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NOVENSIA 21 NOVENSIA 21 Studia i materiały pod redakcją naukową Piotra Dyczka NOVENSIA 21 Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej Warszawa 2010 Projekt okładki Anna Adamczyk & Janusz Recław Opracowanie graficzne Anna Adamczyk Opracowanie redakcyjne Piotr Dyczek Recenzenci Leszek Mrozewicz Evgenia Genčeva Gerda von Bülow Svetlana Naumienko Korekta Tomasz Płóciennik Niniejszy numer zawiera artykuły w wersji pierwotnej. © Copyright by Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej Uniwersytet Warszawski Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej 00–927 Warszawa ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 32 [email protected] Warszawa 2010 ISBN: 978–83–928330–5–5 ISSN: 0860–5777 Wydanie I Druk: Hussar Books SPIS TREŚCI RENATA CIOłEK “Great hoard” of 4656 coins of King Ballaios from Risan ....................... 7 RENATA CIOłEK, TOMASz KOWAL Contribution to the history of research on Risan (Montenegro): the case of Heinrich Richlý .................................................................................... 13 MAłGORzATA DASzKIEWICz, MARCIN BARANOWSKI Provenance study of Late Classic and Hellenistic black-coated pottery from Risan (Montenegro) ......................................................................... 23 PIOTR DyCzEK Preliminary remarks on the archaeological context of the discovery of the “great hoard” of 4656 coins of King Ballaios in Risan (Rhizon/Risinium) 45 PIOTR DyCzEK Roman mosaics from the Villa of Hypnos in ancient Rhizon/Risinium (Montenegro) — continuation of mosaics analysis .................................. 51 PIOTR DyCzEK, JERzy KOLENDO, ADAM łAJTAR, TOMASz PłóCIENNIK, KRzySzTOf RzEPKOWSKI Iliryjski bóg Medaurus i mury Risinium w świetle inskrypcji metrycznej z Lambaesis (CIL VIII 2581; f. Buecheler, Carmina Latina epigraphica 1527) 79 RAfAł KARPIńSKI Badania podwodne Risan 2003–2010 ...................................................... 135 PRzEMySłAW LITWINOWICz Wstęp do typologii gwoździ brązowych ze stanowiska w Risan ............. 165 JOVAN J. MARTINOVIć Some remarks on epigraphic and archaeological research in the Monte- negrin littoral ............................................................................................ 177 6 MILOš B. PETRIčEVIć A contribution to examining the topography of antique Risinium ........... 185 KAROL SzyMCzAK, MAłGORzATA ANNA KOT, MILOš B. PETRIčEVIć Preliminary report on the fieldworks in 2008 in Tamnica cave near Risan, 203 Montenegro ............................................................................................... Wskazówki dla autorów Novensia ....................................................................... 215 Guidelines for Novensia authors .......................................................................... 221 Renata Ciołek “GREAT HOARD” OF 4656 COINS OF KING BALLAIOS FROM RISAN1 Abstract: The article is a preliminary analysis of the contents of the “great hoard” from Risan, discovered in 2010 by the Center for Research on the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe of the University of Warsaw. Approximate statistics for particular types and subtypes of coins were de- termined based on an examination of the hoard prior to cleaning and conservation of the coins. Preliminary conclusions concerning the hoard have also been presented. Key words: Rhizon/Risinium, Ballaios, hoard of coins Excavations carried out in Risan in 2010 by the Center for Research on the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe of the University of Warsaw brought to light a hoard containing 4656 coins issued by Ballaios,2 an Illyrian king known from no other source except his monetary issues. Some of these issues bear his name alone, while others add the title of basileus (BAΣIΛEΩΣ). His actual ruler status is not clear, however, given what is known of the Il- lyrian state, the nature of state-building processes in the Balkans in the 4th through 2nd century BC and the intertribal relations in the region. The numismatic evidence has given several indications, possibly also with regard to the years of his reign, and the importance of this has hardly been belittled by the fact that many of the coins found previously had no exact provenance. Apparent concentrations of the king’s coins in certain regions could suggest places of production which could subsequently be tied in with territories under his rule, while the distribution of the coins can help to map the extent of his kingdom. Generally speaking, Ballaios seems to have ruled over the eastern shore of the Adriatic, from Kotor Bay in the south to Pharos island in the north.3 One can distinguish a number of basic types and several variants among the known coins of this king. On the whole, Arthur Evans’ view that particular types of coins were apparently limited to specific regions should be upheld. The type with standing Artemis 1 This important find is signaled here following 2 On the circumstances of the discovery, see KOWAL a preliminary appraisal of the coins before cleaning 2010, pp. 46–48. and conservation. I am deeply indebted to the staff 3 EVANS 1880; RENDIć-MIOčEVIć 1964, p. 86; of the Center for Research on the Antiquity of MAROVIć 1988, p. 97; GORINI 1989, pp. 28–29; Southeastern Europe, University of Warsaw, for GORINI 1990, pp. 319–321; UJES, KOVAčEVIć 1992, making this research possible, and to Prof. Piotr pp. 9–10; UJES 1993, pp. 7–8. Dyczek in particular for his generous assistance. 8 on the reverse is connected with Pharos, that with a walking Artemis with Rhizon. The iconography of the king’s portrait could be an indication of Ballaios’ true appearance.4 Coins of Ballaios, single finds as well as hoards, have been reported from Risan since the second half of the 19th century. five bigger assemblages containing only the king’s coins are currently known; a sixth assemblage contains also other issues beside the royal ones. A few other coin deposits containing only Ballaios’ issues have been found outside Risan and outside the Kotor Bay area. four of the assemblages from Risan, discovered before World War II, contained from a few to a hundred coins apiece. Their current location is largely untraceable. The fifth hoard, now in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, has been studied and published. It contained also 10 coins issued by an autonomous Rhizon mint,5 providing priceless data on the chronology of the coins and their mutual relations. Regular excavations by the Center for Research on the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe of the University of Warsaw yielded more coins of Ballaios and a relatively large group of coins of the autonomous PIΣO type.6 The “great hoard” discovered in 2010, while not the first from Risan, is definitely the largest — 4656 pieces, weighing altogether close to 15 kilograms.7 As a matter of fact, it is one of the biggest hoards of ancient coins known, not only from Illyria.8 The overall number of coins of Ballaios now in existence suggests a greater than previously anticipated importance of this king and Rhizon under his rule, especially in the context of the history of the Illyrian state and the tribes related to the Illyrians. More importantly in the case of this find, the hoard was found in situ, in a clay jar of local production, hidden under a stone flagging inside a room otherwise undistinguished by its size or furnishings [fig. 1]. A layer of burning on the floor is indicative of unrest in the town when the hoard was secreted away — perhaps a raid by pirates or an attack by another tribe, possibly internal strife, but equally well a calamitous conflagration that de- stroyed the settlement. The circumstances of deposition of the hoard suggest the owner had been pressed for time. Obviously, he never returned to retrieve his property. A cursory examination of the coins pending cleaning have shown that the hoard con- sisted of “bronze” pieces exclusively with not a single example in evidence of the one sil- ver issue that Ballaios appears to have minted in small quantities. It seems that it will be possible to identify separate series struck with the same die, a feat previously not accom- plished due to the poor condition of most previous finds. Comparison of the die stamps should pinpoint the date of issue of the “great hoard” from Risan and determine a relative chronology for particular types. This is a unique circumstance, despite the short period of time that the determination will concern. Secondly and most importantly, the set includes only coins issued at Rhizon, and more- over, only one or at the most two subtypes [fig. 2]. All bear the king’s portrait facing left on the obverse and a figure of Artemis walking to left on the reverse. Other subtypes and variants are known in the case of coins of the Rhizon type, but in the present hoard this one subtype predominates, constituting 84% of all of the coins [fig. 3]. It was also possible 4 More on the subject in CIOłEK 2011. preliminary observations, will be possible after the 5 GORINI 1991, pp. 28–31. coins are cleaned and conserved by specialists from 6 The type has been characterized in CIOłEK 2011. Montenegro. 7 A detailed study of the hoard, going beyond these 8 MIRNIK 1981. 9 to distinguish a previously unknown variant of the subtype with the letter E in the word BAΣIΛEΩΣ in retrograde and a type previously not described independently in the literature, characterized by a specific form of the king’s portrait. The latter constitutes only a few percent of the coins in the hoard [fig. 4]. Unidentifiable coins due to poor preser- vation (corrosion, contamination) or lumping made up only 13% of the hoard (and this could change after the coins have been cleaned and conserved). A single piece from this assemblage did not fit the mold as it was a Greek coin with the head of Heracles in lion’s skin to left on the obverse and Pegasus flying to right with the letters [.]ΣO[?..] on the reverse. This kind of coin was issued by Dyrrhachium in 300–229 BC. The coin from the Risan hoard is well preserved, although the letters on the reverse are difficult to read because of the small diameter of the piece. There is no doubt that it was part of the hoard and did not make its way into the assemblage by chance or due to a contaminated archaeological context. fig. 1. “Great hoard” at the time of discovery fig.
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    Ljiljana Stošić DOI: 10.2298/BALC1445187S Original scholarly work Institute for Balkan Studies Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade The Bay of Cattaro (Kotor) School of Icon-Painting 1680–1860 Abstract: Relying on post-Byzantine tradition, eleven painters from five generations of the Dimitrijević-Rafailović family, accompanied by Maksim Tujković, painted several thousand icons and several hundred iconostases between the late seventeenth and the second half of the nineteenth century. They worked in major Orthodox Chris- tian monasteries in Montenegro, Kosovo and Metohija, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Dalmatia, but their works can mostly be found in modest village churches in the Bay of Kotor (Cattaro) and on the South Adriatic coast. The decoration of these churches was financially supported by the local population headed by elders. Along with a re- construction of their biographies and a chronological overview of their major works, this paper seeks to trace stylistic changes in the Bay of Kotor school of icon-painting. While simply varying a thematic repertory established in earlier periods, the painters from the Bay of Kotor were gradually introducing new details and themes adopted from Western European Baroque art under indirect influences coming from the monastery of Hilandar, Corfu, Venice and Russia. This process makes this indigenous school of icon-painting, which spanned almost two centuries, comparable to the work of Serbian traditional religious painters (zografs) and illuminators active north of the Sava and Danube rivers after the Great Migration of the Serbs (1690). Despite differences between the two, which resulted from different cultural and historical circumstances in which Serbs lived under Ottoman, Venetian and Habsburg rules, similarities in iconography and style, which were inspired by an urge to counteract proselytic pressures, are considerably more important.
  • Illyrian Policy of Rome in the Late Republic and Early Principate

    Illyrian Policy of Rome in the Late Republic and Early Principate

    ILLYRIAN POLICY OF ROME IN THE LATE REPUBLIC AND EARLY PRINCIPATE Danijel Dzino Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics University of Adelaide August 2005 II Table of Contents TITLE PAGE I TABLE OF CONTENTS II ABSTRACT V DECLARATION VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS IX 1. Introduction, approaches, review of sources and secondary literature 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Rome and Illyricum (a short story) 2 1.3 Methodology 6 1.4.1 Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Policy as an interaction between systems 9 1.4.2 The Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Working hypothesis 11 1.5 The stages in the Roman Illyrian relationship (the development of a political/constitutional framework) 16 1.6 Themes and approaches: Illyricum in Roman historiography 18 1.7.1 Literature review: primary sources 21 1.7.2 Literature review: modern works 26 2. Illyricum in Roman foreign policy: historical outline, theoretical approaches and geography 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Roman foreign policy: Who made it, how and why was it made, and where did it stop 30 2.3 The instruments of Roman foreign policy 36 2.4 The place of Illyricum in the Mediterranean political landscape 39 2.5 The geography and ethnography of pre-Roman Illyricum 43 III 2.5.1 The Greeks and Celts in Illyricum 44 2.5.2 The Illyrian peoples 47 3. The Illyrian policy of Rome 167 – 60 BC: Illyricum - the realm of bifocality 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Prelude: the making of bifocality 56 3.3 The South and Central Adriatic 60 3.4 The North Adriatic 65 3.5 Republican policy in Illyricum before Caesar: the assessment 71 4.