Determinantes Ecológicos, Evolutivos E Histórico-Biogeográficos Dos Padrões De Diversidade De Mamíferos Terrestres Em Diferentes Escalas

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Determinantes Ecológicos, Evolutivos E Histórico-Biogeográficos Dos Padrões De Diversidade De Mamíferos Terrestres Em Diferentes Escalas UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS PRÓ-REITORIA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA & EVOLUÇÃO Franciele Parreira Peixoto DETERMINANTES ECOLÓGICOS, EVOLUTIVOS E HISTÓRICO-BIOGEOGRÁFICOS DOS PADRÕES DE DIVERSIDADE DE MAMÍFEROS TERRESTRES EM DIFERENTES ESCALAS Orientador: Dr. Marcus Vinícius Cianciaruso Coorientador: Dr. Crisóforo Fabrício Villalobos GOIÂNIA - GO MARÇO – 2017 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS PRÓ-REITORIA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA & EVOLUÇÃO Franciele Parreira Peixoto DETERMINANTES ECOLÓGICOS, EVOLUTIVOS E HISTÓRICO-BIOGEOGRÁFICOS DOS PADRÕES DE DIVERSIDADE DE MAMÍFEROS TERRESTRES EM DIFERENTES ESCALAS Orientador: Dr. Marcus Vinícius Cianciaruso Coorientador: Dr. Crisóforo Fabrício Villalobos Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Goiás, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução para obtenção do título de Doutora. GOIÂNIA - GO MARÇO – 2017 ii iii iv “It is not the mountain we conquer, but ourselves”. Edmund Hillary Dedico ao que representa a escalada em rocha na minha vida. É mais que um esporte, é um estilo de vida. Fez ressurgir no meu ser o instinto primata e minha conexão com a natureza. Ao longo do doutorado, foi um modo de obter autoconfiança e força (principalmente para minhas costas e braços, que sofriam com horas na frente do computador) para enfrentar os obstáculos. Aprendi que tudo é possível, desde que se deseje profundamente, e que a subida é mais importante que o pico, apesar da vista ser recompensadora. v AGRADECIMENTOS Em quatro anos de doutorado, muitas pessoas passaram pela minha vida e contribuíram para a concretização desse projeto. Muitas dessas pessoas não serão citadas aqui, por falta de espaço ou falha de memória, mas mesmo assim agradeço por fazerem parte do meu crescimento pessoal e profissional. Agradeço: A minha família querida, sem a qual não teria tido a chance de estudar e realizar meus projetos. Um especial agradecimento aos meus pais, Celso Alves Peixoto e Maria Aparecida Parreira, e meus avós maternos, Maria Euripa de Assunção Salgado e Hermógenes Parreira de Assunção. Ao meu companheiro, Tiago Segantini Zaterka, por ter estado ao meu lado durante os últimos três anos, me apoiando com muita compreensão e amor, mesmo nos piores momentos. Por ter ficado comigo em casa por vários finais de semana e ter se privado de várias oportunidades de viagens e escaladas. Aos meus mais que amigos, Elisa Barreto, José Hidasi Neto, Pedro Henrique Pereira Braga, Vinícios Macedo e Viviane Neves, que estiveram do meu lado nesses anos em todos os tipos de situação, me ajudando a superar os obstáculos impostos pela vida. Aos amigos Advaldo Carlos de Souza-Neto, José Hidasi Neto, Pedro Henrique Pereira Braga e Poliana Mendes, que também foram um pouco orientadores e sempre me ajudaram com análises e discussões. Aos integrantes da minha família Hogar, por terem me acolhido nesses últimos três anos com tanta amizade e carinho. Por cederem uma mesinha na sala para que eu vi pudesse estudar e por aliviarem a carga de vários finais de semana, que passei estudando o dia todo, com cafés, conversas, bolos, jogos e filmes. A fundação de amparo a pesquisa do estado de Goiás (FAPEG) pela bolsa de estudos concedida. Ao órgão onde trabalho desde o mestrado, SECIMA, que me concedeu dispensa de horários para que eu pudesse finalizar a pós-graduação. Um agradecimento especial a superintendente Gabriela de Val pela compreensão em todos os momentos e aos meus companheiros do GCP pelo carinho e por tornarem o ambiente de trabalho mais aconchegante. Ao meu orientador, Marcus Cianciaruso, por ter me aguentado durante quase 6 anos de parceria e por ter contribuido muito no meu crescimento pessoal e profissional. Ao meu coorientador Fabrício Villalobos por estar sempre disposto a ajudar e me ensinar. Aprendi muito com você e só tenho a agradecer pela parceria Aos meus co-autores que contribuíram para a qualidade do presente trabalho, principalmente os professores Joaquin Hortal e Adriano Melo. A todos os integrantes do Laboratório de Ecologia de Comunidades, professores e alunos, que tornaram o ambiente de trabalho agradável e prazeroso. A Universidade Federal de Goiás, em especial ao programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução que me propiciou anos maravilhosos, pessoas incríveis e muito aprendizado. vii RESUMO GERAL O conceito de nicho ecológico descreve o conjunto de condições bióticas e abióticas nas quais as espécies podem manter populações e define a área de distribuição das espécies. O nicho ecológico é multidimensional e, desse modo, é função de várias características das espécies. Essas características podem mudar rapidamente ou podem variar de forma muito lenta, permanecendo conservadas ao longo do tempo evolutivo, o que caracteriza a conservação de nicho (i.e., a tendência de as espécies manterem o nicho ancestral ao longo do tempo evolutivo). Reter o nicho ancestral implica em menor capacidade do grupo em se adaptar fora dos limites de distribuição definidos pelo nicho ecológico. Portanto, o modo como as características ligadas ao nicho evoluíram ao longo do tempo é determinante para gerar padrões diferenciais de diversidade entre táxons. De fato, a conservação de nicho tem sido levantada como fator relevante para explicar o gradiente latitudinal de diversidade, bem como a formação da biota de diferentes habitats. A conservação de tolerâncias ecológicas em algumas linhagens implica na herança de uma capacidade limitada de colonizar e se estabelecer em diferentes habitats. Por outro lado, alguns grupos podem ser ecologicamente mais flexíveis e colonizar novos habitats através da evolução de nicho, provavelmente relacionada a adaptações funcionais específicas que possibilitam o estabelecimento das espécies. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar padrões de diversidade de mamíferos terrestres para inferir acerca dos principais processos ecológicos, evolutivos e histórico-biogeográficos atuantes. viii SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ............................................................................................... 1 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................................................ 4 CAPÍTULO 01: PHYLOGENETIC CONSERVATISM OF CLIMATIC NICHE IN BATS .......................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 9 METHODS ................................................................................................................. 13 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 21 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 25 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 30 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 31 SUPPORTING INFORMATION ............................................................................... 37 CAPÍTULO 02: GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF PHYLOGENETIC BETA DIVERSITY COMPONENTS IN TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS .......................... 45 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 46 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 47 METHODS ................................................................................................................. 52 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 55 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 60 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 66 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 66 ix SUPPORTING INFORMATION ............................................................................... 71 CAPÍTULO 03: PHYLOGENETIC AND FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF AFRICAN MAMMAL ASSEMBLAGES: THE IMPRINT OF HISTORICAL CLIMATIC CHANGES ON HABITAT FORMATION .......................................... 85 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 86 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 87 METHODS ................................................................................................................. 92 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 96 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 100 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 107 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................
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