingo Takeda for helping me with displaying my results using ArcGIS software. My sincere thanks to them for their time and patience. My sincere thanks and appreciation goes to Dr MGM Khan and his student for helping me with C++ programming technique. I would also like to thank Dr Tony Weir and Mr Rajendra Prasad (former Director of the Fiji Meteorological Services) for discussions I had with them regarding my thesis topic. Special thanks to my family for their encouragement and moral support. ii ABSTRACT Tropical cyclones (TCs) are one of the most destructive natural hazards in the tropical Pacific, with large impacts on socio-economic and environmental sectors of island nations. Improved understanding of the characteristics of these intense storms is critical. A continuing problem lies in forecasting TC movement after formation. One way to add to existing knowledge in this area is to analyse available data on cyclone track shape, in order to identify any special patterns. In this context, this study examines statistical characteristics of several TC track parameters, using archived data from 1970 to 2008 for the South Pacific region. The dataset includes information on 292 TCs, which includes all storms with wind intensity of 35 knots and above that have their genesis in tropical waters. TC paths are analysed within the geographical grid covered by 0 – 25°S and 160° E – 120° W. The particular focus of this study is on track sinuosity values and how these may be characterised and grouped. River sinuosity has contributed a lot in understanding fluvial geomorphology (Terry and Feng, 2010) and therefore extending the technique to study TC track maybe useful. A sinuous track having loops and curves will affect many more islands than a TC moving along a straight path. Some Islands may be affected more than once or may be exposed to a TC for a longer time period if the TC makes a loop during its journey. Sinuosity values for all TC tracks were calculated by measuring the total distance travelled by each TC and then dividing this by the vector displacement between cyclogenesis and decay positions. In this study, the problem of categorising the TCs based on sinuosity index (SI) values obtained by transformation of sinuosity values allows the grouping of similar TCs. The SI categories are so constructed that the variance of groups is as small as possible. Thus in this thesis a technique is developed to construct the SI categories of the TCs that seek minimization of the sum of weighted deviations of SI from the mean of group. Then the problem is solved for determining the optimum boundary points of the groups by using a dynamic programming technique. iii Three TCs from the dataset were found to have very high SI values and therefore were grouped in a separate SI category as an outlier category. Then the remaining TCs were grouped into five homogeneous sinuosity index categories using proposed method within which the TCs were very similar. The results from above method were compared with the SI categories obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis with Ward’s method. The comparison results show that the SI categories constructed by the proposed method are more homogenous with respect to the sinuosity index values of the TC tracks. The homogenous SI categories obtained was further explored using GIS tool to study the geographical distribution of these SI categories in the study area. Keywords: Track Sinuosity, Cyclogenesis and decay positions, Homogeneous Categories iv ABBREVIATIONS IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change SI Sinuosity Index TC Tropical Cyclones v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION i ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii ABSTRACT iii ABBREVIATIONS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF APPENDICES xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Tropical cyclones in the Pacific Region 1 1.2. Tropical cyclone variability 3 1.3. Tropical cyclone classification 4 1.4. Tropical cyclone tracks 6 1.5. Sinuosity of cyclone tracks 6 1.6. Research objectives 12 1.7. Chapter organizations 12 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 14 CHAPTER 3: DATA AND METHODS 20 3.1 Study area and data collection 20 3.2 Sinuosity calculation 22 3.3 Distribution of Sinuosity values 22 3.3.1 Analysis of extreme Tropical Cyclones from sinuosity data 24 3.3.2 Sinuosity index 26 3.3.3 Analysis of extreme Tropical Cyclones from sinuosity index data 26 3.4 Correlation of sinuosity index with other parameters 28 3.5 Methodology for grouping the sinuosity index: a proposed technique 29 vi 3.5.1 Estimate of the distribution of sinuosity index values 31 3.5.2 Estimate of the parameters of distribution 32 3.5.3 Determination of optimum grouping using dynamic programming technique 32 3.6 Alternative methodology for grouping the sinuosity index using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 34 3.7 A comparison study of grouping methods 35 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS 36 4.1 Tropical Cyclone frequency 36 4.2 Average sinuosity index 36 4.3 Correlation of average sinuosity index with southern oscillation index 37 4.4 Correlation of sinuosity with other tropical cyclone parameters 39 4.4.1. Correlation of sinuosity index with start latitude 39 4.4.2. Correlation of sinuosity index with start longitude 39 4.4.3. Correlation of sinuosity index with end longitude 39 4.4.4. Correlation of sinuosity index with time 40 4.4.5. Correlation of sinuosity index with duration 40 4.5 Grouping the sinuosity index values 40 4.6. Geographical distribution of the tropical cyclone genesis and decay positions 41 4.7 Tropical Cyclone frequency and percentages in different tropical cyclone months for the five categories 45 4.8 Mean values for other parameters of the tropical cyclone tracks in relation to the sinuosity index category mean 46 vii CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 47 5.1 Tropical cyclone genesis position and sinuosity index 48 5.2 Tropical cyclone decay position and sinuosity index 49 5.3 Tropical cyclone journey and sinuosity index 50 5.4 Sinuosity Index categories 50 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS 52 REFERENCES 55 APPENDICES 60 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 An aerial photograph of Nadi during March 2012 flooding 2 Figure 2 Flooding in Nadi in April 2012 2 Figure 3 Tropical Cyclone Henrieta track of sinuosity value 1.01 7 Figure 4 Tropical Cyclone Daman track of sinuosity value 1.07 8 Figure 5 Tropical Cyclone Tomas track of sinuosity value 1.16 8 Figure 6 Tropical Cyclone Gavin track of sinuosity value 1.34 9 Figure 7 Tropical Cyclone Xavier track of sinuosity value 1.75 9 Figure 8 Tropical Cyclone Rewa track of sinuosity value 4.36 10 Figure 9 Tropical Cyclone Rewa (28 December 1993 – 21 January 1994) 16 Figure 10 Tropical Cyclone Zaka (1995) 17 Figure 11 Tropical Cyclone Rae, Olaf, Meena, Percy and Nancy 18 Figure 12 Map of study area 21 Figure 13 Map of study area with 291 TC tracks during 1969/70 – 2007/08 cyclone seasons 21 Figure 14 Sinuosity values for each tropical cyclone track was calculated 22 Figure 15 Histogram for the sinuosity values 23 Figure 16 Boxplot analysis of sinuosity values 24 Figure 17 Boxplot analysis of sinuosity index 27 Figure 18 Dotplot of the sinuosity index 28 Figure 19 P-P plots of sinuosity index 31 Figure 20 Frequency distribution of sinuosity index 32 Figure 21 Tropical Cyclone frequency against tropical cyclone seasons (1969/70 – 2007/08) 36 Figure 22 Graph of average sinuosity index against tropical cyclone seasons 37 Figure 23 Tropical Cyclone displacement tracks for the 291 tropical cyclones that occurred between (1969/70 – 2007/08) 42 Figure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hell & High Water
    Niku III was the expedition that couldn’t happen, but we made it happen anyway, and for a while we wished we hadn’t, but then we were awfully glad we did. Making It Happen In the spring of 1996, prospects for another a willingness to pay their share of the ship charter major expedition to Nikumaroro looked promising. and to give TIGHAR a share in videotape sales of We had just concluded a short preliminary trip to the documentary. They also wanted to cover the the island (our first since 1991) which had turned expedition live on their internet website. We weren’t up some interesting new artifacts–the plexiglas and at all comfortable with that idea, but everyone the radio cables (see TIGHAR Tracks Vol.12, 2&3). agreed that such issues could be worked out in Two project supporters had made pledges totalling negotiations toward a mutually acceptable written nearly $200,000 which gave us an excellent start contract. toward putting together the estimated $1,000,000 Then both of our financial supporters backed budget for a major operation in the fall of that out of their pledges. No hard feelings, but no money. year. For media coverage, the PBS science series Contributions from the TIGHAR membership made NOVA had indicated a strong interest in doing a it possible for us to continue to look for major documentary about the expedition. The coming year, funding, but it ultimately turned out to be a fruitless 1997, was to mark the 60th anniversary of Earhart’s search. Dozens of proposals to corporations met disappearance and the 100th of her birth.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Tropical Cyclone Hayan in the Philippines: Contribution of Spatial Planning to Enhance Adaptation in the City of Tacloban
    UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Faculdade de Ciências Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas Faculdade de Letras Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Instituto de Ciências Sociais Instituto Superior de Agronomia Instituto Superior Técnico The impact of tropical cyclone Hayan in the Philippines: Contribution of spatial planning to enhance adaptation in the city of Tacloban Doutoramento em Alterações Climáticas e Políticas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Especialidade em Ciências do Ambiente Carlos Tito Santos Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Filipe Duarte Santos Professor Doutor João Ferrão Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de Doutor 2018 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Faculdade de Ciências Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas Faculdade de Letras Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Instituto de Ciências Sociais Instituto Superior de Agronomia Instituto Superior Técnico The impact of tropical cyclone Haiyan in the Philippines: Contribution of spatial planning to enhance adaptation in the city of Tacloban Doutoramento em Alterações Climáticas e Políticas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Especialidade em Ciências do Ambiente Carlos Tito Santos Júri: Presidente: Doutor Rui Manuel dos Santos Malhó; Professor Catedrático Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Vogais: Doutor Carlos Daniel Borges Coelho; Professor Auxiliar Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Aveiro Doutor Vítor Manuel Marques Campos; Investigador Auxiliar Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil(LNEC)
    [Show full text]
  • Social Policy in the Post-Crisis Context of Small Island Developing States: a Synthesis
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Perch, Leisa; Roy, Rathin Working Paper Social policy in the post-crisis context of small island developing states: A synthesis Working Paper, No. 67 Provided in Cooperation with: International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) Suggested Citation: Perch, Leisa; Roy, Rathin (2010) : Social policy in the post-crisis context of small island developing states: A synthesis, Working Paper, No. 67, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG), Brasilia This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/71774 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Final
    In Pursuit of a Good Death: Responding to Changing Sensibilities in the Context of the Right to Die Debate A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Juridical Studies at the University of Sydney VICTORIA HILEY The Faculty of Law University of Sydney January 2008 ABSTRACT This thesis challenges a number of claims that are made in the context of the euthanasia debate: that there is only one version of the good death; that rights discourse is the most appropriate vehicle by which to secure legal recognition of a right to die; that the Netherlands is either a model for reform or the epitome of a slippery slope in its regulation of euthanasia; and that a key argument in the euthanasia debate, the sanctity of life doctrine, is a fixed, immutable concept. In this thesis I use process sociology, developed by Norbert Elias, in order to capture changing sensibilities toward death and dying in the common law jurisdictions (Australia, England, the United States of America, Canada and New Zealand) and in the Netherlands. At the same time I analyse changing attitudes among key groups whose work impacts upon the euthanasia debate namely, parliamentarians, law reform bodies, the judiciary and medical associations. My aim in adopting this approach is threefold. First of all, to examine evolving attitudes to death and dying in order to determine whether the institutions of law and medicine are responding in an adequate manner to changing sensibilities in the common law countries and in the Netherlands. Secondly, to highlight shifting balances of power within the euthanasia debate.
    [Show full text]
  • Fiji Islands Climate Summary December 2007
    FIJI METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE Private Mail Bag (NAP0351) Nadi Airport, Fiji Islands Fiji Islands Climate Summary Ph: +679 6724888, Fax: +679 6736047 Email: [email protected] December 2007 See online version at http://www.met.gov.fj Since: August 1980* IN BRIEF Tropical Cyclone Daman passed through Fiji’s Waters between De- average across the country. The number of bright sunshine hours re- cember 5 to 9. There was little damage on the main islands apart from corded in December was near normal. landslides and flooding in northern parts of the Northern Division and Viti Levu. Heavy rainfall was also received in the Lomaiviti and Lau The 2007/08 La Niña event strengthened further in December and is Groups. Cikobia Island was the worst affected by wind damage as the now firmly established in the Pacific ocean and atmosphere. All dy- Category 4 cyclone passed over the island. According to press reports namical and statistical ENSO models forecast the La Niña event to con- most buildings on Cikobia were either partially or completed de- tinue through the January to March 2008 period, with more than 50% of stroyed and there was significant damage to agricultural produce and the models forecasting La Niña conditions to exist during the April to other vegetation. Damage costs were reported to be at around F$0.65 June 2008 period. Based on the current and predicted ocean and atmos- Million in the Fiji Times on December 22. pheric conditions in the equatorial Pacific, generally average to above average rainfall is favoured across the Western and Northern Divisions Overall, below average to well above average rainfall was received and Rotuma, below average to average rainfall across most of the Cen- across the country in December.
    [Show full text]
  • Shelter and Settlements Risk Profile NATURAL DISASTERS from 1980
    Shelter and Settlements Risk Profile ShelterCluster.org Coordinating Humanitarian Shelter HISTORIC EVENTS (ReliefWeb) Dec 2012 1. Tropical Cyclone Evan KEY DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Tropical Cyclone Evan (TC Evan) − a Category 4 cyclone, wind Full Name: Republic Of The Fiji Islands speeds of 210 km/h (130 mph), impacted Northern Vanua Population: 862,333 (UN, 2012) Levu and Western Viti Levu on 17 December 2012,is Annual Growth Rate: 0.5% considered one of the worst to ever hit Fiji in recent history. Capital: Suva Approximately 60% of the total population were affected in Population In Urban Areas: 52.90% the post-disaster period. The Northern division recorded the Area: 18,376 Sq Km(7,095 Sq.mile) highest percentage of affected population (52%) as a Major Languages: English, Fijian, Hindi proportion of their total population, followed by the Western Division (38%) and the Central and Eastern divisions (23%). Major Religions: Christianity, Hinduism, Islam March 2. Fiji: Floods Life Expectancy: (UN) 67 Years (M)/72 Years (W) 2012 Monetary Unit: 1 Fijian Dollar = 100 Cents Severe flooding in the areas of Ra, Tavua, Ba, Lautoka, Nadi, Main Exports: Sugar, Clothing, Gold, Processed Nadroga, Sigatoka, and Rewa in January 2012 The Fish, Timber Government of Fiji estimated that damage from the 2012 GNI Per Capita: US $3,720 (WB) 5,390 (FS) floods was at approximately F$71 million. This suggests that Human Development Index: 0.6881 Fiji experienced damage of F$146 million in 2012 alone. Rainfall In Capital (Mm): 3040 Jan 3. Fiji: Floods Temperature In Capital City ° C: 22.2/28.7 2012 Average Family Size: 5 March 4.
    [Show full text]
  • FIJI Cyclone Gavin
    FIJI- Cyclone Gavin 07 March 1996 Information Bulletin The context As of 1500 Fiji time on Friday, Cyclone Gavin was directly over the Yasawa Group of islands in the South Pacific. The path expected is southward to within 50 kilometres of Nadi, the major international airport for Fiji. The intensity continues with winds up to 240 kilometres per hour. Severe wind and storm surge damage is expected along the west coast of Viti Levu island. Red Cross/Red Crescent action The Fiji Red Cross is on alert and has reported that, in Suva, power poles and lines are down, with some streets impassable because of fallen trees. Flooding has occurred in low lying areas. Wind gusts are expected to be over 100 kms/hour. As of this morning, Rotuma island had not suffered too badly with some roofs blown off but it is now safe. The second largest island, Vanua Levu, appears to have suffered a lot with wind damage and severe flooding. The Red Cross branch is out of contact but reports indicate that they are distributing relief goods. A total of 41 evacuation centres have been opened on Vanua Levu but the power is out. The Fiji Red Cross will keep the Federation informed of further developments. The Federation Regional Delegation in Sydney has been in touch with the New Zealand Red Cross who have an experienced delegate on stand-by to conduct a possible assessment mission. Hiroshi Higashiura Nina de Rochefort Director Desk Officer Asia and Pacific Department Asia and Pacific Department.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan Overwhelmed by Quake Crisis
    ITIJITIJ Page 22 Page 26 Page 28 Page 30 International Travel Insurance Journal ISSUE 58 • NOVEMBER 2005 ESSENTIAL READING FOR TRAVEL INSURANCE INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS Europe panics at Pakistan overwhelmed by quake crisis avian flu threat On 8 October, a massive earthquake rocked Pakistan and northern India, The deadly strain of bird flu that has killed resulting in the extensive destruction of approximately 60 people in Asia has spread to property and the loss of thousands of Europe and the continent is in panic. Leonie lives. Initial estimates suggested that at Bennett reports on what is being done to stem the least 33,000 persons perished, now it spread of the virus seems this number is more likely to be around 80,000. Leonie Bennett reports On 13 October, scientists confirmed that the bird flu virus was found in poultry in Turkey, the first time Most of the casualties from the that the virus has been found outside Asia, marking earthquake, which measured 7.6 on the a new phase in the virus’s spread across the globe. Richter scale, were from Pakistan. The Then, on the 17 October, it was established that epicentre of the quake, which lasted for the virus had infected Romanian birds. It was over a minute, was near Muzzaffarabad, confirmed as the H5N1 strain that it is feared can capital of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, at mutate into a human disease, potentially spiralling 9:20 a.m. Indian Standard Time. Tremors out of control and threatening the lives of millions of were reported in Delhi, Punjab, Jammu, people worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Environmental Examination
    Initial Environmental Examination Project Number 48484-004 August 2018 TUV: Outer Island Maritime Infrastructure Project (Additional Financing) This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Initial Environmental Examination Tuvalu: Outer Island Maritime Infrastructure Project – Additional Financing Initial Environmental Examination TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abbreviations ii Executive Summary iii I Introduction 1 A. Project Background 1 B. Objectives and Scope of IEE 2 II Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework 3 A. Legal and Policy Framework of Tuvalu 3 B. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 6 III Description of the Project 7 A. Rationale 7 B. Proposed Works and Activities 7 IV Baseline Information 14 A. Physical Resources 14 B. Terrestrial Biological Resources 19 C. Marine Biological Resources 20 D. Socio-economic resources 28 V Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures 33 A. Overview 33 B. Design and Pre-construction Impacts 33 C. Construction Impacts on Physical Resources 35 D. Construction Impacts on Biological Resources 39 E. Construction Impacts on Socio-Economic Resources 45 F. Operation Impacts 49 VI Consultation and Information Disclosure 52 A. Consultation 52 B. Information Disclosure 53 VII Environmental Management Plan 53 A.
    [Show full text]
  • MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO Diploma Thesis
    MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO FACULTY OF EDUCATION Diploma thesis Brno 2018 Supervisor: Author: doc. Mgr. Martin Adam, Ph.D. Bc. Lukáš Opavský MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO FACULTY OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Presentation Sentences in Wikipedia: FSP Analysis Diploma thesis Brno 2018 Supervisor: Author: doc. Mgr. Martin Adam, Ph.D. Bc. Lukáš Opavský Declaration I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. I agree with the placing of this thesis in the library of the Faculty of Education at the Masaryk University and with the access for academic purposes. Brno, 30th March 2018 …………………………………………. Bc. Lukáš Opavský Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, doc. Mgr. Martin Adam, Ph.D. for his kind help and constant guidance throughout my work. Bc. Lukáš Opavský OPAVSKÝ, Lukáš. Presentation Sentences in Wikipedia: FSP Analysis; Diploma Thesis. Brno: Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, English Language and Literature Department, 2018. XX p. Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Martin Adam, Ph.D. Annotation The purpose of this thesis is an analysis of a corpus comprising of opening sentences of articles collected from the online encyclopaedia Wikipedia. Four different quality categories from Wikipedia were chosen, from the total amount of eight, to ensure gathering of a representative sample, for each category there are fifty sentences, the total amount of the sentences altogether is, therefore, two hundred. The sentences will be analysed according to the Firabsian theory of functional sentence perspective in order to discriminate differences both between the quality categories and also within the categories.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnitudes of Nearshore Waves Generated by Tropical Cyclone Winston, the Strongest Landfalling Cyclone in South Pacific Records
    ÔØ ÅÒÙ×Ö ÔØ Magnitudes of nearshore waves generated by Tropical Cyclone Winston, the strongest landfalling cyclone in South Pacific records. Unprecedented or unremarkable? James P. Terry, A.Y. Annie Lau PII: S0037-0738(17)30228-2 DOI: doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.10.009 Reference: SEDGEO 5252 To appear in: Sedimentary Geology Received date: 10 May 2017 Revised date: 11 October 2017 Accepted date: 13 October 2017 Please cite this article as: Terry, James P., Lau, A.Y. Annie, Magnitudes of nearshore waves generated by Tropical Cyclone Winston, the strongest landfalling cyclone in South Pacific records. Unprecedented or unremarkable?, Sedimentary Geology (2017), doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.10.009 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Magnitudes of nearshore waves generated by Tropical Cyclone Winston, the strongest landfalling cyclone in South Pacific records. Unprecedented or unremarkable? James P. Terry1, A.Y. Annie Lau2 1 College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates [email protected] 2 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Abstract We delimit nearshore storm waves generated by category-5 Tropical Cyclone Winston in February 2016 on the northern Fijian island of Taveuni.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Flood Plumes in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
    Spatial and temporal patterns of flood plumes in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia Thesis submitted by Michelle Jillian Devlin BSc (Bendigo College of Advanced Education (Latrobe University) Msc (James Cook University) February 2005 Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Tropical Environment Studies and Geography Department, James Cook University. Spatial and temporal patterns of flood plumes in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia 1 STATEMENT OF ACCESS I, the undersigned, author of this work, understand that James Cook University will make this thesis available for use within the University Library and, via the Australian Digital Theses network, for use elsewhere. I understand that, as an unpublished work, a thesis has significant protection under the Copyright Act and; I do not wish to place any further restriction on access to this work. _________________________ ______________ Signature Date Spatial and temporal patterns of flood plumes in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia 2 STATEMENT OF SOURCES DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is given. ____________________________________ ____________________ Signature Date Spatial and temporal patterns of flood plumes in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia 3 Papers arising from this thesis Devlin , M., Brodie, J, Waterhouse, J., Mitchell, A., Audas, D. and Haynes, D. (2003). Exposure of Great Barrier Reef inner-shelf reefs to river-borne contaminants.
    [Show full text]