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The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs
The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21. -
The Diplomatic Battle for the United States, 1914-1917
ACQUIRING AMERICA: THE DIPLOMATIC BATTLE FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1914-1917 Presented to The Division of History The University of Sheffield Fulfilment of the requirements for PhD by Justin Quinn Olmstead January 2013 Table of Contents Introduction 1: Pre-War Diplomacy 29 A Latent Animosity: German-American Relations 33 Britain and the U.S.: The Intimacy of Attraction and Repulsion 38 Rapprochement a la Kaiser Wilhelm 11 45 The Set Up 52 Advancing British Interests 55 Conclusion 59 2: The United States and Britain's Blockade 63 Neutrality and the Declaration of London 65 The Order in Council of 20 August 1914 73 Freedom of the Seas 83 Conclusion 92 3: The Diplomacy of U-Boat Warfare 94 The Chancellor's Challenge 96 The Chancellor's Decision 99 The President's Protest 111 The Belligerent's Responses 116 First Contact: The Impact of U-Boat Warfare 119 Conclusion 134 4: Diplomatic Acquisition via Mexico 137 Entering the Fray 140 Punitive Measures 145 Zimmerman's Gamble 155 Conclusion 159 5: The Peace Option 163 Posturing for Peace: 1914-1915 169 The House-Grey Memorandum 183 The German Peace Offer of 1916 193 Conclusion 197 6: Conclusion 200 Bibliography 227 Introduction Shortly after war was declared in August 1914 the undisputed leaders of each alliance, Great Britain and Gennany, found they were unable to win the war outright and began searching for further means to secure victory; the fonnation of a blockade, the use of submarines, attacking the flanks (Allied attacks in the Balkans and Baltic), Gennan Zeppelin bombardment of British coastal towns, and the diplomatic search for additional allies in an attempt to break the stalemate that had ensued soon after fighting had commenced. -
University of New South Wales 2005 UNIVERSITY of NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Project Report Sheet
BÜRGERTUM OHNE RAUM: German Liberalism and Imperialism, 1848-1884, 1918-1943. Matthew P Fitzpatrick A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales 2005 UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Project Report Sheet Surname or Family name: Fitzpatrick First name: Matthew Other name/s: Peter Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD. School: History Faculty: Arts Title: Bürgertum Ohne Raum: German Liberalism and Imperialism 1848-1884, 1918-1943. Abstract This thesis situates the emergence of German imperialist theory and praxis during the nineteenth century within the context of the ascendancy of German liberalism. It also contends that imperialism was an integral part of a liberal sense of German national identity. It is divided into an introduction, four parts and a set of conclusions. The introduction is a methodological and theoretical orientation. It offers an historiographical overview and places the thesis within the broader historiographical context. It also discusses the utility of post-colonial theory and various theories of nationalism and nation-building. Part One examines the emergence of expansionism within liberal circles prior to and during the period of 1848/ 49. It examines the consolidation of expansionist theory and political practice, particularly as exemplified in the Frankfurt National Assembly and the works of Friedrich List. Part Two examines the persistence of imperialist theorising and praxis in the post-revolutionary era. It scrutinises the role of liberal associations, civil society, the press and the private sector in maintaining expansionist energies up until the 1884 decision to establish state-protected colonies. Part Three focuses on the cultural transmission of imperialist values through the sciences, media and fiction. -
Gender and Colonial Politics After the Versailles Treaty
Wildenthal, L. (2010). Gender and Colonial Politics after the Versailles Treaty. In Kathleen Canning, Kerstin Barndt, and Kristin McGuire (Eds.), Weimar Publics/ Weimar Subjects. Rethinking the Political Culture of Germany in the 1920s (pp. 339-359). New York: Berghahn. Gender and Colonial Politics after the Versailles Treaty Lora Wildenthal In November 1918, the revolutionary government of republican Germany proclaimed the political enfranchisement of women. In June 1919, Article 119 of the Versailles Treaty announced the disenfranchisement of German men and women as colonizers. These were tremendous changes for German women and for the colonialist movement. Yet colonialist women's activism changed surprisingly little, and the Weimar Republic proved to be a time of vitality for the colonialist movement. The specific manner in which German decolonization took place profoundly shaped interwar colonialist activism. It took place at the hands of other colonial powers and at the end of the first "total" war. The fact that other imperial metropoles forced Germany to relinquish its colonies, and not colonial subjects (many of whom had tried and failed to drive Germans from their lands in previous years), meant that German colonialists focused their criticisms on those powers. When German colonialists demanded that the Versailles Treaty be revised so that they could once again rule over Africans and others, they were expressing not only a racist claim to rule over supposed inferiors but also a reproach to the Entente powers for betraying fellow white colonizers. The specific German experience of decolonization affected how Germans viewed their former colonial subjects. In other cases of decolonization, bitter wars of national liberation dismantled fantasies of affection between colonizer and colonized. -
The Berlin-Baghdad Railway and Its Peaceful
COMMERCIAL DIPLOMACY: THE BERLIN-BAGHDAD RAILWAY AND ITS PEACEFUL EFFECTS ON PRE-WORLD WAR I ANGLO-GERMAN RELATIONS Ryan Michael Bukaty Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2016 APPROVED: Geoffrey Wawro, Committee Chair Michael Leggiere, Committee Member Nancy Stockdale, Committee Member Richard McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History Bukaty, Ryan Michael. Commercial Diplomacy: The Berlin-Baghdad Railway and Its Peaceful Effects on Pre-World War I Anglo-German Relations. Master of Arts (History), May 2016, 99 pp., references, 55 titles. Slated as an economic outlet for Germany, the Baghdad Railway was designed to funnel political influence into the strategically viable regions of the Near East. The Railway was also designed to enrich Germany's coffers with natural resources with natural resources and trade with the Ottomans, their subjects, and their port cities... Over time, the Railway became the only significant route for Germany to reach its "place in the sun," and what began as an international enterprise escalated into a bid for diplomatic influence in the waning Ottoman Empire. Copyright 2016 by Ryan Michael Bukaty ii The years leading up to World War I were rocked by diplomatic crises, as the European Great Powers jockeyed for global influence. Replacing the conservative and diplomatically prudent Kaisers Wilhelm I and Friedrich III in 1888, Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II embarked on Weltpolitik or world policy in the 1890s. This aggressive quest for overseas colonies, combined with the construction of a German High Seas Fleet, was a bare-faced challenge to British and French imperial power. -
The Ashgate Research Companion to Imperial Germany ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION
ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION THE ASHGatE RESEarCH COMPANION TO IMPERIAL GERMANY ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION The Ashgate Research Companions are designed to offer scholars and graduate students a comprehensive and authoritative state-of-the-art review of current research in a particular area. The companions’ editors bring together a team of respected and experienced experts to write chapters on the key issues in their speciality, providing a comprehensive reference to the field. The Ashgate Research Companion to Imperial Germany Edited by MattHEW JEFFERIES University of Manchester, UK © Matthew Jefferies 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Matthew Jefferies has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editor of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Ashgate research companion to Imperial Germany / edited by Matthew Jefferies. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-3551-8 (hardcover) – ISBN 978-1-4094-3552-5 -
Sitzungsberichte Der Leibniz-Sozietät, Jahrgang 2020; Band
SITZUNGSBERICHTE BAND 142 JAHRGANG 2020 LEIBNIZ-SOZIETÄT DER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZU BERLIN Diese Publikation erfolgte mit freundlicher Unterstützung des Senats von Berlin. Impressum Herausgeber: Rainer E. Zimmermann, Präsident der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin e.V. Briefanschrift: Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin e.V. Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus, Luisenstr. 58/59, 10117 Berlin Homepage http://www.leibnizsozietaet.de Briefanschrift der Redaktion: Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin e.V., Redaktionskollegium, Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus, Luisenstr. 58/59, 10117 Berlin Im Auftrag der Leibniz-Sozietät e.V. erschienen im trafo Wissenschaftsverlag Dr. Wolfgang Weist, Finkenstr. 8, 12621 Berlin Telefon: 030/61 29 94 Fax: 030/61 29 94 21 e-mail: [email protected] Druck: Rosch-Buch, Scheßlitz Bezugsbedingungen: Die Reihe „Sitzungsberichte der Leibniz-Sozietät“ erscheint in unregelmäßigen Abständen etwa viermal jährlich. Bestellungen sowie fortlaufender Bezug bitte über Ihre Buchhandlung oder direkt beim trafo Wissenschaftsverlag Dr. Wolfgang Weist Redaktionelle Durchsicht dieses Bandes: Nina Hager, Reinhold Zilch Redaktionsschluss: 21.2.2020 ISSN 0947-5850 ISBN 978-3-86464-179-4 Inhalt Hans-Werner Hahn 7 Die Jagow-Edition und die ‚Deutschen Geschichtsquellen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts‘ Reinhold Zilch 13 Gottlieb von Jagow und die Kriegsschuldfrage 1918 bis 1935 Forschungsfragen und bisherige Ergebnissen des DFG-Projekts Gerd Fesser 29 Exkanzler Bernhard Fürst von Bülow und Staatssekretär Gottlieb von Jagow – zu Feinden -
Die Kunst Des Vernetzens
Christof Baier 1 Sonderdruck aus Die Kunst des Vernetzens Festschrift für Wolfgang Hempel Herausgegeben von Botho Brachmann, Helmut Knüppel, Joachim-Felix Leonhard und Julius H. Schoeps 2 Der „Fraenger-Salon“ in Potsdam-Babelsberg Schriftenreihe des Wilhelm-Fraenger-Instituts Potsdam Herausgegeben von Prof. e.h. Wolfgang Hempel Prof. Dr. Helmut Knüppel Prof. Dr. Julius H. Schoeps Band 9 Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 3-86650-344-X Die Entscheidung darüber, ob die alte oder neue deutsche Rechtschrei- bung Anwendung findet, blieb den Autoren überlassen, die auch selbst für Inhalt, Literaturangaben und Quellenzitate verantwortlich zeichnen. Umschlaggestaltung: Christine Petzak, Berlin Redaktion und Satz: Dieter Hebig, www.dieter-hebig.de Druck: Druckhaus NOMOS, Sinzheim Titelfoto: Burg Ludwigstein, Innenhof 1. Auflage 2006 © Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH, Stresemannstraße 30, 10963 Berlin. www.verlagberlinbrandenburg.de Alle Rechte, auch die des Nachdrucks von Auszügen, der fotomecha- nischen Wiedergabe und der Übersetzung, vorbehalten. Wolfgang Michalka 235 Vernetzt auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen: Walther Rathenau als Krisenmanager und Visionär „kommender Dinge“ Von Wolfgang Michalka Auf eine Anfrage der Wiener „Neue Freie Presse“ antwortete Walther Rathenau mit einem Beitrag über „Unser Nachwuchs“, der am 25. Dezem- ber 1909 abgedruckt wurde. Im Unterschied zu anderen Führungsschichten erklärte der bekannte Industrielle und Unternehmer, dass die wirtschaft- lichen Eliten eine Art Oligarchie darstellten, vergleichbar mit der Exklusi- vität der Dogen des alten Venedig. Selbstbewusst definierte er diese mit den viel zitierten Worten: „Dreihundert Männer, von denen jeder jeden kennt, leiten die wirtschaftlichen Geschicke des Kontinents und suchen sich Nachfolger aus ihrer Umgebung“.1 Rathenau hatte sich mit dieser Äußerung keinen Gefallen getan. -
4 August 1914
IWM LONDON PRESS INFORMATION 4 August 1914 The lead up to Britain’s declaration of war ▪ At the beginning of the twentieth century, Britain was one of the greatest powers in the world, with one in four people owing allegiance to the British Crown. ▪ By 1907 Europe was split into two main camps: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in one – The Triple Alliance – and France, Russia and Britain in the other – The Triple Entente. ▪ 28 June 1914, Serbian-backed terrorist, Gavrilo Princip, shot dead Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. With German encouragement, this led to Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war against Serbia one month later on 28 July 1914. ▪ This declaration of war drew in allies and supporters on both sides. Germany supported Austria-Hungary and Russia stood by the Serbs. ▪ 3 August 1914, Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey addresses the House of Commons on Britain’s position in the crisis. ▪ The British government, led by Prime Minister Herbert Asquith, agonised over whether to support France and Russia or to remain neutral but it feared a German domination of Europe would result if France and Russia were beaten. A victorious and hostile Germany would threaten Britain’s security and its position in the world. ▪ Germany’s invasion of Belgium, to get to France, tipped the balance as ever since 1839 Britain had guaranteed both Belgium’s neutrality and independence. 4 August 1914 Timeline Note: In August 1914 London, Paris and Brussels were all on the same time while Berlin and Vienna were one hour ahead, and St Petersburg two hours ahead. -
Official List
O FF I C I A L L I S T OF THE CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED COVERING THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PERIOD IN THE HISTORY OF MANKIND The Opposing Forces. ar e nd ea The W of Lif a D th . E r r a . H NRI BERGSON, P esident F ench Ac demy of Sciences N I PPOL D r a a fi a r and a r OTFRIED , Ge m n p ci st le de utho ity r L aw r f r r r . on Inte national , P o esso in Be ne Unive sity r ria r a . KARL LAMPRECHT, Chief Cou t Histo n of Ge m ny The Kultur of Germany. The so a e s Philo phy T ught by Ni tz che. r r of h h in a a WILLIAM ELKIN, P ofesso P ilosop y Indi n r Unive sity . ’ r a r hiloso FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE , Ge m ny s enowned p er ph . ‘ r a HENRIQUE DE MENDONCA, of the Po tuguese Ac demy f o Sciences . The Culture of Democracy. ’ m n on r e ar ual Hu a ity s L g St uggl Tow d E " Rights. McE L ROY r r ROBERT , U. S . Gove nment Rep esentative f or a a of War r f r r Te ching C uses the , P o esso of P inceton r Unive sity . B res f THEODORE UYSSEN, P ident o the French Peace S o ciet r f r of il t r x y, P o esso Ph osophy a Bo deau ’ Germany s Economic Organization . -
Sovereignty and Diamonds in Southern Africa, 1908-1920
PRESS FOR PUBLICATION(DO NOT DELETE) 5/2/2018 6:06 PM SOVEREIGNTY AND DIAMONDS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA, 1908-1920 ∗ STEVEN PRESS In 1907 the German colonial army, wrapping up its genocide of Nama and Herero peoples in Southwest Africa, generally counted the Namib Desert as more trouble than it was worth. So did the German people and government, for that matter. In Summer 1908, however, a group of workers laying railway track in the Namib found diamonds lying in the sand.1 In short order, the Namib became the richest diamond find in history: the home to an estimated 1.6 billion carats of rough stones, or about the equivalent of the entire amount extracted in human history prior to the twentieth century.2 Germany, and its much ballyhooed overseas empire, appeared to have won the lottery. Mania promptly gripped the stock exchange in Berlin. In mere months, traders drove up share prices of German diamond companies, and even some colonial companies that had no diamond business, by as much as 2000%.3 One astonished consultant, after inspecting the Namibian fields, assured the bankers backing large diamond miners that they could comfortably expect billions of marks in exchange for virtually no effort.4 This projection was staggering, given that, at this time, Germany’s entire bank capital totaled 13.6 billion marks.5 It was also correct. The problem was that the Namib was no conventional open-pit mine – à la Kimberley, South Africa – but a gigantic sandbox. Diamonds in the Namib could easily be picked up by hand.6 Ownership and control, accordingly, were concerns in need of resolution. -
Walther Rathenau
Fond 634: Walther Rathenau 1845-1945 Findbücher 1-2, 911 Akten Vorbemerkung Die Akten 1-206, 269, 272, 274, 285, 294, 296, 325, 347-348, 357-359, 376, 430, 488, 519, 584, 628, 650, 699, 706, 738, 742, 758-762, 768, 774, 777-779, 781, 800, 820, 852 und 858 (Opis 1) sowie 33 (Opis 2) wurden einzeln durchgesehen und erfaßt. Die übrigen Aktentitel wurden dem offiziellen Findbuch entnommen und übersetzt. Den größten Teil der Übersetzung von Opis 1 stellte freundlicherweise Christian Schölzel ( www.cultureandmore.com ) zur Verfügung. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, daß die Angaben in den sowjetischen Findbüchern nicht immer vollständig und fehlerfrei sind und somit nicht immer dem eigentlichen Akteninhalt entsprechen. Außerdem lassen sich bei Eigennamen von Personen, Organisationen und Institutionen, die zunächst ins Russische und dann zurück ins Deutsche übertragen wurden, Verfälschungen nicht vollständig ausschließen. Neun Akten des Bestandes wurden 1958 an das Außenministerium der UdSSR abgegeben. Es ist bislang nicht gelungen, sie in den heutigen russischen Archiven ausfindig zu machen. Stand: 29.06.2013 Opis 1 001 Zeitungsartikel über die Familie Rathenau, 13 Bl.; 1845-1913. 002 Photographien Walther Rathenaus (Kindheit, Jugend, spätere Jahre), 13 Stück; 1868-1921. 003 Entwürfe und -abschriften von Briefen an seine Eltern sowie an Hrn. Schmidt (Erster Bürgermeister von Bitterfeld), Prof. Dr. Heinz Rubens (Physikalisches Institut, Univ. Berlin), Graf Ernst Erich zu Rantzau, Herrn von Bode, August Thyssen (Generaldirektor), zudem ein Brief Erich Rathenaus an seine Mutter, 9 Bl.; 1872 und 1922. 004 Schulzeugnisse, 1877-1884. 005 Briefe an Eltern und Bruder (teilweise Originale, teilweise Abschriften) 208 Bl.; 1874-1889. 006 Briefe an Mutter, Bruder und andere (Abschriften); Korrespondenz Bruno Leuschners mit der Schwester Rathenaus, Edith Andreae, über die Herausgabe von Rathenau-Schriften, 259 Bl.; 1880-1930.