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Jahres Bericht JAHRES BERICHT 2011 ZOOLOGISCHES FORSCHUNGSMUSEUM ALEXANDER KOENIG www.zfmk.de JAHRESBERICHT 2011 INHALT GRUSSWORT DES DIREKTORS 5 AUS DER AKTUELLEN ARBEIT 9 Das German Barcode of Life (GBOL) Projekt geht an den Start 9 Das Projekt FREDIE – Fische, Eintagsfliegen und Schnecken von Portugal bis in den Ural 13 Das 1KITE-Projekt und die i5K-Initiative erfassen die genomische Vielfalt und Evolution 16 der Insekten Die Adaptive Radiation der Sonnenstrahlfische des Matanosees: Ein Modellsystem 19 für die Erforschung von Speziationsprozessen 1 FORSCHUNG AM ZFMK 25 1.1 Drittmittelprojekte 25 1.1.1 Tabellarische Übersicht 25 1.1.2 Projekte im Detail 25 1.2 Kongresse, Vorträge und Forschungsreisen 28 1.2.1 Kongresse und Tagungen 28 1.2.2 Vorträge 33 1.2.3 Forschungsreisen 43 1.3 Kooperationen 47 1.4 Herausgeberschaften 55 1.5 Gremienarbeit 56 1.6 Gutachtertätigkeit 57 1.7 Gastwissenschaftler 60 2 SAMMLUNGEN UND BIBLIOTHEKEN 63 2.1 Sammlungen 63 2.1.1 Kuhna-Sammlung am ZFMK 63 2.1.2 Eine neue Sektion am ZFMK: Entwicklung 64 der Sammlung ‚Myriapoda‘ im Jahr 2011 2.1.3 Sammlungszugänge 2010 64 2.2 Bibliotheken 65 2.2.1 Hauptbibliothek 65 2.2.2 Biohistoricum – Museum und Forschungs- 67 archiv der Geschichte der Biologie 3 LEHRE 69 3.1 Lehrveranstaltungen 69 3.2 Kandidatenbetreuung 72 3.3 Evolutionsbiologisches Kolloquium 77 JAHRESBERICHT 2011 4 AUSSTELLUNGEN UND ÖFFENTLICHKEITSARBEIT 79 4.1 Ausstellungen 79 4.1.1 Dauerausstellung 79 4.1.2 Sonderausstellungen 79 4.2 Museumspädagogik 82 4.2.1 Statistik 82 4.2.2 Museumspädagogische Angebote 83 4.2.3 Museumsschule 86 4.3 Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 87 4.3.1. Veranstaltungen 87 4.3.2 Presse und Medien 92 4.3.3 Werbung 94 5 ALEXANDER-KOENIG-GESELLSCHAFT E.V. (AKG) 95 5.1 Forschung 95 5.2 Bildungsauftrag des Museums 95 5.2.1 Jugendprogramme 95 5.2.2 Ausstellungen 97 6 PERSONALIEN 99 6.1 Personelle Veränderungen am ZFMK 99 6.1.1 Neu am ZFMK 99 6.1.2 Weitere personelle Veränderungen 102 6.2 Wissenschafticher Beirat 102 6.3 Berufungen, Ehrungen 103 6.4 Organigramm 103 6.5 Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter 104 des ZFMK 7 PUBLIKATIONEN 109 7.1 Abteilung Arthropoda 109 7.2 Abteilung Wirbeltiere 111 7.3 Zentrum für Molekulare 118 Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb) JAHRESBERICHT 2011 GRUßWORT DES DIREKTORS Die Vorbereitung auf die Zukunft unseres Instituts muss die Biodiversitätskrise unseres Zeitalters berück- sichtigen, die, von der Öffentlichkeit weitgehend unbemerkt, zu einem unwiederbringlichen Verlust der Arten unseres Planeten führt. Bereits jetzt sind weltweit großflächig Lebensräume und die darin existierenden Arten vernichtet, unsere Nachkommen werden zwangsläufig in einer ärmeren Welt leben müssen. Wir betrachten es als unsere Verpflichtung, unser Fachwissen zu nutzen, um einen Beitrag zur Verminderung dieser verlustreichen Veränderungen der Biosphäre zu leisten. Dazu trägt die Erfassung unbekannter Tierarten bei, die Ausweisung besonders artenreicher oder für einzigartige Arten unver- zichtbarer Lebensräume, die Ausbildung von Artenkennern. Da Natur auch genutzt werden muss, ist die nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung ein Ziel, für das wir neue Monitoringtechiken brauchen (effiziente Überwachung des Zustandes der Biodiversität), aber auch die Identifikation wirtschaftlich interessanter Organismen, die als genetisches Reservoir für die Zukunft betrachtet werden können. Technisches und biologisches Wissen muss insbesondere für die artenreichen Tropenländer verfügbar werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund arbeitet die Institutsleitung seit mehreren Jahren auf der Grundlage eines Strukturplans an der Umstrukturierung und Erweiterung des ZFMK. Im Jahr 2011 konnten wir die darin verankerten Ziele für die Modernisierung des Instituts konsequent weiter verfolgen. Das Naturkundemuseum war immer ein Ort, an dem das Wissen über die Biologie, Ökologie, Evolu- tion und Systematik von Tierarten gepflegt und erweitert wurde. Dieses Artenwissen der Taxonomen ist an den deutschen Hochschulen fast ausgestorben. Um diese Forschung mit aktuellen Methoden zu ergänzen, sie zukunftsfähig zu machen, indem die genetischen Komponenten der Evolution von Vielfalt berücksichtigen werden, wurde das Zentrum für molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb) des ZFMK gegründet. Hier werden u.a. neue automatisierte Expertensysteme entwickelt und für künftige Anwendungen vorbereitet. Es sei daher schon an dieser Stelle unseren Trägern gedankt, der Landesregierung Nordrhein-West- falens und dem Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie, die besonders die Verbesserung der Forschungsinfrastruktur unterstützt haben. Weiterhin müssen auch die Leistungsbereitschaft, der Ideenreichtum und das Engagement der Mitarbeiter hervorgehoben werden, die die Grundlage für den Erfolg sind. Eröffnung des Zen- trums für molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung und des Biohistoricums: Ministerialdirigent Dr. Dietrich Nelle, NRW- Forschungsministerin Svenja Schulze, Prof. Bernhard Misof und Prof. J. Wolfgang Wägele (v.l.) durchschneiden das Rote Band. Ein wichtiges Signal war die Einweihung des zmb (Zentrum für molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung) durch Frau Ministerin Svenja Schulze am 13. Mai. Das in Deutschland einzigartige zmb wird von Herrn Prof. Misof geleitet. Es verfügt aktuell über Sektionen, die sich mit Genomik, Phylogenetik, DNA-Taxonomie und Biobanken sowie Bioinformatik befassen. Das zmb ist provisorisch im Gebäude der Entomologie (Clas-Naumann-Bau) untergebracht. 5 JAHRESBERICHT 2011 Ministerin Svenja Schulze trägt sich im Adenauerraum in das Goldene Buch des Museums Koenig ein. Die Institutsleitung hat beharrlich die seit mehreren Jahren währenden Verhandlungen für die Reali- sierung des dringend benötigten Neubaus für die Bereiche zmb, Bibliothek, Rechenzentrum, und Teile der Sammlungen fortgesetzt. Ohne größere Laborflächen lassen sich die für unsere großen Projekte erforderlichen Labor- und Rechenmaschinen nicht aufstellen. Da für das Jahr 2011 keine Mittel bereit standen, konnte nicht verhindert werden, dass ein Investor das in Betracht kommende Grundstück erstand. Aktuell arbeiten wir an einem neuen Konzept: Die Anmietung eines durch eben diesen Investor zu errichtenden Spezialgebäudes. In der Wissenschaft gab es zahlreiche nennenswerte Fortschritte. Seit Oktober leitet das ZFMK das Verbundprojekt GBOL (German Barcode of Life), das vom BMBF mit über 5 Millionen gefördert wird. Beteiligt sind fast alle großen Forschungsmuseen Deutschlands und eine Vielzahl von Spezialisten aus dem ganzen Land, die über besondere Artenkenntnis verfügen. Ziel ist die genetische Charakterisierung der Tier- und Pflanzenwelt Deutschlands. GBOL ist damit ein europäisches Vorbild für überregional koordiniertes DNA-Barcoding (Nutzung von ausgewählten Genabschnitten als Erkennungsmerkmal von Arten). Für die Koordination von GBOL konnte Frau Dr. Stefanie Pietsch eingestellt werden. Das im SAW-Verfahren finanzierte Projekt FREDIE entwickelt DNA-Barcodes für alle europäischen Fischarten, so dass künftig auch Eier und Larven eindeutig bestimmbar sein werden (Arbeitsgruppe Dr. Fabian Herder). Auf dem Gebiet der Genomik hat das ZFMK ebenfalls eine internationale Führungs- rolle übernommen, was durch den personellen Ausbau des zmb (Zentrum für molekulare Biodiversitäts- forschung) möglich wurde. In Kürze wird ein Weltrekord zu vermelden sein: Die Entschlüsselung des Genoms von hunderten von Insektenarten in Kooperation mit chinesischen Wissenschaftlern. Diese und weitere Vorhaben werden auf den folgenden Seiten beschrieben. Viele Einzelprojekte haben faszinierende neue Erkenntnisse erbracht. Einige Beispiele: • Die These anderer Arbeitsgruppen, wonach marine Schnecken Gene aus Algen assimilieren und selbst nutzen können, konnte mit einer aufwändigen und viel zitierten Genomstudie widerlegt wer- den (H. Wägele et al. 2011, Mol. Biol. Evol.). • Um die Vorhersage potentieller Verbreitungsgebiete von Arten zu verbessern, konnten neue Metho- den zur Modellierungen der Verbreitung entwickelt und getestet werden (Cord & Rödder 2011, Ecol. Appl.). • In einem Bionik-Projekt wurde gezeigt, dass Krötenechsen aus Wüstengebieten Mikrostrukturen der Haut nutzen, um Wassertropfen zu absorbieren und in Richtung Kopf zu leiten (Comanns et al 2011, Beistein J. Nanotechn.). • Bei Sandskinken (ebenfalls Echsen aus Wüstengebieten) konnte eine Schuppenstruktur mit äußerst effizienter Schmutzabweisung und Reibungsminimierung beschrieben werden (Staudt et al. 2011, Proc. SPIE). • Viele neue Arten wurden entdeckt und beschrieben, darunter auch bisher unbekannte Säugetierarten aus Ostafrika (Kerbis et al. 2011, J. East Afr. Nat. Hist.). • Aus archäozoologischen Studien in Marokko ging die Entdeckung einer neolithischen, auf Schnecken- verzehr beruhenden Ernährungskultur hervor (Hutterer et al. 2011, Beitr. Paläoanthr. Archäozool.). 6 JAHRESBERICHT 2011 Besuch der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft: Herr Karl Ulrich Mayer, Präsident der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft (v.l.), besichtigt das Labor des zmb. Neu eingestellte Wissenschaftler: Durch Einstellung von Dr. Thomas Wesener konnte eine neue Sektion gegründet werden, die sich den Tausendfüßern (Myriapoda) widmet. Eine der ersten Veröffentlichungen beschreibt das „Musizieren“ (Stridulation) der Tausendfüßer bei der Partnerwahl (Wesener et al. 2011, Naturwissenschaften). Hinzu kommen zahlreiche Entdeckungen neuer Arten der Tausendfüßer. Für das zmb konnte Dr. Alexander Donath als Bioinformatiker eingestellt werden. Die Sektion Hymenoptera wird nach vielen Jahren der arbeitsteiligen Betreuung durch den verstorbenen Dr. Karl-Heinz Lampe wieder mit einer Vollzeitbetreuung gepflegt und ausgebaut. Für diese
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