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KPH/KPJ U Banovini Hrvatskoj

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KPH/KPJ U Banovini Hrvatskoj KPH/KPJ u Banovini Hrvatskoj Kardum, Tomislav Master's thesis / Diplomski rad 2020 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies / Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Fakultet hrvatskih studija Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:111:022976 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-10-04 Repository / Repozitorij: Repository of University of Zagreb, Centre for Croatian Studies SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FAKULTET HRVATSKIH STUDIJA Tomislav Kardum KPH/KPJ u Banovini Hrvatskoj DIPLOMSKI RAD Zagreb, 2020. FAKULTET HRVATSKIH STUDIJA ODSJEK ZA POVIJEST DIPLOMSKI RAD KPH/KPJ U BANOVINI HRVATSKOJ Student: Tomislav Kardum Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Stipica Grgić Zagreb, ožujak 2020. SADRŽAJ RADA Sažetak…………………………………………………………………………………………2 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………….3 1. Uvod........................................................................................................................................4 2. Kominterna: ciljevi, funkcioniranje i različite strategije……………………………………..6 3. Narodna fronta i osnivanje KPH………………..………………..………………………....11 4. Pakt Ribbentrop-Molotov……………..................................................................................16 5. KPJ/KPH i Sporazum Cvetković-Maček …………………………….…………………….23 6. „Ispravljanje“ linije KPH i boljševizacija………………..………………………………....27 7. Strategija KPH u Banovini Hrvatskoj……………………………………………………....35 7. 1. Narodna fronta odozdo, pacifizam i imperijalistički rat………………………..39 7. 2. Pad Francuske i modifikacija linije…………………………………………….41 8. Banovinski represivni aparat i KPH………………………………………………………...54 9. KPH, radništvo i zagrebačko središte pokreta………………………………………………58 10. KPH i sindikati…………………………………………………………………………….62 11. Demonstracije u prosincu 1939. i oštar odgovor vlasti.........................................................69 12. Komunizam, rusofilija i/ili glad? ……………………………………………………….....76 13. Novi zamah komunističke aktivnosti – od svibnja 1940. do zabrane URSS-a…….……….80 14. Nakon zabrane URSS-a.......................................................................................................91 15. Komunističke (para)partijske organizacije……………………………………………......95 16. Infiltracija stranaka i stranačkih organizacija svijeta…………………………………..…102 17. KPH, intelektualci i kultura...............................................................................................109 18. KPH u ostalim sferama: selo, sveučilište, SKOJ i žene……...…………………………...121 19. Komunistički utjecaj u Banovini Hrvatskoj……………………..…………………….....129 20. Zaključak………………………………………………………………………………...133 21. Popis izvora i literature.………………………………………………………………….135 1 Sažetak U radu je prikazana aktivnost Komunističke partije Hrvatske (KPH) u Banovini Hrvatskoj, uzimajući u obzir međunarodni kontekst, odnosno politiku Kominterne i Sovjetskog Saveza. Pokazano je da je KPH u Banovini Hrvatskoj, sukladno ocjeni Kominterne, Drugi svjetski rat promatrala kao „drugi imperijalistički rat“, da je težila revolucionarnom rušenju vlasti, zbog čega nije surađivala s drugim strankama. Rad obrađuje komunističku aktivnost u sindikatima, komunističku infiltraciju drugih stranaka, utjecaj komunista u intelektualnim krugovima, na sveučilištu, na selu itd. Komunisti su u promatranom razdoblju najveću podršku imali kod radništva dvaju najvećih gradova (Zagreb, Split), u pojedinim siromašnim dijelovima Banovine Hrvatske (dalmatinski otoci, dio Dalmatinske zagore i splitska okolica) te u intelektualnim krugovima i na sveučilištu. Ključne riječi: Komunistička partija Hrvatske, Komunistička partija Jugoslavije, Banovina Hrvatska, Hrvatska seljačka stranka, Kominterna 2 Summary The activity of the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH) in the Banovina of Croatia is presented in the thesis. International context, i. e. Comintern and Soviet Union politics are taken into consideration in that context. It is shown that the KPH, the same as the Comintern, viewed Second World War as the „second imperialist war“, that the goal of the KPH was the revolutionary overthrow of the government, because of what it did not cooperate with other parties. Communist activities ins syndicates, communist infiltration of other parties, communist influence in intellectual circles, on the university, in the rural areas, etc., are presented in the thesis. Communist, in the observed period, had comparatively largest support among workers in two biggest cities (Zagreb and Split) and in some of the poor areas of the Banovina of Croatia (Dalmatian islands, part of Dalmatian Hinterland and Split area), as well as among the intellectuals and on the university. Key words: Communist Party of Croatia, Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Banovina of Croatia, Croatian Peasant Party, Comintern 3 1. Uvod Pisanje o povijesti partije bila je prvorazredna tema u drugoj Jugoslaviji te je zbog toga bilo pod velikim povećalom komunističkih vlasti. Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević, tada djelatnica Instituta za historiju radničkog pokreta, prisjeća se kako je broj institutskog Časopisa za suvremenu povijest 1977., posvećen Komunističkoj partiji Hrvatske jedva odobrio CK SKH „jer je (…) dugo i oprezno razmišljao treba li pisati o pokušaju da se prije Drugoga svjetskog rata osnuje posebna komunistička partija Hrvatske“.1 Komisija za historiju unutar CK-a u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji imala je za jednu od temeljnih funkcija „koordinaciju rada na historiji partije i radničkog pokreta te NOB-a“. Kako navodi Najbar-Agičić „razvoj partijske historiografije (…) bio je osnovni element politike povijesti koju je vodila KPJ/SKJ“.2 Spomenuta komisija osnovana je pri CK SKH 1956. godine. Članovi te komisije bili su (ne istovremeno) i povjesničari – Miroslav Brandt i Rene Lovrenčić. Također, vlasti su 1961. osnovale znanstvenu instituciju koja će proučavati povijest partije i radničkog pokreta – Institut za historiju radničkog pokreta, današnji Institut za povijest. 3 Vladajuća je partija imala monopol „na tumačenje vlastite povijesti, kao i historije radničkog pokreta općenito“.4 Zbog važnosti teme za tadašnji režim o promatranoj je temi izdano nepregledno mnoštvo znanstvenih zbornika, zbornika sjećanja, monografija, znanstvenih radova, dokumenata i sl.5 Zbornici sjećanja i memoari članova partije pružaju dobar uvid u zeitgeist, fanatičnu odanost komunističkoj ideologiji i manihejske predodžbe komunista (kapitalizam= apsolutno zlo, komunizam= apsolutno dobro). Kako je Tito rekao u svom referatu na Petom kongresu Komunističke partije Jugoslavije: „bez rukovodeće uloge Komunističke partije Jugoslavije mi danas ne bismo imali nove Jugoslavije“.6 Budući da je partija stvorila i omogućila državu, a partijski i državni aparat teško su se mogli odvojiti, proučavanje povijesti partije bilo je važno za režim, i, naravno, isticanje njene herojske prošlosti. Proučavanje povijesti KPH bilo je jednako važno nakon rata za KPH (kasnije SKH) koji je postao vlast, pri čemu su često preuveličavani razmjeri komunističke aktivnosti. 1 KOLAR-DIMITRIJEVIĆ, „Fragmenti sjećanja na institutske dane“, 695. 2 NAJBAR-AGIČIĆ, U skladu s marksizmom ili činjenicama? Hrvatska historiografija 1945-1960., 402. 3 Isto, 411-412., 416. 4 Isto, 462. 5 O tome opširno vidi: NAJBAR-AGIČIĆ, U skladu s marksizmom ili činjenicama? Hrvatska historiografija 1945- 1960., 402-496. 6 BANAC, „Rat prije rata: raspad jugoslavenske historiografije“, 15-16. 4 Knjige posvećeno isključivo aktivnosti KPH/KPJ, pri čemu se KPH i KPJ navode zajedno jer je KPH bio integralni, ne-autonomni dio KPJ, ali s vlastitim rukovodstvom, u Banovini Hrvatskoj ne postoje. Najvažnija knjiga za promatrano razdoblje dvosveščana je monografija Ivana Jelića Komunistička partija Hrvatske 1937-1941, nastala na temelju istoimenog doktorskog rada iz 1970. Kako navodi Janković istraživanje takvih je tema „režim poticao“ i na njima „temeljio svoj legitimitet“.7 Jelićeva je knjiga, točnije prvi svezak Jelićeve monografije prije svega korisna zbog obilne faktografije, ali brojne interpretacije potrebno je uzeti s rezervom i revidirati.8 Recentnije biografije Tita posvećuju aktivnosti KPH u Banovini Hrvatskoj malo prostora i nisu pružile spoznajne pomake.9 Od knjiga koje proučavaju povijest HSS-a za promatranu je temu svakako najznačajnija knjiga Ljube Bobana Maček i politika Hrvatske seljačke stranke (sv. 2).10 Zanimljivo je da se post-komunistička hrvatska historiografija nije bavila aktivnošću komunista u Banovini Hrvatskoj i reinterpretiranjem tog dijela prošlosti koji je bio važan za drugu Jugoslaviju kao politički mit. Iznimka je recentna knjiga Matka Globačnika, Vrijeme ideoloških kolebanja: Komunistička partija Jugoslavije u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj od Travanjskog rata do napada nacističke Njemačke na Sovjetski Savez iz 2019., koji je ispravno ukazao na ovisnost djelovanja KPH/KPJ u Banovini Hrvatskoj o Kominterni. Međutim ta knjiga ne obrađuje detaljno djelatnost KPH/KPJ u Banovini Hrvatskoj budući da to nije njen fokus.11 Nekoliko glavnih teza proteže se kroz historiografiju druge Jugoslavije o promatranom razdoblju: a) KPJ bila je značajna sila pred Drugi svjetski rat zahvaljujući aktivnosti Josipa Broza Tita koji je učvrstio partiju te je komunistička ideja bila proširena u šire slojeve društva; b) KPJ je već tada pokazivala značajnu razinu autonomije (ili težnju za time) u odnosu na Kominternu i želje moskovskoga centra; c) KPJ je htjela braniti zemlju od agresije i za to je tražila suradnju, ali suradnja nije bila moguća s režimskim strankama; d) KPJ
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