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Study on Identifying the Drivers of Successful Implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives

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Study on identifying the driver s of successful implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives under contract ENV.F.1/FRA/2014/0063 Final Report 1 March 2019 2 Authors This main report was primarily written and prepared by Graham Tucker and Tom Stuart (IEEP), Sandra Naumann, Ulf Stein and Ruta Landgrebe-Trinkunaite (Ecologic), and Onno Knol (PBL). It draws on information gathered during the study that was compiled as a Genuine Improvements Database and analysed by Ulf Stein and Ruta Landgrebe-Trinkunaite of Ecologic. The database and report include new information on bird population trends that was provided by Anna Staneva and Rob Martin (BirdLife International Secretariat) in conjunction with the following national BirdLife partner experts: Åke Pettersson (SOF), Ana Carricondo (SEO BirdLife), Andres Kalamees (EOY), Christina Ieronymidou (BirdLife Cyprus), Ciprian Fântâna (SOR), Claudion Celada and Marco Gustin (LIPU), Damijan Denac and Primož Kmecl (DOPPS - BirdLife Slovenia), Gwenaël Quaintenne (LPO), Halmos Gergő (MME), Harm Dotinga (VBN), Jarosław Krogulec (OTOP), Joaquim Teodósio (SPEA), Lars Lachmann (NABU), Liutauras Raudonikis (LOD), Marc Herremans (Natuurpunt), Nicholas Barbara (BirdLife Malta), Olivia Crowe (BirdWatch Ireland), Stoycho Stoychev (BSPB), Teemu Lehtiniemi (BirdLife Suomi), Viesturs Ķerus (LOB) and Zdeněk Vermouzek (CSO). This report is also based on the case studies prepared as part of this study, which are published separately (with their summaries in Annex 10). The case study authors were: Gustavo Becerra Jurado, Erik Gerritsen, Mia Pantzar, Tom Stuart, Graham Tucker and Evelyn Underwood (IEEP), Constance von Briskorn, Pauline Cristofini and Katherine Salès (Deloitte), Denitza Pavlova (denkstatt), Katrina Abhold, Lina Röschel, Ruta Landgrebe-Trinkunaite (Ecologic Institute), Marjon Hendriks, Arjen Van Hinsberg, Onno Knol and Pim Vugteveen (PBL). Additional contributions to this report were received from Rupert Haines and Matt Rayment of ICF on marine conservation measures, and the factors affecting long-term success of conservation measures, respectively. Recommend citation for this report: Tucker, G, Stuart, T, Naumann, S, Stein, U, Landgrebe- Trinkunaite, R and Knol, O (2019) Study on identifying the drivers of successful implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives. Report to the European Commission, DG Environment on Contract ENV.F.1/FRA/2014/0063, Institute for European Environmental Policy, Brussels. Acknowledgements We thank the numerous contributors to this study, including the Member State experts who responded to the consultation and especially those who provided additional data on the habitats and species that were considered to have shown measure driven improvements. We are also especially grateful to the experts and stakeholders who provided the information and took part in the interviews that were essential for the development of this contract’s case studies (in which they are listed). We also thank Bent Jepsen and Darline Velghe of NEEMO GEIE, and numerous NEEMO national LIFE project monitoring officers, who facilitated the information gathering for the case studies; and Lynne Barratt, María José Aramburu, João Salgado and Sara Mora Vicente who provided information on success marine LIFE projects. Lastly we are grateful to Frank Vassen, Angelika Rubin, Francoise Lambillotte and other members of the European Commission who provided guidance and information during the study and assisted with the Member State consultation process. 3 Disclaimer The information and views set out in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. This study was carried out under a European Commission framework service contract on “Economic Analysis of Environmental and Resource Efficiency Policy” (ENV.F.1/FRA/2014/0063) involving the following complete consortium. Lead contractor: Institute for European Environmental Policy London Office Brussels Office 11 Belgrave Road 4 Rue de la Science IEEP Offices, Floor 3 B- 1000 London, SW1V 1RB Brussels UK Belgium Tel: +44 (0) 20 7799 2244 Tel: +32 (0) 2738 7482 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7799 2600 Fax: +32 (0) 2732 4004 Joint tenderers: o Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), UK; o Stichting VU-VUmc - Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Netherlands; o PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Netherlands; Sub-contractors: o Cambridge Econometrics Limited, UK; o Deloitte Conseil, France; o Denkstatt GmbH, Austria; o Ecologic Institute gemeinnuetzige GmbH, Germany; o ENVECO, S.A., Greece; o FEEM Servizi S.r.l., Italy; o ICF Consulting Services Ltd, UK; o Independent expert - Francisco Greño, Spain); o Instituut voor Toegepaste Milieu-Economie (TME), Netherlands; o International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria; o Serveis de Suport a la Gestio (ENT Environment and Management), Spain; o Sustainable Europe Research Institute (SERI), Austria; o Transport & Mobility Leuven (TML), Belgium; o University of Westminster - Policy Studies Institute (PSI), UK; and o Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek NV (VITO NV), Belgium. In addition BirdLife International UK provided sub-contracted inputs for this particular study. 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... 1 GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 5 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 14 1.2 The general aims of the contract ..................................................................................... 17 1.3 Structure of this Final Report........................................................................................... 18 2 Identification of Genuine Improvements and associated main drivers explaining their success ..................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Overall task objectives ..................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Subtask 1a – Establish a list of Genuine Improvements .................................................. 20 2.3 Subtask 1b – Identify the main drivers explaining these Genuine Improvements ......... 32 2.4 Results from Task 1 .......................................................................................................... 36 3 Case studies of measure driven improvements ............................................................. 55 3.1 Task objectives ................................................................................................................. 55 3.2 Selected case studies ....................................................................................................... 56 4 Conclusions and recommendations on drivers of success ............................................ 62 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 62 4.2 Conclusions on key factors driving improvements in the conservation status of habitats and species ............................................................................................................................... 63 4.3 Factors that lead to the long-term sustainability of conservation outcomes ................. 88 4.4 Key recommendations to improve the conservation status of habitats and species ..... 94 5 References ..................................................................................................................... 102 Annex 1: Validation of Article 17 reporting data ................................................................. 106 Annex 2: Relevant data in Article 12 reporting forms relating to population trends ........ 107 Annex 3: Expert judgement on Annex I and II bird species triggering SPAs ....................... 108 Annex 4: First phase consultation with Member States...................................................... 109 Annex 5: Relevant data in Article 12 and 17 reporting forms relating to conservation measures................................................................................................................................ 110 Annex 6: Responses from Member States on the call of evidence ..................................... 112 Annex 7 MDI-A, MDI-B and sub-reporting level MDI-A identified in this study................. 115 Annex 8 Analysis of the measures listed by Member States as contributing to MDI A & B 139 Annex 9 List of case studies sorted by habitat type and species group and biogeographical region ..................................................................................................................................... 148 1 10 Annex 10 Summaries of each case study carried
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