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Chapter 1 Overview: Mass Trauma Affects Whole Communities 3 Kathryn M Complimentary Contributor Copy Complimentary Contributor Copy NATURAL DISASTER RESEARCH, PREDICTION AND MITIGATION MASS TRAUMA IMPACT AND RECOVERY ISSUES No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Complimentary Contributor Copy NATURAL DISASTER RESEARCH, PREDICTION AND MITIGATION Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the e-book tab. PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH PROGRESS Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the e-book tab. Complimentary Contributor Copy NATURAL DISASTER RESEARCH, PREDICTION AND MITIGATION MASS TRAUMA IMPACT AND RECOVERY ISSUES KATHRYN GOW AND MAREK CELINSKI EDITORS New York Complimentary Contributor Copy Copyright © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mass trauma : impact and recovery issues / editors, Kathryn Gow, Marek Celinski. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN: 978-1-62081-584-7 (eBook) 1. Psychic trauma. 2. Post-traumatic stress disorder. 3. Adjustment (Psychology) 4. Resilience (Personality trait) I. Gow, Kathryn. II. Celinski, Marek J. BF175.5.P75M377 2011 155.9'35--dc23 2012010685 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York Complimentary Contributor Copy CONTENTS Preface ix Poem: “The Tsunami of Despair” xi Peter Sugen PART 1: TRAUMA RELATED THEORY 1 Chapter 1 Overview: Mass Trauma Affects Whole Communities 3 Kathryn M. Gow Chapter 2 Implementing Collective Approaches to Massive Trauma and Loss in Western Contexts 21 Saliha Bava and Jack Saul Chapter 3 Rethinking the Moral Positioning of Trauma Work 41 Stevan M. Weine Chapter 4 Using the Individualism-Collectivism Construct to Understand Cultural Differences in PTSD 55 Nuwan Jayawickreme, Eranda Jayawickreme and Edna B. Foa Chapter 5 Assessing Resilience in the Aftermath of Mass Trauma 77 Marek J. Celinski, Lyle M. Allen III and Kathryn M. Gow PART 2: EFFECTS OF MAN MADE TRAUMA: WAR, GENOCIDE, MURDER AND TERRORISM 93 Chapter 6 Effects of Mass Homicide on Communities 95 Sandy Sacre Chapter 7 The Legacy of the Nazi Holocaust within a Theoretical Trauma Framework 111 Janine Lurie-Beck Chapter 8 Cambodia 30 Years On: A Country Recovering from Genocide 125 Roslyn Roberts Complimentary Contributor Copy vi Contents Chapter 9 Mass Disaster Response: How Impending Health Catastrophes in the Displaced Populations of Post-War Sri Lanka were Averted 139 Eeshara Kottegoda Vithana and Loyal Pattuwage Chapter 10 21st Century Warfare: Can Deployment Resilience Assist the Return to Civilian Life? 159 Jacques J. Gouws Chapter 11 Healing Fields and Field of Flags: Commemoration of 9/11 and War in Heterotopian Space/Place 175 Catherine Ann Collins PART 3: COMMUNITY RESILIENCE AND DISASTERS 195 Chapter 12 What Makes Children Resilient and Resourceful Despite Family Adversity and Trauma in High Risk Populations? 197 Karol L. Kumpfer and Qing-Qing Hu Chapter 13 Main Trends in Resilience and Trauma Recovery with Children, Adolescents and Families 223 Vladimír Kebza and Iva Šolcová Chapter 14 Recognising and Assisting Children at Risk of PTSD Following Natural Disasters 237 Heather Mohay and Nicole Forbes Chapter 15 When Community Resilience Breaks Down after Natural Disasters 257 Kathryn Gow and Heather Mohay Chapter 16 Facilitating Successful Community-led Recovery after Disasters 281 Suzanne Vallance PART 4: TRAUMA IMPACT AND RECOVERY IN REFUGEE POPULATIONS 297 Chapter 17 Towards Dialogic Trauma Work 299 Stevan M. Weine Chapter 18 From Trauma Victims to Survivors: The Positive Psychology of Refugee Mental Health 313 Eranda Jayawickreme, Nuwan Jayawickreme and Martin E.P. Seligman Chapter 19 Trauma and Survival in African Humanitarian Entrants to Australia 331 Alicia Copping and Jane Shakespeare-Finch Complimentary Contributor Copy Contents vii Chapter 20 Resilience and Resourcefulness as Facilitators of Adjustment in Immigrants during Times of Adversity 349 Giorgio Ilacqua, Marek J. Celinski and Lyle M. Allen III Addendum Questions to be Explored When Assessing the Resilience of a Community Post Disaster 365 Ron Frey Index 375 Complimentary Contributor Copy Complimentary Contributor Copy PREFACE This book comes at a time when mass disasters and mass trauma abound. It is impossible to turn on the television and not see incidents of floods, earthquakes, wildfires, avalanches, and every kind of natural disaster, competing with air space with the latest updates on wars, terrorism, mass murders, civil unrest, famine and mass migration. So from Canada to the USA and down under to Australia, New Zealand and Africa, then across to Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, the stories unfold in these pages. They tell about mass disasters and traumas, and they argue about the best way of assisting communities during and after disasters and traumas on a large scale. They talk about the presence and absence of resilience and the need to keep recovery in perspective and to watch our language when we speak about post traumatic stress disorders. Almost all authors will join the admonition that communities should be not only involved in recovery, but encouraged to instigate new ways of operating in a post-disaster community. This is the fourth book in a series of texts published through Nova Science (New York) which focus on resilience and resourcefulness in some ways and recovery and trauma in other ways. This book explores certain aspects of the effects of mass trauma on individuals and communities. It is a book, not only for social scientists and those involved in disaster interventions, but it is also a book that will interest members of the public who wonder if indeed 2013 is the year for Armageddon, and hopefully will feel more empowered through the discussion of resilience and courage and solidarity to handle whatever comes their way. Complimentary Contributor Copy Complimentary Contributor Copy POEM “THE TSUNAMI OF DESPAIR” Peter Sugen I stand alone at the water’s edge, Great waves crashing against the rocks below There's a storm coming, the sky has turned black, The rumbling of thunder and the brief flashes Of lightning streak across the swishing clouds. I look back at the island behind me, Unable to help what is about to happen. The wind beats against my half-turned face, Nobody hears my heart break, All that can be heard, is the ominous thunder. Then the storm strikes, annihilating trees, Destroying houses, killing ……………… People and animals are destroyed alike, In quick blinding flashes they are gone, Relentless, unforgiving, ruthless Turning back I feel the sadness as always, overcome, The anger inside me flings it aside. My clear blue eyes flash with hate, Inside, the two remaining halves of my heart shatter, Clenching my fists, I scream at the storm. The sea withdraws as if taken aback by my rage, Then a roar exceeds the thunder, crackling around me, The sea returns, a wall of water, unstoppable, The sky rumbles its consent as the wave crashes on the isle. Complimentary Contributor Copy xii Peter Sugen Nothing is left as it sweeps everything away. Slowly turning around I know what is left, only bedrock, Rumbling laughter booms from the sky above, I yell again, this time louder than the thunder above, I yell the screams of a thousand dying people, I yell until there is no air left, only whispers. I am alone again, horribly alone, I fall to my knees and beat the stone with my fists, Again and again I assail the rock, my hatred Silenced but not forgotten, tears unable to come, The storm with one final laugh disappears, A few smoking grey clouds are all that remain.
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