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SAUDI REACTION to SYSTEMIC CRISES in the MIDDLE EAST By NORMATIVE CONSENSUS AND REGIONAL ORDERS: SAUDI REACTION TO SYSTEMIC CRISES IN THE MIDDLE EAST by Abdullah Enes Tuzgen A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and International Relations Fall 2019 © 2019 Abdullah Enes Tuzgen All Rights Reserved NORMATIVE CONSENSUS AND REGIONAL ORDERS: SAUDI REACTION TO SYSTEMIC CRISES IN THE MIDDLE EAST by Abdullah Enes Tuzgen Approved: ___________________________________________________________ Julio Carrion, Ph.D. Interim Chair of the Department of Political Science and International Relations Approved: ___________________________________________________________ John Pelesko, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: ___________________________________________________________ Douglas J. Doren, Ph.D. Interim Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education and Dean of the Graduate College I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ________________________________________________________ Muqtedar Khan, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ________________________________________________________ Stuart Kaufman, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ________________________________________________________ Kassra A.R. Oskooii, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ________________________________________________________ Erik Ringmar, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ________________________________________________________ Recep Senturk, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing a Ph.D. dissertation was one of the challenging things I have done. Such a difficult journey became less stressful with the support of many people around me during the process. Although it is impossible to name them all, I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to some of them. I would like to thank my advisor Muqtedar Khan, and the member of my committee Stuart Kaufman, Kasraa Oskooii, Erik Ringmar and Recep Şentürk. Dr. Kaufman was my advisor for my MA paper. Both then and later for my dissertation, he provided very helpful advice. Dr. Ringmar and Dr. Şentürk kindly accepted being external members of the committee, despite their tight schedule. I am sincerely thankful. I thank all of the faculty at the political science department at the University of Delaware for their thought provoking classes; my classmates, and the administrative staff for their help during the whole process, especially Lynn Corbett and Daytonia Campbell. Dr. Talha Köse, Dr. Tahir Kılavuz, and Dr. Ertuğrul Zengin read the manuscript in its various phases. Their feedback were really crucial for its success. Dr. Ali Aslan is also another important name for the whole project. My discussions with him; and his recommendations were probably the most significant motivation to start a research on the regional orders in the Middle East. I am truly grateful. iv I would like to take Ahmet Abdullah Saçmalı, a long time friend who happened to write his dissertation in the same months with me. The opportunity to talk to a fellow Ph.D. student who shared similar challenges was a relieving experience. Two institutions deserve special emphasis: I am indebted to my teachers and friends at İSAR Foundation and Ibn Haldun University for the rich intellectual atmosphere. My deepest gratitude is to my family. I feel that they are a blessing from Allah (swt) which I cannot be thankful enough. My mother and father, Huriye and Saffet Tüzgen, my elder sister, Aysel, my bothers and sisters, Edip, Erkam, Ahmet, Feyza, Büşra, İbrahim and Betül are the invaluable source of support and motivation. I would like to thank my father- and mother-in-law, İhsan and Selma Elhan. They were always there to make things easier both in the U.S. and in Turkey. It is beyond my capacity to express my gratefulness to my wife, Esma, for her support during the whole process. She was always thoughtful and understanding despite various challenges. She showed the most difficult courtesy of not asking how the dissertation was going, even once. Finally, my sons, Talha and Akif, are the sources of inspiration for me; I thank them for their patience for the weekends I spent in the library. v This manuscript is dedicated to My mother whose constant support is an invaluable source of motivation and to My father who taught me to respect knowledge (‘ilm) and scholars… vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xiii Chapter 1 SYSTEMIC CRISES AND NORMATIVE CONSENSUS IN THE MIDDLE EAST: DYNAMICS OF ORDER AND DISORDER IN A REGIONAL STATE-SYSTEM................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Introduction: ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2. An Overview of Change and Continuity in the Middle East State-System ....... 3 1.2.1. Dynastic Contest of 1930s ....................................................................... 7 1.2.2. Arab Nationalism of 1950s and 1960s ..................................................... 8 1.2.3. Iranian Revolution of 1980s ................................................................... 10 1.2.4. Saddam’s occupation of Kuwait of 1990s ............................................. 12 1.2.5. Arab Spring of 2010s ............................................................................. 14 1.3. Lessons from Regional Crises: ........................................................................ 16 1.3.1. The Question of Legitimacy .................................................................. 16 1.3.2. The Question of Foreign-Domestic Distinction ..................................... 20 1.3.3. The Question of Constitutive Norms ..................................................... 24 1.3.4. Inferences and Conclusions ................................................................... 36 1.4. Question, Method, Cases and Mapping the Literature ...................................... 38 1.4.1. Question, Argument, and Variables ........................................................... 38 1.4.2. Method and Case Selection ........................................................................ 39 1.4.2.1. Case Method and Process Tracing ....................................................... 39 1.4.2.2. Why Saudi Arabia? .............................................................................. 42 vii 1.4.2.3. Why Three Episodes of Crises? ........................................................... 44 1.4.3. Mapping the Literature and the Aimed Contribution ................................. 48 1.4.4. Hypotheses.................................................................................................. 51 1.4.5. The Outline of the Dissertation .................................................................. 53 2 OF SYSTEMS, ORDERS, AND NORMS ......................................................... 56 2.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 56 2.2. Systems, State-Systems, Sub-systems:.............................................................. 57 2.3. Order in State-Systems ...................................................................................... 62 2.4. Why Ideas and Norms are Important to Understand Order .............................. 67 2.4.1 Links Between Ideas and Orders ................................................................. 67 2.4.2. Norms and Ideas on Order: Why is Normative Consensus Necessary? ..... 71 2.5. Three Biases to Avoid: “Good norm” bias, global-system bias, and the bias of state-centricism ................................................................................................ 76 2.5.1. “Good Norms” Bias .................................................................................... 77 2.5.2. Global-system bias: .................................................................................... 79 2.5.3. The Bias of State-centricism: ..................................................................... 85 2.6. Normative Dissensus as the Source of Systemic Crises ..................................
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