Index

aerial photographs, 24, 57 catching features, 205 aiming off, 189 catching landmarks, 143 air compasses, 69 checklist, for orienteering, assembly area, 214–215 134–135 attack points, 181, 201, 206 check-off points, 183 Chinese compasses, 67, 68 backpacking skills, 4, 5–6, 144 Chu Yu, 67 back-reading, 100 clothing, 132–133, 173 bar scale, 46–47 collecting features, 205 base plate, 78, 79 color orienteering maps, 208 bearing Compass Competition, 94–96 fi nding, with orienteering compasses, 65–67 compasses, 80–81 applications for, 5–7 following, with orienteering “beeline” walk with, 98–99 compasses, 83 for competitive orienteering, 154 1-2-3 method for, 128–131 declination, 119–126 transferring, from fi eld to map, design basics, 73–74 131–132 everyday use of, 3–4 “beeline” walk, 98–99 for family orienteering, 7–8 Blindfold Compass Walk, 85 fi shing and hunting with, British national grid system, 51 102–108 COPYRIGHTEDimportance MATERIAL of, 1–3 “calling up” area, 213, 215–216 learning to use, 8–10 Canada, 14–15 map reading by compass, 191 Canada Map Offi ce, 19 origin of, 67–72 North Pole, 70 overcoming obstacles with, canoeing skills, 144–145 99–102

239

bbindex.inddindex.indd 239239 110/22/090/22/09 33:55:45:55:45 PMPM compasses (continued ) See also event organization; practice activities for, 71–72, orienteering; practice and 81–83, 85, 88–98 group activities for rough orienteering, contour interval, 31, 183–184 187–188 contour lines, 28–33, 59 setting, 115–116, 122–123, 194 Contour Matching, 37–39 Silva Company, 1–2, 44, 68, 69, Contour Quiz, 37 151–152 controls for standard orienteering, 190 aiming off and, 189 as support for maps, 204 control cards, 218 three-legged compass walk with, markers for, 210–212 85–87 suitability of, 201–204, 206 traveling by compass alone, conventional compass design, 74–85 73–74, 75–77 using with maps, 113–114, convex hills, 32 126–127 (See also courses orienteering) choosing for events, 196–198 See also practice and group diffi culty of, 200 activities examples of, 172 Compass Facing, 71–72 setting for events, 198–212 compass housing, 78 See also competitive compass needle, 68, 70, 73–74, orienteering; 77–78 event organization Compass Rose Quiz, 71 cross-bearings, 104–106 Compass Setting Quiz, 117–118 cross-country hikes, 139. See also Compass Walk, 97–98 point-to-point orienteering competitive orienteering, 149–151, Cross-Country Orienteering Race, 153–155 156–157 choosing routes for, 180–186 history of, 151–153 dates, on maps, 24–25, 56–57 importance of practice activities declination, 119–120 for, 223 compensating for, 124–126 point-to-point, 155–163 declination chart of U.S., 122 practice activities for, 156–162, importance of, 119–120 163–170 setting compass for, 121–122 preparing for fi rst race, using map declination 171–180 diagrams, 127 preset-course, 155, 163–170 Department of Mines and Technical “traffi c light” principle for, Survey (Canada), 15 186–195 description, in maps, 21–25

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bbindex.inddindex.indd 240240 110/22/090/22/09 3:55:463:55:46 PMPM designations, in maps, 49–52 education, orienteering and, 9–10 of place names, 49 Einstein, Albert, 66 practice activities for, 50–52 elevation features of unmarked locations, 49–50 in competitive events, 183–184, detail (map symbols), 12, 25–39 201–204 for elevation features, 28–33, 49 contour interval, 31, 183–184 for man-made features, 25–27 contour lines, 28–33, 59 practice activities for, 33–39 identifying on maps, 28–33, 49 standards for, 157 practice activities for, 37–39 for vegetation features, 28 equipment, for orienteering, for water features, 28, 49 132–133 digital mapping, 24 etiquette, for orienteering, 134 diptych compasses, 68 event organization, 195–196, direction 212–213 fi nding north, 39–40 (See also control markers for, 210–212 north) day of event and, 214–223 following, with conventional invitations and publicity compass, 76–77 coordination for, 213–214 orienteering compass for, 43–46 maps for, 207–209 orienting maps for, 53–54, 58–60 setting the course for, 198–207 paper circle for, 41–43 territory selection for, 197–198 practice activities for, 45–46, See also competitive 81–83 orienteering protractor for, 42–43 Experimental Grid System, 51–52 See also orientation extended trips, planning, 145 direction-of-travel arrow, 79 Direction Quiz, 45–46 family orienteering, 4, 7–8 Distance Quiz, 48 Finding Direction Indoors, 81–82 distance (scale), 15–19, 116 Finding Direction Outdoors, determining, 54–56 82–83 map measurers, 48 Finding Places on the Map, 50–51 orienteering compass as ruler for, fi nish procedure, for competitive 47–48 events, 179–180, 218–219 practice activities for, 48 fi shing, 102–108 ratios used in, 16–19, 46 “fi ve Ds of map reading.” See scale, defi ned, 15 description, in maps; using bar scale, 46–47 designations, in maps; doglegs, 204 detail (map symbols); double-step, 54 direction; Ducher, Hans, 68 distance (scale)

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bbindex.inddindex.indd 241241 110/22/090/22/09 3:55:463:55:46 PMPM foot orienteering. See point-to-point on competitive orienteering, orienteering 149–151 on orienteering, 109–111 “get in” box, 173–174 Silva compass and, 69, 151–152 “get ready” box, 174 “get set” position, 174–175 Landmark Hunt, 61 Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Langlois, Claude, 68 2, 14–15 latitude, 23 grids, 51–52 Line Orienteering, 163–164 liquid-fi lled compasses, 69 handrails, 181–183, 205 location hazards, 205 fi nding new places with hiking skills, for wilderness, compass, 103, 107–108 144 identifying, 22–23 hunting, 102–108 obtaining local information hydrographic names, 49. See also about, 146–147 water features relocating position with hypsographic names, 49. See also compass, 77, 84, 104–106 elevation features uncertainty of, 142–143 unmarked, designations for, index contour line, 31 49–50 induction-dampened compasses, longitude, 23 69 insurance, 155 magnetic needle, 68, 70, 73–74, intermediate contour lines, 31 77–78 International Orienteering magnetic north, 39–40, 70, 124–126, Federation, 152 127 map symbols standardized magnetism, 66–67 by, 157 man-made features types of orienteering recognized competitive events and, 201–204 by, 155 identifying on maps, 25–27 Web site of, 20 manners, for orienteering, 134 invitations, for competitive events, map measurers, 48 213–214 Map Point Reporting, 63–64 Map Point Walk, 62 Killander, Ernst, 151 maps, 11–12 Kjellström, Alvar, 1–2, 44, 69, applications for, 5–7 151–152 in Canada, 15, 19 Kjellström, Björn, 1–2, 44 checking, for competitive events, on compasses, 65–67 206–207

242 / Index

bbindex.inddindex.indd 242242 110/22/090/22/09 3:55:463:55:46 PMPM choosing, 13–14 using with compass, 113–114, compass as support for, 204 126–127 (See also compensating for declination, orienteering) 124–126 See also practice and group for competitive events, 198 activities defi ned, 12 Map Sketching, 36 description in, 21–25 Map Symbol Quiz, 34 designations in, 49–52 Map Symbol Relay, 34–36 designed for competitive events, map symbols. See detail (map 207–209 symbols) detail in (map symbols), markers, 154 25–39 master maps, 175–176, 209, 217–218 directions in, 39–46 measuring. See distance (scale) distance in (scale), 15–19, “mental maps,” 74–75 46–48, 54–56, 116 meridian lines, 23, 40–41, 113 early use of, 13 mile measurement, 55 everyday use of, 3–4 military land navigation training for family orienteering, 7–8 events, 151 importance of, 1–3 Mini-Orienteering Compass Walk, learning to use, 8–9, 9–10 92–93 map reading by compass, 191 mountain bike orienteering map reading by thumb, 191 as competitive sport, 155 master maps, 175–176, 209, Mountain Bike Orienteering 217–218 (practice), 167–168 “mental maps,” 74–75 obtaining, 19–20 names, of maps, 21–22 practice activities for, 33–39 National Orienteering for precision orienteering, Federation, 25 194 needle, of compass, 68, 70, 73–74, reading, 20 77–78 for rough orienteering, 188 north standardized by International fi nding, 39–40 Orienteering Federation, 157 magnetic north, 39–40, 70, for standard orienteering, 190 124–126, 127 topographic maps, defi ned, “true” north, 39–40, 121 14–15 North Pole, 70 traveling by, 52–63 in U.S., 14, 19 obstacles used in competitive overcoming in competitive orienteering, 154 orienteering, 183–186

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bbindex.inddindex.indd 243243 110/22/090/22/09 3:55:463:55:46 PMPM obstacles (continued ) See also compasses overcoming with compass, O-Ringen (Sweden), 9, 151, 152 99–102 1-2-3 method, 128–131 pace orientation counting, 191–193, 194 of maps, 53–54, 58–60, measuring, 54–56 115–116, 128 paper circles, for directions, 41–43 of maps, with compass, 127 permission orienting arrow, 78–79 to use land for competitive orienting lines, 79 events, 197–198 See also direction waivers for participants, 155 orienteering, 109–114 place names, designations for, 49 compass declination and, point-to-point orienteering, 155 119–126 defi ned, 155 defi ned, 3 foot orienteering as competitive imaginary hikes, 132–140 sport, 155 (See also practice and group practice activities for, 156–162 activities) score and relay orienteering, 156 importance of practice activities position. See bearing; location for, 223 postmortem discussions, 195 map techniques and, 114 practice and group activities orienteering, 126–143 Blindfold Compass Walk, 85 practice activities for, 114–116, Compass Competition, 94–96 117–118 Compass Facing, 71–72 preparation for, 127–132, Compass Rose Quiz, 71 141–143 Compass Setting Quiz, 117–118 sport of, 3, 153–155 (See also Compass Walk, 97–98 competitive orienteering) Contour Matching, 37–39 using map and compass together, Contour Quiz, 37 126–127 Cross-Country Orienteering wilderness orienteering, Race, 156–157 143–147 Direction Quiz, 45–46 See also practice and group Distance Quiz, 48 activities Experimental Grid System, orienteering clubs, 8–9 51–52 orienteering compasses, 68, 69 Finding Direction Indoors, 81–82 fi nding map directions with, Finding Direction Outdoors, 43–46 82–83 traveling by, 77–85 Finding Places on the Map, using as ruler, 47–48 50–51

244 / Index

bbindex.inddindex.indd 244244 110/22/090/22/09 3:55:473:55:47 PMPM Landmark Hunt, 61 master maps for, 175–176, 209, Line Orienteering, 163–164 217–218 Map Point Reporting, 63 preparing for, 171–173 Map Point Walk, 62 procedure for, 173–175 Map Sketching, 36 sample courses for, 172 Map Symbol Quiz, 34 See also competitive orienteering Map Symbol Relay, 34–36 recording sheets, 215 Mini-Orienteering Compass registration, for events, 173, 213 Walk, 92–93 Relay Orienteering, 160–161 Mountain Bike Orienteering, results board, 221 167–168 revolving compass housing, 77 Project Orienteering, 164–165 roads, 137–139 Relay Orienteering, 160–161 ROGAINE (rugged outdoor groups ROGAINE Orienteering, activity involving navigation 169–170 and endurance) Orienteering, Route Orienteering, 165–166 169–170 Schoolyard Compass Game, rough orienteering (green light), 89–91 186, 187–189 Score Orienteering, 158–160 routes Short-Distance Orienteering, 170 choosing alternate routes, Silver Dollar Hunt, 88–89 139–140 Ski Orienteering, 166–167 choosing for competitive events, Trail Orienteering, 168–169 180–186, 199 Wayfaring (Map) Hiking, layout of, 145–146 161–162 route orienteering and line What Do You Find?, 118 orienteering, 163 precision orienteering (red light), Route Orienteering (practice), 187, 193–195 165–166 preset-course orienteering, 155 running, 153, 192, 199 line orienteering and route orienteering, 163 safety, 113 practice activities for, 163–170 satellite imagery, 24 prizes, 222 scale. See distance (scale) Project Orienteering, 164–165 Schoolyard Compass Game, 89–91 protractors, 42–43, 74 Score Orienteering, 158–160 publicity, for competitive events, scoring 213–214 prizes and, 222 recording sheets, 215 racing, 176–179 results board, 221 fi nish procedure and, 179–180 score taking, 219–221

Index / 245

bbindex.inddindex.indd 245245 110/22/090/22/09 3:55:473:55:47 PMPM search-and-rescue teams, 6 precision orienteering (red light), Shen Kua, 67 187, 193–195 Short-Distance Orienteering, 170 rough orienteering (green light), Silva Company, 1–2, 44, 68, 69, 186, 187–189 151–152 standard orienteering (yellow Silver Dollar Hunt, 88–89 light), 187, 190–193 ski orienteering trail orienteering as competitive sport, 155 as competitive sport, 155 Ski Orienteering (practice), Trail Orienteering (practice), 166–167 168–169 standard compasses, 69 traveling by compass, 74–75 standard orienteering (yellow light), with conventional compasses, 187, 190–193 75–77 starting areas, 173–174, 215, with orienteering compass, 216–217 77–85 state maps, 14 See also compasses; traveling by sun, as handrail, 182–183 map symbols. See detail (map symbols) traveling by map determining distances for, 54–56 terrain, 154, 185 imaginary map walks for, 52–53 examples, 192 map dates and, 56–57 territory selection for competitive orienting maps for, 53–54, 58–60 events, 197–198 practice activities for, 61–63 three-legged compass walk, 85–87 See also maps; traveling by thumb compasses, 74 compass Tillander, Gunnar, 1–2, 44, 69, Troschel, Hans, 68 151–152 “true” north, 39–40, 121 time elapse, 56 topographic maps (“topos”), United States 14–15 declination chart of U.S., 122 obtaining, 19–20 maps of, 14–15 reading, 20, 21–25 (See also United States Orienteering designations, in maps; detail Federation (map symbols); direction; competitive orienteering clubs, distance (scale)) 171 using compass with, 114 nylon control markers available using conventional compass from, 211 with, 73–74 publications available from, “tracks,” 27 196 “traffi c light” principle, 186 Web site of, 20

246 / Index

bbindex.inddindex.indd 246246 110/22/090/22/09 3:55:473:55:47 PMPM unmarked locations, designations volunteers, for competitive for, 49–50 events, 154, 173 U.S. Army Map Service, 16, 24, 57 U.S. Geological Survey of the waivers, 155 Department of the Interior water features (USGS) maps, 15, 19, 24, 57, competitive events and, 201–204 198, 208 identifying on maps, 28, 49 Wayfaring (Map) Hiking, 161–162 variation. See declination What Do You Find?, 118 vegetation features World Orienteering Championships, identifying on maps, 28 152, 196 overcoming in competitive orienteering, 185 youth groups, 4, 7, 153, 155 Virginia Search and Rescue Organization, 5

Index / 247

bbindex.inddindex.indd 247247 110/22/090/22/09 3:55:473:55:47 PMPM bbindex.inddindex.indd 248248 110/22/090/22/09 3:55:483:55:48 PMPM