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Vegetation with Aira Praecox in the Czech Republic Compared to Its

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Vegetation with Aira Praecox in the Czech Republic Compared to Its Phytocoenologia 37 (1) 115Ð134 BerlinÐStuttgart, March 22, 2007 Vegetation with Aira praecox in the Czech Republic compared to its variability in Western Europe by Toma´sˇ Cˇ erny´, Petr Petrˇ ı´k, Karel Boublı´k and Jirˇ´ı Kolbek, Pru˚ honice with 2 figures and 3 tables Abstract. New phytosociological material of xero- and psammophytic vegetation domi- nated by the annual grass Aira praecox is presented for the Czech Republic. Such vegeta- tion type has not been yet published in the Czech Republic, however Airetum praeco- cis has already been reported in the national checklists. For the correct syntaxonomical evaluation, the relevant data dealing with similar vegetation from the centre of its distribu- tion range in north-western Europe were selected. In the Czech Republic, only the Aire- tum praecocis and the Vulpietum myuri can be distinguished. Within the Airetum praecocis, two subassociations (typicum and plantaginetosum lanceolatae) are distinguished, differing by their successional age. The Vulpietum myuri is broadly distributed in the Czech Republic representing only a marginal vegetation type with pop- ulations of Aira praecox. Based on the European review, six associations were distin- guished within alliances Corynephorion canescentis, Thero-Airion and Armer- ion elongatae. The structure, composition, ecology, and distribution of these associa- tions are discussed. Successional age of sand swards and soil mineral content are the main ecological gradients responsible for the vegetation variability. The Airetum praecocis prefers the centre of these environmental gradients. Its floristic composition is poor on the proportion of psammophytes, conversely, it shares common meadow species. Keywords: Central and Northwestern Europe, classification, distribution, dry grasslands, phytosociology, sandy soils, Thero-Airion. Introduction Dry grasslands on sandy soils are nowadays among strongly threatened and retreating plant communities in the Czech Republic (Moravec et al. 1995). The retreat of this type has been caused by the cessation of perma- nent moderate disturbances by grazing animals and miscellaneous human activities (e.g. eutrophication, afforestations, see Jentsch & Beyschlag 2003). On the other hand, new habitats suitable for the development of psammophytes arise in newly opened sand-pits, around quarries, in heavily disturbed military training areas (cf. Täuber 1994, Romahn 1998, Renn- wald 2000), and also on extensively used forest roads. Apart from the es- tablishment of such secondary habitats, a common opinion prevails that sand ecosystems suffer mainly by fragmentation and species extinctions DOI: 10.1127/0340-269X/2007/0037-0115 0340-269X/07/0037-0115 $ 5.00 ” 2007 Gebrüder Borntraeger, D-14129 Berlin · D-70176 Stuttgart 116 T. Cˇ erny´ et al. connected with resulting diaspore limitations (Jentsch & Beyschlag 2003, Eichberg et al. 2006). In the Czech Republic, the psammophytic communities are concentrated in areas with deposits of fluvial and eolian sands, or redeposited eroded material from sandstones (Doksy and Trˇebonˇ regions in Southern and Northern Bohemia, respectively, Labe River Basin). Scattered occurrences were recorded in Western Bohemia. The vegetation of these regions is com- posed of suboceanic floroelement, while southern Moravian fluvial and eo- lian sands are differentiated by a spectrum of Pannonian species (Skalicky´ 1988). Aira praecox represents suboceanic species (Meusel et al. 1965), strongly dependent upon the weather; its development is enhanced by mild winter followed by rainy spring months. On the other hand, frosty winters suc- ceeded by dry springs suppress its germinating and growth (Krausch 1968, Jeckel 1984, Coomes et al. 2002). Seeds of A. praecox persist in the soil from the early successional stages to mid-successional ones, which is typical for pioneers with broader amplitude (Eichberg et al. 2006). In the Atlantic climate, Newman (1967) described the reduction of Aira-seeds produced by delayed date of germination (it is characterised as winter-annual), a fea- ture that has not been observed in the Czech Republic. It is a typical calci- fuge plant (Paul 1975) growing mainly on slightly to strongly acidic and slightly humose primitive sand soils. Aira praecox is typically considered to be the characteristic species of the class Koelerio-Corynephoretea Klika in Klika & Nova´k 1941 (e.g. Weeda et al. 1996). A relatively high number of units dominated by Aira praecox were described in Western Europe in the past (Hülbusch 1974), however their status seems to be uncertain. This vegetation is broadly dis- tributed in Western and North-Western Europe on glacifluvial sands, mo- raine gravel banks and eolic sand dunes. Furthermore, A. praecox rarely grows in disturbed salt grasslands in coastal regions (Saginion mariti- mae Westhoff et al. 1962) and in acidophilous heather vegetation in inland areas (Genistion pilosae Böcher 1943, see Berg et al. 2004). The composition of the xerophilous psammophytic vegetation in the Czech Republic is known only from a small collection of phytosociological material (several tens of releve´s from the class Koelerio-Corynephore- tea in the Czech National Phytosociological Database, cf. Chytry´ & Ra- fajova´ 2003). Only one paper deals with the vegetation of shallow sandy soils in more detail (Toman 1988), so there is a lack of any synthesis on this vegetation from the Czech Republic. Aira praecox is a rare species in the Czech Republic, where it reaches the south-eastern limit of its distribution area (Fig. 1). The spring ephemeral grass vegetation has been traditionally reported from Bohemia (Kolbek & Vicherek 1995,Sa´ dlo & Chytry´ 2001), but published phytosociological material is nearly absent from the literature. Several releve´s are dispersed in floristic reports and in one paper (Korneck 1974). Therefore, both the composition of the two following associations occurring in the Czech Re- public (Filagini-Vulpietum Oberdorfer 1957 and Airetum praecocis Vegetation with Aira praecox 117 Fig. 1. Present distribution (full circles) and extinct occurrences (empty circles) of Aira praecox in the Czech Republic. Krausch 1967, cf. Kolbek & Vicherek 1995) and their relation to other syntaxa remains unknown. The above-described situation has lead us to the decision to gather new phytosociological data on this threatened vegetation type and carry out a comparative synthesis with respect to similar European data. We want to answer (1) whether it is possible to clearly distinguish the association Aire- tum praecocis both at regional (Czech Republic) and broader (W Eu- rope) scales and (2) what is the floristic composition of Aira praecox-rich vegetation in its eastern distribution limit. Materials and methods In 2002 and 2003, we collected 57 releve´s with Aira praecox within the Czech Republic, using the method of the Zürich-Montpellier school (Westhoff & van der Maarel 1973). In the field, samples with A. praecox were located with the aim to describe the whole variability at the localities studied. For the Czech Republic, a data set comprising both our and other unpublished releve´s with the presence of A. praecox was compiled. For vegetation classification, the comparative releve´ material from the Western- European range (Germany and France) was collected, all of it recorded by the authors according to Braun-Blanquet’s approach. For other countries, only synthetic tables were available, thus we could not use them for analy- sis. First, the releve´s classified in the original papers as the Airetum prae- cocis were selected; second, the presence of A. praecox in combination with diagnostic species of Thero-Airion or Koelerio-Corynephore- 118 T. Cˇ erny´ et al. tea was used as another criterion for selection. The units with a high pres- ence of A. praecox but with only local presence in westernmost Europe (e.g. Festuco tenuifoliae-Sedetum anglici Clement & Touffet 1977 distinguished in Bretagne) were excluded. The basic set consisted of 293 releve´s, including material from the Czech Republic. Due to the great num- ber of releve´s used in this synthesis, a preliminary classification of this dataset was calculated using diagnostic species combinations published in the survey of the Dutch vegetation (Weeda et al. 1996). The fidelity of species was calculated using the phi-coefficient in the JUICE software (Ti- chy´ 2002) in distinguished vegetation units. The phi-coefficient is used if units of unequal sizes are to be compared (Chytry´ et al. 2002). The phi- coefficient describes the correlation between two categorial factors in a 2 by 2 contingency table (Sokal & Rohlf 1995). Indicator values (Ellenberg et al. 2001) indirectly characterising envi- ronmental conditions of the distinguished European units were computed for all releve´s in the JUICE software. The name ‘soil calcium’ was used instead of soil reaction since there is a stronger correlation of the indicator value with calcium content than with soil reaction (Schaffers & Sy´kora 2000). The nomenclature follows Flora Europaea (Tutin et al. 1964Ð1980) for vascular plant taxa and Kucˇ era & Va´ nˇ a (2003) and Veˇzda & Lisˇka (1999) for cryptogams. The names for syntaxa were taken from the above men- tioned Dutch vegetation survey (Weeda et al. 1996), with modifications according to the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Weber et al. 2000). Otherwise, the names are listed with the authors’ ab- breviations. The nomenclature of soils was adapted after Neˇmecˇ ek et al. (1990).
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