The Geological Record of Neoproterozoic Glaciations Geological Society Memoirs The Geological Society of London Books Editorial Committee

Chief Editor Bob Pankhurst (UK)

Society Books Editors John Gregory (UK) Jim Griffiths (UK) John Howe (UK) Howard Johnson (UK) Rick Law (USA) Phil Leat (UK) Nick Robins (UK) Randell Stephenson (UK)

Society Books Advisors Eric Buffetaut (France) Jonathan Craig (Italy) Tom McCann (Germany) Mario Parise (Italy) Satish-Kumar (Japan) Gonzalo Veiga (Argentina) Maarten de Wit (South Africa)

IUGS/GSL publishing agreement

This volume is published under an agreement between the International Union of Geological Sciences and the Geological Society of London and arises from IGCP project number 512. GSL is the publisher of choice for books related to IUGS activities, and the IUGS receives a royalty for all books published under this agreement. Books published under this agreement are subject to the Society’s standard rigorous proposal and manuscript review procedures.

It is recommended that reference to all or part of this book should be made in one of the following ways:

Arnaud, E., Halverson,G.P.&Shields-Zhou, G. (eds) 2011. The Geological Record of Neoproterozoic Glaciations. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 36.

Hoffman, P. F., Macdonald,F.A.&Halverson, G. P. 2011. Chemical sediments associated with Neoproterozoic glaciation: iron formation, cap carbonate, barite and phosphorite. In:Arnaud, E., Halverson,G.P.&Shields-Zhou, G. (eds) The Geological Record of Neoproterozoic Glaciations. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 36, 67–80. GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY MEMOIR NO. 36

The Geological Record of Neoproterozoic Glaciations

EDITED BY

EMMANUELLE ARNAUD University of Guelph, Canada

GALEN P. HALVERSON McGill University, Canada

and

GRAHAM SHIELDS-ZHOU University College London, UK

2011 Published by The Geological Society London THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

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Published by The Geological Society from: The Geological Society Publishing House, Unit 7, Brassmill Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, Bath BA1 3JN, UK (Orders: Tel. þ44 (0)1225 445046, Fax þ44 (0)1225 442836) Online bookshop: www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop The publishers make no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. # The Geological Society of London 2011. All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with the provisions of The Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS, UK. Users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA: the item-fee code for this publication is 0435-4052/11/$15.00.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-86239-334-9

Distributors For details of international agents and distributors see: www.geolsoc.org.uk/agentsdistributors Typeset by Techset Composition Ltd, Salisbury, UK Printed by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, UK Mexico Hut, 1978. Clockwise from the back left: Nick Cox (Motorboat Skipper and Engineer), Tim Druitt (Geologist), Robin (“Bruce”) Davies (Motorboat Skipper and Engineer), Brian Harland (Expedition Leader), James Carter (undergraduate field assistant), Mike Hambrey (Geologist) and Paul Waddams (PhD Student), Ny-A˚ lesund, Svalbard

The editors dedicate this Memoir to Mike Hambrey and Brian Harland for their pioneering work in Neoproterozoic glacial geology and for their comprehensive 1981 volume Earth’s Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, which inspired the present work. List of Reviewers

Philip Allen Nick Eyles Imperial College London, UK University of Toronto at Scarborough, Canada Carlos Alvarenga Ian Fairchild University of Brasilia, Brazil University of Birmingham, UK Jose-Javier Alvaro Mikhail Fedonkin Centro de Astrobiologia, Madrid, Spain Paleontological Institute, Moscow, Russia John Arthurs Eric Font Holywood, County Down, Ireland University of Lisbon, Portugal Dov Avigad Hartwig Frimmel The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel University of Wu¨rzburg, Germany Marly Babinsky Claudio Gaucher University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Universidad de la Repu´blica, Uruguay Heinrich Bahlburg Vic Gostin Westfa¨lische Wilhelms-Universita¨t, Muenster, Germany University of Adelaide, Australia Richard Bailey Dimitriy Grazhdankin Northeastern University, USA Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk, Dhiraj Banerjee Russia University of Delhi, India Mike Hambrey Angelo Miguel Stipp Basei Aberystwyth University, Wales, UK University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Richard Hanson Julie Bartley Texas Christian University, USA State University of West Georgia Christoph Heubeck Nicholas Beukes Freie Universita¨t Berlin, Germany University of Johannesburgh, South Africa Andrew Hill Knut Bjorlykke Centro de Astrobiologia, Madrid, Spain University of Oslo, Norway Rick Hiscott Robert Blodgett Memorial University, Canada United States Geological Survey, USA Paul Hoffman Nick Butterfield Harvard University, USA/University of Victoria, Canada Cambridge, UK John Howe Clive Calver Scottish Marine Institute, UK Mineral Resources, Tasmania Ganqing Jiang Nikolay Chumakov University of Las Vegas, USA Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences Peter Johnson Allan Collins Washington, DC, USA University of Adelaide, Australia Sandra Kamo Maurice Colpron University of Toronto, Canada Yukon Geological Survey, Canada A. F. Kamona Frank Corsetti University of Namibia, Namibia University of Southern California, USA Alan Jay Kaufman Lucieth Cruz Viera University of Maryland, USA University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Brian Kendall Bley Benjamin de Brito Neves Arizona State University, USA University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Andy Knoll Max Deynoux Harvard University, USA CNRS, Strasbourg, France Risto Kumpulainen Nicole Dobrzinsky Stockholm University, Sweden Panterra Geoconsultants B. V., The Netherlands Alexandre Kuzmichev Eugene Domack Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Hamilton College, USA Anton Kuznetsov James Etienne Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Neftex, UK St. Petersburg, Russia David J. A. Evans Erwan Le Guerroue´ Durham University, UK Universite´ de Rennes, France x LIST OF REVIEWERS

Zheng-Xiang Li Victor Ramos Curtin University of Technology, Australia University of Buenos Aires, Argentina John Lindsay Pete Reid Universities Space Research Association, USA Petratherm, Australia Paul Link Claudio Riccomini Idaho State University, USA University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Karen Lund United States Geological Survey, USA Hugh Rice University of Vienna, Austria Francis Macdonald Harvard University, USA Ruben Rieu Repsol YPF, Exploration and Production, Spain Adam Maloof Princeton University, USA Anthony Rocha-Campos University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Marcelo A. Martins Neto University of Ouro Preto, Brazil Julius Sovetov Andrey Maslov Institute of Oil and Gas Geology and Geophysics, Novosibirsk, Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Ekaterinburg, Russia Russia Bill McClelland Anthony Spencer University of Idaho, USA Statoil, Norway Roy Miller Doug Sprinkel Windhoek, Namibia Utah Geological Survey, USA Aroldo Misi Robert Strachan Federal University of Bahia, Brazil University of Portsmouth, UK Malgorzata Moczydlowska-Vidal Nick Swanson-Hysell Uppsala University, Sweden Princeton University, USA Paul Myrow Colorado College, USA Eric Thover University of Western Australia Afonso Noguiera Universidade Federal do Para´, Brazil Elizabeth Turner Laurentian University, Canada Robert Pankhurst British Geological Survey, UK Rob Van der Voo University of Michigan, USA Sandra Passchier Montclair University, USA Pat Vickers-Rich Pablo Pazos Monash University, Australia University of Buenos Aires, Argentina Hilmar von Eynatten Vic Pease University of Go¨ttingen, Germany University of Stockholm, Sweden Stephen Warren Sergei Pisarevsky University of Washington, USA The University of Western Australia, Australia George Williams Boris Pokrovsky University of Adelaide, Australia Geological Institute, Moscow, Russia Gary Yeo Michael Pope Denison Mines Corporation, Canada Washington State University, USA Susannah Porter Grant Young University of California-Santa Barbara, USA University of Western Ontario, Canada Anthony Prave Chuanming Zhou University of St. Andrews, UK Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Science, China Wolfgang Preiss Department of Primary Industries and Resources of South Australia, Udo Zimmermann Australia University of Stavanger, Norway