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Protestant Missionaries and German Colonialism, 1860-1919

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Protestant Missionaries and German Colonialism, 1860-1919 ABSTRACT Title of Document: “FOUNDING A HEAVENLY EMPIRE”: PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES AND GERMAN COLONIALISM, 1860-1919 Jeremy Best, Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Directed By: Professor Jeffrey Herf, Department of History This dissertation investigates the relationship between German Protestant missionaries and secular leaders of colonial politics and culture in the German colonial empire during the nineteenth century. In particular, it examines how missionaries defined their collective identity as an international one against pressures that encouraged mission societies to adopt and promote policies that favored the German colonial state and German colonial economic actors. Protestant missionaries in Germany created an alternative ideology to govern Germans’ and Germany’s relationships with the wider world. The dissertation examines the formation of an internationalist missionary methodology and ideology by German missionary intellectuals from 1870 and the shift to traditional Protestant nationalism during World War I. It then examines the application by missionaries of this ideology to the major issues of Protestant mission work in German East Africa: territorial rivalries with German Catholic mission orders, mission school policy, fundraising in the German metropole, and international missionary cooperation. In so doing, it revises conventional interpretations about the relationship between Protestantism and nationalism in Germany during this period. “FOUNDING A HEAVENLY EMPIRE”: PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES AND GERMAN COLONIALISM, 1860-1919 By Jeremy Best Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2012 Advisory Committee: Professor Jeffrey Herf, Chair Professor Vincent Carretta Professor Paul S. Landau Professor Richard Price Professor Andrew Zimmerman © Copyright by Jeremy Best 2012 Dedication To Amy who has been with me on this from the start. And to Benjamin who provided me with the energy to get to the finish. ii Acknowledgements Over the many years that it took to bring this study to its completion I have incurred a significant collection of debts. In an effort to repay some fraction of those debts, I offer here some acknowledgements of the many people and institutions to which I owe my gratitude. I hope that these words can convey my deep appreciation. The research for this dissertation was primarily completed during a year spent in Germany with the generous funding of the German Fulbright Commission and the Institute for International Education. Significant research was also conducted in the United States with a research grant from the German Historical Institute in Washington, D.C. Additional support was provided by the Graduate School and the History Department of the University of Maryland, College Park. During my research in Germany and the United States I was fortunate to work with many highly professional and extremely helpful staff members at institutions in both countries. The services of the archivists and librarians at the Hauptarchiv Bethel in Bielefeld; the Unitätsarchiv in Herrnhut; Frankesche Stiftungen in Halle; the Schriftarchiv of the Vereinte Evangelische Mission in Wuppertal; and the Berliner Missionswerk and Staatsbibliothek both in Berlin, were invaluable. In America the staffs of the Library of Congress and the University of Maryland libraries were invaluable resources. In particular, I must express my special thanks to the Interlibrary Loan staff in College Park for locating hard to find materials and patience with my requests, especially during the final stages of this dissertation. Naturally, a project of this size and duration has been supported along the way by a number of friends, acquaintances, and colleagues. Jeffrey Herf challenged me to iii produce a dissertation that I could be proud of. He pushed me to become a historian from the first day we met during a visit I made several months before enrolling at Maryland. I offer him my deepest thanks for the support and kindness he has shown me over the last seven years. The other members of my committee, Richard Price, Paul Landau, and Andrew Zimmerman were each important contributors to my growth as a scholar and to the arguments of this dissertation. During my years in College Park I made many other friends among the students and faculty. The many hours that they listened to my ideas about missionaries, empires, and Pietism I owe back to them many times over. The history graduate students at Maryland make the department a lively and engaging place to study. In Germany, the academic support from Ulrich van der Heyden at the Humboldt University, Peter Nolte at the Free University of Berlin, and from Rebekka Habermas at George August University of Göttingen helped me at the very beginning as I began to make sense of my research. The friendship and linguistic guidance of Uwe Schulte and Yve Andrassy in Berlin helped me settle into life away from family and friends in Berlin. They, and my fellow graduate student expatriates, made living in Berlin a wonderful experience. I must close with an acknowledgement of the support of my family. My in-laws Becky, Joel and Gini, Adam, and David, provided good humor and positivity at many a family holiday and helped me survive the perils of graduate school. For that they will also have my love and gratitude. To my own family I owe everything that I have become. My mother, Linda, and my father, Herbert, did not hesitate to provide whatever support and advice they could as I worked on this project. Christopher has always been a loyal and iv true friend, more than just my brother. His home with Anna was a wonderful refuge for a time from the difficulties of writer’s block, my love to them both. Finally, I must close with Amy and Benjamin – I used to only have one favorite but now I have two. All of the people who have helped with this project along the way deserve my everlasting thanks. Of course, any errors or failings of this project reflect upon its author and not upon those who aided him along the way. v Table of Contents Dedication……………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………...vi List of Figures………………………………………………………...vii Introduction…………………………………………………………….1 Chapter One: Missionary Politics on Paper…………………………..44 Chapter Two: Confessions in Conflict………………………………..92 Chapter Three: Language and Labor………………………………...141 Chapter Four: Mission on the Home Front………………………….198 Chapter Five: Mission Conferences and the Persistence of Internationalism…………………………………………….........249 Chapter Six: From Edinburgh to Versailles…………………………297 Conclusion…………………………………………………………..346 Bibliography………………………………………………………...359 vi List of Figures Figure 1. German Mission Stations in German East Africa, 1914…...vii Figure 2. Strategy Map by Martin Klamroth [1902]……………….126 vii Figure 1. German Mission Stations in German East Africa, 1914 (Source: Roland Oliver, The Missionary Factor in East Africa [London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1952], facing page 174.) viii Introduction German missionaries of the nineteenth century supported an internationalist ideology of Christian evangelization. When Gustav Warneck, leader of the German Protestant mission movement, described the purpose of mission work, he declared that mission “should found an empire, but not a global empire” for Germans. Instead, missionaries should strive to create a “heavenly empire” of Christians.1 In this dissertation, I argue that late nineteenth-century German Protestant missionaries, German mission societies, and the German mission movement in general viewed themselves and their community as members of an international community of believers. German Protestant missionaries and supporters defined their work as an integral component of the universal, evangelical movement of global Protestants that made up the ever-expanding Kingdom of God that would, given time, coincide with the entirety of humanity. German missionaries believed themselves internationalists, but they struggled against nationalist conceptions of their purposes, initially from the outside but eventually also from the inside of their movement. I will demonstrate the relative strength of German missionaries’ internationalism, how this internationalism led the German missionary movement to respond to the colonial state and other secular colonial powers, and show how circumstances after the turn of the twentieth 1 Warneck, “Die christliche Mission und die überseeische Politik,“ Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift 28 (1901): 169. The Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift is hereafter abbreviated AMZ in footnotes. 1 century allowed a nationalist mission theory to preempt the older tradition of internationalism. German Protestant missionaries’ internationalism, in nineteenth-century German politics and culture, defined itself contra nationalism. Throughout this dissertation the term internationalism will be used to refer to German Protestant missionaries’ preference for a community of Protestant Christians dispersed around the globe but joined together by a common identity devoted to bringing all of humanity into their evangelical community. The Protestant missionaries called this community a Christian community but Protestant missionary leaders only sporadically considered Catholics and other non-Protestant Christians members of this community. In spite of these sectarian tendencies, the German Protestant missionary worldview
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