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271 T. Akazawa Et Al. (Eds.), Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals Index A Autonomy , 143, 145, 189, 190, 194 Aboriginal , 22, 48, 230, 232–234, 236 Awl , 26, 27, 51 Abric Romaní , 41 Azilian , 12 Abri Suard , 30 Abri Zumoffen , 121 Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) , 36, 42, 43, 48, 166 B Acculturation , 14, 16, 26–28, 174 Bachokirian , 23 Ache , 212, 221 Backed bladelet , 70, 80 Acheulean (Acheulian) , 8–10, 15, 97, 100, 115–121, Backed knife , 96, 125 126–132, 184, 255 Backed point , 70, 80 Acheulo-Yabrudian , 8, 116, 120–129, 132 Baka , 142, 145, 149 Acheulo-Yabrudian Cultural Complex (AYCC) , 116, 117, 120–131 Band , 45, 47, 142, 143, 145, 146, 189, 204, 206, 239, Acid-base-acid protocol (ABA) , 34–41 240, 242, 246, 268 Acid-base-oxidation-stepped combustion protocol (ABOx-SC) , 34, 36 Bayesian modeling , 23, 40, 41, 52 Adlun , 121 Beginner , 156, 160, 166, 169 Adolescence , 143–145, 178, 184, 188–191, 193, 194 Biface , 11, 94, 98, 100, 116, 118–120, 125, 127–130 Adolescent , 145, 169, 170, 176, 177, 182, 184, 187–194, 208, 246 Bifacial reduction , 100, 102, 158 Adult , 12, 24, 99, 110, 111, 130, 132, 143–146, 149, 169, 176, 182, B’ina formation , 122 188–193, 206, 208, 212, 246 Bipedalism , 245, 246 Adulthood , 143–145, 183, 184 Bird , 107, 131, 176, 178–180, 182, 188 Aeolian , 100 Birth rate , 1, 242 Agent-based model (ABM) , 3, 108, 206, 230, 234–236 Biyke , 97 Ahmarian , 34, 36–41, 49, 50, 61, 63, 70, 73, 77, 78, 80–83, 85, 87 Blade core , 87, 152, 156–160, 163–166, 168, 169 Ain Difl a , 61, 65, 71, 78, 82 Blade production , 49, 63, 70, 102, 120–122, 125, 126, 128, 152, 153, Aka , 142, 187–194, 208, 213 156, 159, 160, 162, 163, 166, 168, 169 Alembovski , 100 Bliznetsova , 94 Alliance network , 233 Boar , 117, 124 Altai , 10, 11, 14, 93, 97–101 Boat-shaped tool , 155, 157, 163 Altmühlian , 23, 47, 48 Body ornamentation , 22 Amud , 10, 11, 61, 68, 69, 71, 73, 85, 87 Bohnerzhornstein , 48 Amudian , 120, 121, 125, 126 Bohunician , 8, 15, 23, 48 Anui , 97, 98 Boker A , 34, 61, 75 Apprentice , 129, 145, 153, 160 Boker Tachtit , 34, 61, 63, 74 Archery , 11 Bolomor , 130–132 Arctic circle , 93, 94 Bol’shoj-Narin , 94, 100, 101 Arcy-sur-Cure , 24 Bonobo , 146 Arqov/Divshon , 61, 63, 70, 78, 82–85, 88 Boomerang , 11, 233 Artistic explosion , 256, 262, 263 Borer , 94, 98, 100 Ass , 124 Borisovo , 94 Assimilation , 1, 2, 22, 24, 50, 60, 126, 128 Boundary fuzziness , 43, 44, 47, 49 Aterian , 8, 50 Bovid , 117 Atlitian , 61, 63, 70, 78, 82–85, 88 Bow and arrow , 2, 173–185 Aurignacian , 8, 12, 14, 22–28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 42–50, 52, 61, 63, 70, Brain , 106, 111, 116, 118, 143, 144, 148–149, 188, 200, 213, 247, 73, 77, 78, 81–83, 85, 88, 121, 237 251, 252 Auroch , 124 expansion , 245 Australian aborigine , 142, 230 size , 212, 246, 247, 251–253 Australopithecine , 246, 252 Burarra , 232 Australopithecus , 246 Burial , 10, 11, 14, 25, 184 Autonomous learning , 144, 145 Burin , 48, 63, 70, 96, 98–100 T. Akazawa et al. (eds.), Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 1: Cultural Perspectives, 271 Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series, DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54511-8, © Springer Japan 2013 272 Index Bushmen , 142, 149 Cultural institution , 147–149 Button , 213 Cultural intelligence , 246, 251 Byzovaya , 94–96 Cultural interaction , 255–263 Cultural knowledge , 108, 233–235 Cultural level , 235, 247, 249–251, 259–262 C Cultural Moran model , 201, 202, 204, 207 Campanian , 15, 30 Cultural niche construction , 3, 211–227 Carinated scraper/core , 47–49, 70 Cultural skill , 108, 194 Carinated tool , 70 Cultural trait , 3, 12, 132, 193, 194, 200–208, 211–213, 216, 217, 219, Carnivore , 45, 117, 132 234–236, 246–249, 251–253, 256–261 Castanet , 45 Cultural transformation , 115–133 Castel di Guido , 119, 120 Cultural transmission , 2, 105–111, 173–185, 188, 190, 191, 194, 201, Cave bear , 42, 43, 45 206, 213, 217, 219–221 Chagyrskaya , 97, 99 Culture change , 60, 85–88, 108, 110, 111, 246 Chaîne opératoire , 8, 60, 121, 125, 128, 152 Cumulative cultural evolution , 268 Chamaeleo , 125 Cumulative culture , 87, 88, 148, 189, 193, 194, 219, 220, 246, 251 Chamfered piece , 63, 80 Cumulativeness of cultural change , 60, 85, 87–88, 207 Charcoal , 31, 34–41, 48–50, 65, 73–78, 98 Cumulative technological change , 106 Charentien , 97 Cut mark , 124, 128, 131 Châtelperronian , 12, 22–29, 41, 49–51, 96, 262 Cyclope , 30, 31 Childhood , 129, 141–145, 149, 184 Children , 12, 110, 111, 129, 141–149, 169, 170, 174, 176, 179, 189–192, 206, 213, 219, 233, 266 D Chimpanzee , 146, 148, 245, 246 Dancing , 190, 191, 233 Chopper/chopping tool , 100 Dangbon , 232 Chronology , 9, 23, 29, 34–50, 52, 60–62, 71, 73, 86, 87, 120 Danube corridor , 34 Chronostratigraphy , 36, 40, 41, 45, 52 Danubian Szeletian , 15 Clactonian , 97 Dar-es-Soltan , 50 Climate change , 3, 52, 105, 237–243, 252–253 Debitage , 125, 152, 155, 156, 166, 170 Clothing , 9, 11, 149 Dederiyeh , 10, 11, 61, 80, 85, 87, 121 CÔa valley , 15 Deer , 12, 117, 122, 124, 128, 130 Cognitive Déjeté scraper , 99, 100 capacity , 12, 105, 111, 188, 189 Demographic conditions , 106, 108–111 evolution , 106, 111 Demography , 17, 106–111, 201, 207, 208 fl uidity , 1, 251 Denisova , 94, 97, 98, 101 science , 148 Denisovan , 11, 12, 100, 253 Collagen , 28 Dentalium , 31 Columbella rustica , 30 Denticulate , 10, 11, 98–100 Competitive exclusion , 8, 237, 240, 241 Developmental studies , 189 Condition dependent exploration , 259, 261 Diepkloof , 51 Conformism , 267 Diet , 107, 109, 110, 116–118, 126–128, 130–133, 212, 252, 253 Conjoining , 158, 166 Direct bias , 200, 202–205, 207, 208, 258, 259, 261 Cooking , 107, 120, 127, 130, 132, 192 Direct demonstration instruction , 191, 192 Cooperation , 3, 110, 143, 145, 169, 206, 212–217, 219–221, 226, 230 Discoidal core , 11, 12, 15, 100 Cooperative dilemma , 194 Discrete cultural trait , 201–204, 207 Cooperative hunting , 110, 124, 212, 214, 216, 220, 221 Djunguwan ritual , 233 Copying , 62, 200, 246, 248, 266, 267 DNA , 100, 108, 200 Core-on-fl ake , 125 Douara , 61, 65, 69, 70 Core-reduction strategy , 70 Dufour bladelet , 48 Couvin , 30 Dunbar’s number , 206 Craft specialist , 151 Creativeness , 188, 193 Cro-Magnon , 9, 11, 12, 213 E Cross-boundary ritual , 229–236 Early Paleolithic , 131 Cryoturbation , 32, 42 Ebro River drainage , 24 Cultural accumulation , 60, 106, 108, 109, 200, 230, Education , 14, 144, 146–149, 174, 179, 230, 232, 233 232, 234, 235, 246 Efe , 142 Cultural complex , 12, 108, 115, 116, 120–129, 132, 188, 238 Effective population , 108, 110, 193, 208, 221, 253 Cultural diversifi cation , 108, 237–242 Egalitarianism , 143, 189 Cultural diversity , 110, 193, 238, 240–242 Ekeloko , 187–194 Cultural evolution , 1–3, 60, 110, 121, 184, 188, 194, 200, 201, 204, El Castillo , 22, 50, 51 206–208, 211, 213, 219, 220, 238, 245–253, 256, 258–263, Elderly , 176, 180, 181 267–269 Electron spin resonance (ESR) , 63–69, 71, 73, 83, 85, 87, 97, 120, 123 Cultural evolutionary rate , 2, 199–208, 255 Elephant , 2, 116–120, 124, 126, 127, 130–132 Cultural evolutionary speed , 256, 258, 259, 261, 262 El-Kowm , 63, 81, 120 Cultural innovation , 108, 143, 149, 194, 213, 229–236, 256 Elniki II , 94 Index 273 El-Quseir , 81 Gravettian , 12, 26, 42, 48 El-Wad point , 70 Grinding stone , 11, 14 Emiran , 26, 34, 41, 61, 63, 73 Grotta del Cavallo , 28–32 Emireh point , 41, 63, 80 Grotte des Fées , 26 Encoche , 97 Grotte du Renne , 14, 24, 26–30, 41, 49–53 End scraper , 63, 96, 98–100, 157, 163, 166 Group size , 10, 107, 108, 111, 212, 246 Energy , 38, 106–108, 132, 213, 219, 232, 247 Group structure , 214, 246, 258 Engis , 30 Gunabidji , 232 Environmental change , 3, 93, 102, 105, 194, 248, Gwi , 142 249, 251–253, 266, 267 Environmental stability , 248–253 Environmental variability , 200 H Epigravettian , 30, 31 Hammer stone , 212 Epipalaeolithic , 61, 63, 70–71, 73–79, 83, 85, 86, 88 Handaxe , 10, 116, 118, 120, 125, 126, 129, 131, 201 Epiromanellian , 30 Hand stencil , 22, 51 Equid , 117 Hard education , 147 ESR. See Electron spin resonance (ESR) Hare , 96 Ethnoarchaeology , 132, 152 Hattoridai , 154, 157–163, 166, 169 Etiolles , 152, 156, 204 Hayonim , 8, 61, 64–66, 71, 73, 77 83 Evolutionary game theory , 266, 268 Hearth , 9, 15, 28, 35, 38, 39, 49, 65, 119, 122, 123, 156, 160 Evolutionary model , 2, 59, 60, 85, 87, 88, 265–269 Hippopotamus , 117 Evron , 117, 127 Hohle Fels , 45 Exchange , 26, 50, 109, 143, 145, 146, 149, 184, 233, 234, 236, 268 Hohlenstein-Stadel , 45 Experimental archaeology , 173, 246 Holocene , 15, 17, 22 Expert , 30, 53, 156, 159, 160, 166, 169, 170 Holon , 117, 127 Exploration , 188–190, 193, 208, 256, 258, 259, 261 Homo Extended mind , 111 H. erectus , 2, 115, 120, 126, 129, 130, 132, 255 H. ergaster , 246 H. sapiens , 2, 11, 22, 59–88, 106, 108–111, 116, 148, 149, 199, F 213, 237, 245, 251–253, 255, 262 Fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) , 122, 124, 128, 130 Homophily , 212–214, 216, 217, 219–221 Far’ah II , 69, 71 Horizontal social learning , 182, 184 Fat , 117, 127, 130, 132 Horizontal transmission , 183, 184, 189–191 Fazael X , 61, 70, 73, 76 Horse , 9, 45–47, 94, 96, 124 Figurine , 9, 12, 45, 100 Howeison’s Poort , 8 Fire , 9, 39, 116, 119–120, 122, 127, 130–132, 246 Human dispersal , 34, 46, 106, 263 Fitness , 108, 188, 193, 203, 213–221, 226, 247–252, 266, 267, 269 Human evolution , 7, 93, 119–120, 142, 144, 146, 211, Fitness payoff , 193 213, 219, 267, 268 Flake-based industry , 70, 78, 93 Human lifetime scale , 23 Flute , 45 Human revolution , 22, 51 Foliate , 10, 11, 15, 98 Hunter-gatherer , 2, 23, 108–110, 117, 118, 128, 129, 141–146, 148, Fontana Ranuccio , 119 149, 151, 155,
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