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Prepared by Textore, Inc. Peter Wood, David Yang, and Roger Cliff November 2020
AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES CAPABILITIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA Prepared by TextOre, Inc. Peter Wood, David Yang, and Roger Cliff November 2020 Printed in the United States of America by the China Aerospace Studies Institute ISBN 9798574996270 To request additional copies, please direct inquiries to Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, 55 Lemay Plaza, Montgomery, AL 36112 All photos licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, or under the Fair Use Doctrine under Section 107 of the Copyright Act for nonprofit educational and noncommercial use. All other graphics created by or for China Aerospace Studies Institute Cover art is "J-10 fighter jet takes off for patrol mission," China Military Online 9 October 2018. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-10/09/content_9305984_3.htm E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/CASI https://twitter.com/CASI_Research @CASI_Research https://www.facebook.com/CASI.Research.Org https://www.linkedin.com/company/11049011 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, Intellectual Property, Patents, Patent Related Matters, Trademarks and Copyrights; this work is the property of the U.S. Government. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This publication is provided for noncommercial use only. -
Replacing the RAAF F/A-18 Hornet Fighter
Replacing the RAAF F/A-18 Hornet Fighter Strategic, Operational and Technical Issues Carlo Kopp Defence Analyst Submission to the Minister of Defence Parliament House, Canberra May, 1998 UNCLASSIFIED - NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE -2- © 1998, C. Kopp [Release] "qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum" De Re Militari, Flavius Vegetius Renatus, Fourth Century A.D. UNCLASSIFIED - NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Drawings -3- © 1998, C. Kopp [Release] Sukhoi Su-30K/MK/MKI/37 TNI-AU TNI-AU 11 TNI-AU 08 (C) 1997, Carlo Kopp Drawing 1. Sukhoi Su-30MK/MKI Tactical Fighter The Sukhoi Su-27P/S, Su-30M/MK/MKI, and Su-35/37 family of fighters represent the Soviet/Russian capability response to the US developed F-15A/C and F-15E Eagle fight- ers. Employing vortex lift techniques, these aircraft are unsurpassed in sustained and instantaneous close in manoeuvre capability, while offering 1000 NMI class unrefuelled combat radius and a respectable Beyond Visual Range radar and missile capability. The PLA-AF intend to deploy in excess of 350 such aircraft, and the IAF may deploy as many as 200 aircraft in time. The type is also operated by Vietnam and was ordered by Indone- sia prior to its economic collapse. Depicted is an aircraft in Indonesian TNI-AU colours. UNCLASSIFIED - NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Drawings -4- © 1998, C. Kopp [Release] 23 A21-23 Drawing 2. RAAF/Boeing F/A-18A+ Hornet Tactical Fighter Deployed during the eighties, the Boeing (MDC) F/A-18A+ Hornet is the ADF’s princi- pal air superiority asset, which also has a respectable maritime and theatre strike capabil- ity. -
Missilesmissilesdr Carlo Kopp in the Asia-Pacific
MISSILESMISSILESDr Carlo Kopp in the Asia-Pacific oday, offensive missiles are the primary armament of fighter aircraft, with missile types spanning a wide range of specialised niches in range, speed, guidance technique and intended target. With the Pacific Rim and Indian Ocean regions today the fastest growing area globally in buys of evolved third generation combat aircraft, it is inevitable that this will be reflected in the largest and most diverse inventory of weapons in service. At present the established inventories of weapons are in transition, with a wide variety of Tlegacy types in service, largely acquired during the latter Cold War era, and new technology 4th generation missiles are being widely acquired to supplement or replace existing weapons. The two largest players remain the United States and Russia, although indigenous Israeli, French, German, British and Chinese weapons are well established in specific niches. Air to air missiles, while demanding technologically, are nevertheless affordable to develop and fund from a single national defence budget, and they result in greater diversity than seen previously in larger weapons, or combat aircraft designs. Air-to-air missile types are recognised in three distinct categories: highly agile Within Visual Range (WVR) missiles; less agile but longer ranging Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles; and very long range BVR missiles. While the divisions between the latter two categories are less distinct compared against WVR missiles, the longer ranging weapons are often quite unique and usually much larger, to accommodate the required propellant mass. In technological terms, several important developments have been observed over the last decade. -
Sukhoi's Fullback
TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED Sukhoi Fullback by Dr Carlo Kopp While the region has seen the deployment and from the wide fuselage tunnel. As a result of this manufacture of hundreds of Flankers since the the aircraft’s effective wing loading is much lower early 1990s, all of these have been incremen- than that of aircraft with different configurations. tal developments of the baseline Su-27S and This is reflected in superb high alpha handling and Su-27UB tandem seat airframes. sustained turn rates. The enlarged LERX/canards Since the early 1980s the Sukhoi bureau has been migrated to a range of other Flanker variants, in- developing a family of derivative airframes, which cluding the Su-35, Su-37 and production Su-30MKI. utilise side by side seating. With ongoing industry Experience from initial Su-27K flight testing and speculation about regional buys of these aircraft, trials indicated that major issues would arise with this month’s analysis will explore the features, capa- training pilots for carrier recoveries. Without the bilities and growth potential of the Fullback family large range of aircraft types, and specialised carrier of Flanker derivatives. trainers operated by the US Navy, the Soviet AV-MF needed an aircraft which was identical in handling Sukhoi Su-27KUB to the basic Su-27K but dual seated, without the for- The navalised Su-27K for Korabl’ny was devel- ward visibility impediments of the existing tandem oped for the Project 1143.5 55,000 tonne class air- configuration Su-27UB. craft carrier, of which four were to have been built. Design of the dual navalised combat trainer de- The Su-27K is the Russian equivalent to the US Navy rivative began in 1989, the aim being to produce an F-14, but also important as it was the prototype for airframe suitable for a range of other carrier based design features which migrated to a wide range of roles such as reconnaissance, aerial refuelling, mari- other Flanker variants and derivatives. -
Su-30MKM Reliable Partner!” in RMAF Service [P.4]
december 2009 • Special edition for LIMA 2009 CHERNYSHEV jsc Moscow Machine-Building Enterprise “reliable engine – Su-30MKM reliable partner!” in RMAF service [p.4] MiG-29K back on deck Manufacturing, after-sale service, aero engines overhaul [p.16] • RD-33 (MiG-29, MiG-29UB, MiG-29SMT fighters) • RD-33MK (MiG-29K, MiG-35/MiG-35D fighters) • TV7-117SM (IL-114 regional airplane) Overhaul, spare parts delievery • R27F2M-300 (MiG-23UB fighter) MMRCA • R29-300 (MiG-23M, MiG-23MS, MiG-23MF fighters) trials • R-35 (MiG-23ML, MiG-23MLD, MiG-23P fighters) [p.10] TBO and TTL expansion of the overhaul engines Tikhomirov’s AESA [p.30] MC-21 programme 7, Vishnevaya Street, Moscow, 125362, Russia [p.24] Phone: +7 (495) 491-58-74, Fax: +7 (495) 490-56-00 e-mail: [email protected], http://www.avia500.ru/ aero engines Recent aerospace news from Russia & CIS [p.2,14, 20, 26, 32] OBORONPROM Corporation, a Russian Technologies State Corporation company, is a diversified industrial-investment group in the engineering and high technologies sectors. The Corporation integrates more than 25 leading Russian companies in helicopters and engines manufacturing. The enterprises of the Corporation produced goods and provided services SU 30MK worth over $4 billion in 2008 ONLY THE BEST St.Petersburg Rybinsk Moscow Rostov-Don Kazan Perm Ufa Samara Ekaterinburg Kumertau Novosibirsk Ula-Ude Arseniev “Russian Helicopters” Company, a whole subsidiary of OBORONPROM Corporation, is the leading Russian designer and manufacturer of rotary-wing aircraft equipment advertising -
Xenta Series Radars for Superior Detection and Performance Against Drones and Aerial Targets in Air Defense and Critical Infrastructure Applications
a8.90 D 14974 E D European & Security ES & Defence 9/2020 International Security and Defence Journal COUNTRY FOCUS: POLAND ISSN 1617-7983 • Dutch-Belgian www.euro-sd.com • Naval Cooperation • Logistic Trucks • Multinational Corps Northeast • Armoured Vehicles from • Equipping Medical Responders Eastern Europe for CBRN Scenarios September 2020 • The Art of Electronic Eavesdropping • European 8x8 Vehicles Politics · Armed Forces · Procurement · Technology ELCAN SPECTER® WEAPON SIGHTS Long range. Close up. One sight. Only the ELCAN Specter® DR dual role weapon sight can instantly switch between close-combat battle mode and precision ranged fire mode. It delivers superior capabilities to protect troops – and provide a trusted advantage – across any domain, any challenge, and every mission. RTX.com/ELCAN ©2020 Raytheon Company, a Raytheon Technologies company. 20RIS013_ELCAN_ADLO_210x297.indd 1 8/20/20 3:09 PM Editorial Eastern Mediterranean: Paris Shows Impatience – with Ulterior Motives? In view of Turkey's actions in the Eastern Mediterranean, France announced that it would increase its mili- tary presence there. On closer inspection, Paris is using units of the French armed forces on the ground to take a stand. Two RAFALE B of the 4th Fighter Wing, sent to Cyprus for an exercise from 10 to 12 August, Photo: author made a stopover in Crete on 13 August. A French C-130FR HERCULES tanker aircraft is also present at the Andreas Papandreou air base in Paphos (Cyprus), also in connection with the exercise. The helicopter carrier (PHA) TONNERRE with support material on the way to Beirut was temporarily joined by the frigate LA FAYETTE, which was in Larnaca (Cyprus) as part of a bilateral exercise with the Hellenic Navy. -
Worldwide Equipment Guide Volume 2: Air and Air Defense Systems
Dec Worldwide Equipment Guide 2016 Worldwide Equipment Guide Volume 2: Air and Air Defense Systems TRADOC G-2 ACE–Threats Integration Ft. Leavenworth, KS Distribution Statement: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 1 UNCLASSIFIED Worldwide Equipment Guide Opposing Force: Worldwide Equipment Guide Chapters Volume 2 Volume 2 Air and Air Defense Systems Volume 2 Signature Letter Volume 2 TOC and Introduction Volume 2 Tier Tables – Fixed Wing, Rotary Wing, UAVs, Air Defense Chapter 1 Fixed Wing Aviation Chapter 2 Rotary Wing Aviation Chapter 3 UAVs Chapter 4 Aviation Countermeasures, Upgrades, Emerging Technology Chapter 5 Unconventional and SPF Arial Systems Chapter 6 Theatre Missiles Chapter 7 Air Defense Systems 2 UNCLASSIFIED Worldwide Equipment Guide Units of Measure The following example symbols and abbreviations are used in this guide. Unit of Measure Parameter (°) degrees (of slope/gradient, elevation, traverse, etc.) GHz gigahertz—frequency (GHz = 1 billion hertz) hp horsepower (kWx1.341 = hp) Hz hertz—unit of frequency kg kilogram(s) (2.2 lb.) kg/cm2 kg per square centimeter—pressure km kilometer(s) km/h km per hour kt knot—speed. 1 kt = 1 nautical mile (nm) per hr. kW kilowatt(s) (1 kW = 1,000 watts) liters liters—liquid measurement (1 gal. = 3.785 liters) m meter(s)—if over 1 meter use meters; if under use mm m3 cubic meter(s) m3/hr cubic meters per hour—earth moving capacity m/hr meters per hour—operating speed (earth moving) MHz megahertz—frequency (MHz = 1 million hertz) mach mach + (factor) —aircraft velocity (average 1062 km/h) mil milliradian, radial measure (360° = 6400 mils, 6000 Russian) min minute(s) mm millimeter(s) m/s meters per second—velocity mt metric ton(s) (mt = 1,000 kg) nm nautical mile = 6076 ft (1.152 miles or 1.86 km) rd/min rounds per minute—rate of fire RHAe rolled homogeneous armor (equivalent) shp shaft horsepower—helicopter engines (kWx1.341 = shp) µm micron/micrometer—wavelength for lasers, etc. -
Russian Military Capability in a Ten-Year Perspective 2016
The Russian Armed Forces are developing from a force primarily designed for handling internal – 2016 Perspective Ten-Year in a Capability Military Russian disorder and conflicts in the area of the former Soviet Union towards a structure configured for large-scale operations also beyond that area. The Armed Forces can defend Russia from foreign aggression in 2016 better than they could in 2013. They are also a stronger instrument of coercion than before. This report analyses Russian military capability in a ten-year perspective. It is the eighth edition. A change in this report compared with the previous edition is that a basic assumption has been altered. In 2013, we assessed fighting power under the assumption that Russia was responding to an emerging threat with little or no time to prepare operations. In view of recent events, we now estimate available assets for military operations in situations when Russia initiates the use of armed force. The fighting power of the Russian Armed Forces is studied. Fighting power means the available military assets for three overall missions: operational-strategic joint inter-service combat operations (JISCOs), stand-off warfare and strategic deterrence. The potential order of battle is estimated for these three missions, i.e. what military forces Russia is able to generate and deploy in 2016. The fighting power of Russia’s Armed Forces has continued to increase – primarily west of the Urals. Russian military strategic theorists are devoting much thought not only to military force, but also to all kinds of other – non-military – means. The trend in security policy continues to be based on anti- Americanism, patriotism and authoritarianism at home. -
Modern Combat Aircraft (1945 – 2010)
I MODERN COMBAT AIRCRAFT (1945 – 2010) Modern Combat Aircraft (1945-2010) is a brief overview of the most famous military aircraft developed by the end of World War II until now. Fixed-wing airplanes and helicopters are presented by the role fulfilled, by the nation of origin (manufacturer), and year of first flight. For each aircraft is available a photo, a brief introduction, and information about its development, design and operational life. The work is made using English Wikipedia, but also other Web sites. FIGHTER-MULTIROLE UNITED STATES UNITED STATES No. Aircraft 1° fly Pg. No. Aircraft 1° fly Pg. Lockheed General Dynamics 001 1944 3 011 1964 27 P-80 Shooting Star F-111 Aardvark Republic Grumman 002 1946 5 012 1970 29 F-84 Thunderjet F-14 Tomcat North American Northrop 003 1947 7 013 1972 33 F-86 Sabre F-5E/F Tiger II North American McDonnell Douglas 004 1953 9 014 1972 35 F-100 Super Sabre F-15 Eagle Convair General Dynamics 005 1953 11 015 1974 39 F-102 Delta Dagger F-16 Fighting Falcon Lockheed McDonnell Douglas 006 1954 13 016 1978 43 F-104 Starfighter F/A-18 Hornet Republic Boeing 007 1955 17 017 1995 45 F-105 Thunderchief F/A-18E/F Super Hornet Vought Lockheed Martin 008 1955 19 018 1997 47 F-8 Crusader F-22 Raptor Convair Lockheed Martin 009 1956 21 019 2006 51 F-106 Delta Dart F-35 Lightning II McDonnell Douglas 010 1958 23 F-4 Phantom II SOVIET UNION SOVIET UNION No. -
REPSIM Pty Ltd
Submission No 14 Review of the Defence Annual Report 2010 - 2011 Name: Mr Chris Mills Organisation: REPSIM Pty Ltd Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade A SUBMISSION TO THE DEFENCE SUB-COMMITTEE OF THE JOINT STANDING COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, DEFENCE AND TRADE THE AUSTRALIAN DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE: A CULTURE OF INCONGRUENCE BETWEEN POLICY AND PERFORMANCE INTRODUCTION Many of our political representatives may not rate ‘Defence Culture’ highly on their radar of issues-of-concern and problems in the Australian Defence Organisation for the simple reasons that seeking change to improve day-to-day Defence matters has become such an ongoing chore. There seems to be a belief that cultures take a long time to change – well beyond the purview of any sitting Government. This is not necessarily so. This submission is aimed squarely at two targets. Firstly, to demonstrate that the current ‘Defence Culture’ is at the very centre of influencing our future military capability in a way that will deleteriously affect and, prima-facie, threaten Australia’s future security. Secondly, that culture can be changed, and quickly, through simple root cause analysis and the application of standard management practices focused on getting Defence to ‘walk the talk’ of the experience and knowledge based wisdom embedded in its own files and records. ‘Culture’ is a consequence of ‘behaviours’ which in turn are the result of a set of ‘attitudes’. Working inductively, if a defective culture is observed, then it is a reasonable proposition that fraught behaviours have come into vogue from a flawed set of attitudes. -
RADIO ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY Radio Electronic Technology
INFORMATION & ANALYSIS MAGAZINEZ E RADIO ELECTRONIC #2/2015 TECHNOLOGY 37007 0 36006 3500500 34004 0 33003 33N 3 33 N 3 page 6 International cooperation page 10 KRET: tasks and prospects page 24 Development priorities See you page 38 at Aero India 2015! Integrated modular avionics Stand A2.3 To organisers, participants and guests of Aero India 2015 international air show Dear colleagues and friends! On behalf of Rosoboronexport JSC, the only Russian Federation governmental intermediary for export of military and dual-use products, technologies and services, I am greeting and congratulating you on the opening of the 10th Aero India International Show on Aerospace, Defence, Civil Aviation, Airport Infrastructure and Defence Engineering (Aero India 2015). Since its inception, the show in Bengaluru has become a major international venue dedicated to air force armament and other materiel, equipment for commercial aircraft and rocket and space industry, and air defence assets. The innovative nature of Aero India enables its participants to display the intellectual and production capabilities of their nations’ defence industries and its guests to be impressed with the breathtaking aerobatics performed by military aces at Air Force Station Yelahanka. Rosoboronexport is a long-time participant of the air show in Bengaluru. Our cooperation with India is based on due account of the most promising lines of development and expansion of the military technical cooperation that has evolved into strategic partnership a long time ago. A case in point is the joint work of Indian and Russian specialists Anatoly Isaikin, under key aircraft programmes on the development of Director General, Rosoboronexport JSC a multirole medium-range transport plane and a fi fth- generation fi ghter. -
MB2020 Book 1.Indb
The Military Balance ISSN: 0459-7222 (Print) 1479-9022 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tmib20 Chapter Six: Asia To cite this article: (2020) Chapter Six: Asia, The Military Balance, 120:1, 220-323, DOI: 10.1080/04597222.2020.1707967 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707967 Published online: 13 Feb 2020. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tmib20 220 THE MILITARY BALANCE 2020 Chapter Six Asia As China’s navy has expanded in capability and now Meanwhile South Korea continues to remodel its deploys more frequently beyond the first island chain, armed forces, particularly the army, with a reduction maritime surveillance and situational awareness has in the size of its mechanised forces. become a key priority for a number of regional states, Budgetary issues still complicate many Southeast with ageing maritime-patrol aircraft fleets giving way Asian states’ plans to both recapitalise their ageing to a mix of new fixed-wing and uninhabited defence inventories with foreign systems and develop platforms. domestic defence-industrial bases. Singapore remains In the run-up to the 2020 Taiwanese presidential a notable exception, as the city state continues to election, the current government signed a number pursue an ambitious programme of renewal for all of of foreign military sales agreements with the United its services. States for new platforms and weapon systems in an The de facto border between India and Pakistan in attempt to keep up with the modernisation efforts Kashmir remains tense, underscored by continuing of the People’s Liberation Army.