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Nalal.Muna@Gmail.Com ABSTRACT Especially Amongst Australian To Indonesia Dalam Film Balibo Five… Nalal Muna INDONESIA DALAM FILM BALIBO FIVE INDONESIA IN BALIBO FIVE MOVIE Nalal Muna Program Studi Manajemen Pemasaran, Politeknik APP Jakarta Jl. Timbul No. 34 Cipedak Jagakarsa Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia. (021) 7270215 Email: [email protected] diterima tanggal 15 Desember 2016 | direvisi tanggal 02 Mei 2017 | disetujui tanggal 08 Juni 2017 ABSTRACT Indonesia is described as cold-blooded, brutal, sadistic, cruel and inhumanity like a monster in Australian film, Balibo Five. This research aims to describe the representation of Indonesian in cinematography package and to find the dominant ideology. Semiotic is used to answer these objectives by observing three level of signs e.g. reality, representations and ideology. The result shows that there are some forms of violation which committed by Indonesian special forces troops such as assassination, torture, persecution and other cruel and human degrading treatment that violate human rights and accused them as war criminal. In addition, dominant ideology which operates is in form of demonization, dehumanization and sentiment towards Indonesia. Based on the result, this film become propaganda which potentially influence its viewer the spirit of anti-Indonesia especially amongst Australian to sympathize and uphold justice for the victims. Keywords: indonesia, balibo five, film, representation, semiotics ABSTRAK Indonesia dalam film Balibo Five digambarkan sebagai yang kejam, brutal dan tidak manusiawi seperti sosok monster. Penelitian ini mengungkap penggambaran Indonesia dan makna di balik penggambaran sinematografi film. Analisis semiotika digunakan untuk membaca tanda-tanda sinematografi yang menyusun film tersebut dengan melihat pada tigal level tanda yakni level reality, representations dan ideology. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam Balibo Five banyak sekali menonjolkan tindak kekerasan yang dilakukan oleh tentara Indonesia seperti pembunuhan, penyiksaan, penganiayaan dan lain sebagainya yang merujuk pada pelanggaran HAM dan kejahatan perang. Dominan ditampilkan dalam bentuk penyerupaan terhadap setan, merendahkan martabat manusia dan penyebaran kebencian. Ini merupakan media propaganda anti-Indonesia yang menyulut sentimen terhadap Indonesia serta mempengaruhi warga Australia agar bersimpati dan berpartisipasi untuk menegakkan keadilan terhadap para korban tersebut. Kata kunci : indonesia, balibo five, film, representasi, semiotika I. PENDAHULUAN Indonesia di Timor Leste pada tahun 1975. Pada tahun 2014, Australian Federal Police Meskipun sudah lebih dari empat puluh tahun (AFC) memutuskan untuk mengakhiri penyelidikan tragedi tersebut berlalu, namun, kejadian tersebut kasus Balibo Five atas Indonesia dikarenakan bukti- masih membekas di hati keluarga dan warga bukti yang tidak cukup untuk membuktikan adanya Australia (BBC, 2014). pelanggaran hukum. Keputusan ini mendapat protes Perjuangan penegakan hukum terus berlanjut dari berbagai pihak khususnya International hingga sekarang, beberapa usaha untuk mengenang Federations of Journalist (IFJ) Australia yang dan mengobarkan semangat penegakan HAM menyurakan penegakan hukum atas lima jurnalis dilakukan dari pihak keluarga dan jurnalis Australia yang dibunuh dengan kejam oleh tentara Australia, diantaranya adalah Balibo House Trust dan film Balibo Five. Balibo House Trust 1 Jurnal Penelitian Pers dan Komunikasi Pembangunan Vol. 21 No.1 Juni 2017: 1-19 merupakan yayasan kemanusiaan yang didirikan bangsa Indonesia. Namun di lain pihak, Balibo Five oleh pemerintahan Victoria pada tahun 2002 untuk memiliki arti penting bagi penegakan HAM di mengenang lima jurnalis Australia yang terbunuh di Indonesia. Kontrovesi ini terjadi karena muatan Balibo. Sedangkan film Balibo Five merupakan sadisme yang digambarkan dalam Balibo Five film semi dokumenter yang dibuat oleh Arenamedia mengenai sosok tentara Indonesia. pada tahun 2009. Film sebagai produk media massa dapat Awal diperkenalkan ke pasar pada tahun 2009, digunakan sebagai media untuk menyuntikkan Balibo Five telah menuai berbagai kontorversi dan ideologi tertentu atau menyampaikan pesan dari berujung pada pelarangan izin tayang oleh Lembaga pembuatnya kepada khalayak. Film merupakan Sensor Film (LSF). LSF secara khusus menilai media yang efektif untuk mempengaruhi perilaku adegan pembunuhan lima wartawan asing dalam individu maupun sosial melalui muatan pesan kemelut Balibo, pada awal masuknya militer berupa adegan dan cerita yang disuguhkannya Indonesia ke Timor Leste (dulu Timor-Timur) (Jufry, 1994). Begitu juga dengan film Balibo Five sebagai sadisme. LSF juga menilai skenario film ini yang sarat makna tersembunyi yang hendak dianggap tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan disampaikan oleh sang sutradara kepada khalayak (Tempo, 2009). melalui adegan-adegan, narasi, tokoh dan alur yang Film Balibo Five mengisahkan tentang menarik untuk dikaji lebih dalam. tewasnya lima wartawan Australia saat meliput Film merupakan bidang kajian yang amat invasi Indonesia ke Balibo, Timor-Timur pada relevan bagi analisis semiotika. Seperti tahun 1975. Invasi tentara Indonesia ke Timor- dikemukakan oleh Van Zoest dalam Sobur (2003), Timur bertujuan untuk memusnahkan gerakan film dibangun melalui tanda. Pada film digunakan komunis di Timor Leste yang dipimpin oleh tanda-tanda ikonis, yakni tanda-tanda yang Fretilin. Bagi Indonesia, pada saat Fretilin menggambarkan sesuatu. Gambar yang dinamis mengumumkan pemerintahan atas Timor Timur, dalam film merupakan ikonis bagi realitas yang dianggap sebagai suatu ancaman karena Fretilin dinotasikannya. Unsur utama dalam film adalah berhaluan komunis dan Indonesia khawatir akan gambar dan suara. Film menuturkan ceritanya muncul negara Kuba yang baru di Asia Tenggara. dengan cara berbeda yaitu melalui bingkisan Invasi besar-besaran di Balibo merupakan usaha sinematografi kamera dan pertunjukannya melalui menyukseskan propaganda US anti-communism proyektor dan layar. Sehingga film seakan-akan yang sedang gencar-gencarnya digalakkan pada mengemas realita sehingga realita yang ditampilkan masa itu. dalam media massa adalah hal yang nyata. Munculnya kontroversi Balibo Five Sebenarnya, realitas tersebut merupakan realita membuktikan bahwa film tersebut sempat menjadi yang sudah diseleksi dan merupakan cerminan dari agenda di beberapa media massa dan memunculkan realitas yang ada. perbedaan interpretasi atau pemaknaan bagi Film ditinjau dari paradigma kritis, beberapa pihak. Beberapa pihak menganggap membentuk sebuah realitas semu yang kemunculan Balibo Five sebagai ancaman bagi dikonstruksikan dalam bentuk representasi. 2 Indonesia Dalam Film Balibo Five… Nalal Muna Representasi adalah suatu proses menghadirkan berkenaan dengan suatu pandangan tentang kembali suatu realita sesuai dengan kode-kode dan (worldview), sistem kepercayaan (belief system), konvensi yang ada dalam suatu masyarakat tentang dan nilai-nilai (values). Film salah satunya dunia di luar dirinya (external reality) (Rayner, merupakan media penyebar ideologi, fasilitator 2001). Melalui representasi ini, film berusaha yang menjual pandangan hidup melalui perpaduan bercerita dan memukau khalayak dengan bahasa produk, ide, personalitas dan worldview yang unik khusus sebagai suatu pesan yang dikonstruksikan yang dapat memengaruhi perilaku dan gaya hidup kepada penonton. Suatu proses seleksi yang jeli dari masyarakat (Croteau & Hoynes, 2000). suatu institusi pembuat film untuk menghadirkan Penelitian ini merupakan skripsi yang juga makna tetap dengan menampilkan suatu realitas ditulis dan diteliti oleh penulis yang sama dan telah yang sudah ditandai dan ingin ditonjolkan ataupun diterbitkan di repository Universitas Diponegoro. diacuhkan. Representasi inilah yang dapat II. METODE PENELITIAN digolongkan sebagai suatu pesan yang Penelitian kualitatif ini berangkat pada hakikat mencerminkan si pembuat pesan. Produser film yang dipahami sebagai bahasa yang tersusun memberikan apa yang penonton inginkan dan atas berbagai tanda yang mengandung makna. Data penonton tentunya juga menginginkan kepuasan yang dikumpulkan adalah berupa gambar-gambar saat menonton film. Sehingga representasi atau scene-scene, kata-kata atau dialog, narasi dan merupakan gambaran dari masyarakat secara umum unsur sinematik lainnya. Dalam menafsirkan sebuah yang menjadi tolok ukur norma sosial, nilai-nilai teks khususnya pada studi media massa (film), pada dan kepentingan masyarakat secara umum (Croteau dasarnya mencakup pencarian pesan dan makna- & Hoynes, 2000). makna dalam materinya, karena sesungguhnya basis Film dibuat bukan dengan ketidaksengajaan studi komunikasi adalah proses komunikasi, yang juga bukan tanpa maksud. Film sengaja dibuat intinya adalah makna. Semiotika digunakan sebagai dengan banyak tujuan. Di antaranya untuk tujuan pisau bedah untuk mengungkap makna yang agar supaya ditonton, menghasilkan banyak uang terkandung dalam tanda-tanda sebagai wujud sebagai perputaran film, mendapat penghargaan, representasi suatu objek dalam film (Endraswara, menggugah kesadaran penonton tehadap isu global 2008). yang sedang berkembang, bahkan untuk tujuan Film merupakan gambar bergerak yang sama pribadi seperti dokumentasi pernikahan, keluarga dengan televisi. Oleh karenanya, kode-kode televisi dan lain-lain. Hal inilah yang menjadikan film John Fiske digunakan untuk melihat gambaran sebagai suatu alat pengaruh untuk merekayasa Indonesia dalam film Balibo Five serta makna pesan pesan-pesan tertentu kepada khalayak. Pesan yang yang terkandung dalam film ini. Kode-kode ini ingin disampaikan
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