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Politička Elita Između Dva Svetska Rata

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Politička Elita Između Dva Svetska Rata stručni prilozi UDK 336.71(497.11) "1918/1941" Prof. dr Vesna Aleksić Fakultet za međunarodnu ekonomiju, Beograd [email protected] UDRUŽENJE Rezime Ovaj rad je posvećen analizi personalne unije između bankarskog i industrijskog kapitala u BANAKA Srbiji izmđu dva svetska rata, koji se ogledao u tome što su direktori takvih banka bili i članovi upravnih odbora mnogobrojnih preduzeća, BEOGRAD a opet su se i najugledniji srpski industrijalci nalazili u odborima velikih novčanih zavoda. I SRPSKA Tako se istovremeno stvarala i velika personalna koncentracija položaja i moći u rukama malog broja privrednih i političkih predstavnika koji su FINANSIJSKO- na taj način sticali značajan finansijski, politički i društveni uticaj u novoj državi. Predstavljajući u Kraljevini sastavni deo malobrojne urbane POLITIČKA društvene klase, ovaj bankarski sloj privredne elite, tek kap u moru neprosvećenog naroda, neraskidivo je bio povezan sa radom Udruženja ELITA IZMEĐU banaka Beograd. Njegov značaj u modernizaciji srpskog i jugoslovenskog društva nije bio DVA SVETSKA zanemarljiv, posebno ako se ima u vidu da su upravo bankari bili posednici znanja bez kojeg nije bio moguć privredni i finansijski razvoj pa RATA samim tim ni sveobuhvatni napredak društva. Ključne reči: Udruženje banaka Beograd, bankarstvo, elite, Narodna banka KJ 5 - � ���� bankarstvo �� expert contributions UDC 336.71(497.11) "1918/1941" Prof Vesna Aleksić PhD School of International Economics, Belgrade [email protected] Summary BANKING This paper is devoted to the analysis of a personal union between the banking and industrial capital in Serbia between the two ASSOCIATION world wars, that was reflected in the fact that the directors of given banks were also members on the boards of directors of many companies, and BELGRADE in turn, the most distinguished Serbian industrial magnates found their place on the boards of AND THE major monetary institutes in the country. Thus a simultaneous large-scale personal concentration of position and power was created in the hands SERBIAN of a small number of industrial and political representatives who were in this way gaining a significant financial, political and social influence FINANCIAL in the new State. Representing, in the Kingdom, the component part of a sparse urbane middle class, this banking stratum of economic elite, AND although only a drop in the sea of unenlightened population, irrevocably established its links with POLITICAL the work of the Banking Association Belgrade. Its importance in the modernisation of Serbian and Yugoslav society was not negligible, especially ELITE in the light of the fact that bankers were actually the holders of the know-how without which no economic and financial development was BETWEEN THE possible, and thus neither an overall progress of society. TWO WORLD 5 - � ���� Key words: Banking Association Belgrade, banking, elite, National Bank of the Kingdom WARS bankarstvo of Yugoslavia �� Kraljevini Jugoslaviji je u periodu Nakon završetka Prvog svetskog rata i od 1918. do 1941. godine postojalo osnivanja Kraljevine SHS, postavio se problem U oko 1.360 novčanih zavoda od čega zakonskog uređenja rada novčano-kreditnih je čak 775 novčanih zavoda osnovano još pre ustanova. Ove ustanove po svojoj organizaciji Prvog svetskog rata, na tadašnjim teritorijama inače najraznovrsnije, nisu tada bile podvrgnute Kraljevine Srbije, Kraljevine Crne Gore kao i u nikakvim zakonskim propisima u pogledu južnoslovenskim pokrajinama Austro-Ugarske svojih operacija na novčanom tržištu. Posle Monarhije. Sve velike banke nalazile su se 1922. godine važio je samo koncesioni sistem uglavnom u Zagrebu, Beogradu i Ljubljani. U osnivanja, u pogledu kreditnih ustanova kao i u želji da se izmakne austrougarskom privrednom akcionarskom obliku, dok je sloboda poslovanja tutorstvu, a pod jakim uticajem nacionalističkih ostala. Ovakvo stanje, imalo je za posledicu osećanja, u severnim i severozapadnim propast nekih bankarskih ustanova a pretilo delovima nekadašnje Jugoslavije, stvarale su je da ugrozi i čitavu bankarsku organizaciju se kreditne ustanove koje su imale nacionalno u zemlji. Da do toga ne bi došlo, Ministarstvo obeležje. Tako su Hrvati stvarali svoje hrvatske, trgovine i industrije Kraljevine, u čijoj je a Srbi srpske banke. Slovenci su se udruživali nadležnosti bilo bankarsko-kreditno poslovanje u svoje nacionalne kreditne zadruge i okupljali novčanih zavoda u zemlji, preuzelo je zajdno sa oko svojih nacionalnih štedionica. To je i razlog tek osnovanim Udruženjem banaka Beograd mere što se u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji, od ukupnog broja za donošenje posebnog zakona o bankama, štedionica (446), polovina nalazila u Sloveniji, čime bi se njihov rad i pravno regulisao.2 dok su preostale bile raspoređene na ostale Između dva svetska rata, akcionarske banke jugoslovenske pokrajine. Pokret za stvaranje su bile gotovo isključiv oblik u kome su postojali nacionalnog kreditnog aparata javio se i u Bosni jugoslovenski privatni novčani zavodi. Kada i Hercegovini oko 1903. godine, da bi posle se govori o privatnom bankarstvu Kraljevine Aneksije (1908.) u sve većem broju počeli da se Jugoslavije, uvek se misli na akcionarske banke, osnivaju i novčani zavodi. Tamo je pod uticajem jer su one predstavljale većinu kreditnog aparata austrougarske politike, celokupni privredni u zemlji, odnosno skoro isključivo neposrednog život bio organizovan na plemenskoj i verskoj kreditora privredne delatnosti. U Kraljevini, u osnovi, pa su tako i novčani zavodi dobili toku čitavog njenog postojanja, nije donet opšti ovakva obeležja. Dalmacija je u ovom periodu zakon o akcionarskim društvima. Na teritoriji najviše zaostajala, s obzirom na to da je u njoj Srbije važio je Zakon o akcionarskim društvima privredna delatnost bila i najslabije razvijena. Kraljevine Srbije iz 1896. godine sa izmenama iz Ipak, ni tamo austrougarske vlasti nisu mogle da 1898. godine, s tim što je 1922. godine proširen spreče stvaranje domaćih akcionarskih banaka, i na teritoriju Crne Gore. Na nekadašnjim kojih je do 1914. godine bilo tri. Srbija je u ovom teritorijama Monarhije važili su njeni trgovački periodu obilovala malim lokalnim novčanim zakoni u okviru kojih su postojale zakonske zavodima, što je svakako bila posledica veoma odredbe i o akcionarskim društvima. S razvijenog stranačko-političkog života u njoj, a obzirom na samostalnost ovakvih društava sa koji se poklapao i sa periodom intenzivnijeg pomenutih teritorija ili moguću pometnju koja razvoja bankarstva. U Crnoj Gori prvi novčani bi nastala primenom ovih zakona, Ministarski zavod osnovan je 1902. godine.1 savet Kraljevine SHS doneo je novembra 1919. 1 Arhiv Jugoslavije (AJ), Registar bankarsko-kreditnih ustanova i osiguravajućih društava Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1918 - 1945 (radna verzija). Urađen je na osnovu autorovih istraživanja, izvršenih na arhivskoj građi fonda Ministarstva trgovine i industrije KJ (65), odnosno onog dela građe koji se odnosi na statističke podatke o radu novčanih zavoda u Kraljevini i podatke o osnovanim kreditnim zemljoradničkim zadrugama: 65-1061-1069, zatim na osnovu Jugoslovenskog kompasa za 1920-21. godinu, Adresara Kraljevine SHS za 1928. godinu, Privrednog adresara Kraljevine Jugoslavije za 1934-1935. godinu i na osnovu Compass finanzielles Jahrbuch, Kroatien-Serbien, Wien, 1942. i 1944; Antonije Tasić, Jugoslovensko bankarstvo 5 - � ���� između dva rata, u: “Glas CCCLXVI Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti, Odeljenje društvenih nauka”, knj. 26, Beograd, 1992, 148-151. 2 AJ, 65-997-1852; Zbog velike krize jugoslovenskog bankarstva od 1931. godine, kao posledice teške kreditne krize koja je u to vreme vladala u Nemačkoj i Austriji, ovakav zakon u Kraljevini nikada nije donet. bankarstvo �� n the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in the period was organised along the tribal and religious from 1918 to 1941, there were some 1360 grounds, thus the monetary institutes were Imonetary institutes, among them as many also allo�ed such features. Dalmatia was in as 775 monetary institutes established early that period the most backward province as in the period prior to the First World War, in its economic life was the least developed. the then-territories of the Kingdom of Serbia, Nevertheless, neither there were the Austro- Kingdom of Montenegro, and in the southern Hungarian authorities able to prevent the Slav provinces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. establishment of domestic shareholding banks, All the major banks were which were only three in located mostly in Zagreb, number by 1914. Serbia Belgrade and Ljubljana. saw in that period an Wishing to escape from abundance of small local the Austro-Hungarian monetary institutes, economic tutorship, and which was certainly the under strong impact of consequence of a very nationalistic feelings, well developed party and in the northern and political life in it, which north-western parts of coincided also with the the former Yugoslavia, period of an intensive crediting institutions development of banking. were created that were In Montenegro, the first having nationalistic monetary institute was characteristics. Thus established in 1902.1 Croats established their A�er the end of the Croat, and Serbs their First World War and Serbian banks. Slovenes the establishment of were joining membership the Kingdom of Serbs, of their own national Croats and Slovenes, crediting cooperatives the problem was raised and were gathering of legislative regulation around their national savings banks. This was of the monetary and crediting institutions the reason why in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, business operations.
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