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Chemistry World FEATURE REFUGEES Providing refuge Rachel Brazil looks at schemes to help refugee scientists in the past, present and future © United Nation Relief & Works Agency via Getty Images 20 OCTOBER 2016 REFUGEES FEATURE n July 2015, the Nobel medal won by biochemist Hans Krebs in 1953 was auctioned at Sothebys for £225,000. IHis family decided to use the money raised to set up the Sir Hans Krebs Trust, in support of refugee scientists. ‘For me it is a wonderful opportunity to help people who are in desperate need,’ explains his son, Oxford zoologist John Krebs. ‘I believe that my father would have approved of using the money to support today’s scientists at risk in the way that he was, during the Hitler period.’ Today, the fund is needed more than ever. ‘This is now the busiest we’ve been since the 1930s, which gives you an idea of the scale of the problem,’ says Stephen Wordsworth, the executive director of the UK-based Council for At-Risk Academics (Cara). Hans Krebs, who died in 1981, came to the UK as a refugee in 1933, soon after Hitler rose to power in Germany and forced all ‘non-Aryans’ out of civil service and professional occupations. With funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, he moved to Cambridge. ‘He was remarkably lucky: as a scientist who had already established an international reputation, he was offered a post, albeit temporary and on soft money,’ says John Krebs. In 1935, the University of Sheffield offered him a lectureship and he stayed there for 19 years, continuing the work on cell metabolism which led to his Nobel prize for medicine. ‘He had even managed to bring some of his equipment with him from Germany,’ adds Krebs. It is often said that the generation of German Jewish refugee scientists who fled to the US and UK in the 1930s helped revitalise science and innovation in those countries. There are 16 Nobel prize winners in their ranks, including Krebs, Ernst Chain, Max Perutz, Walter Kohn and John Polanyi. A 2014 study from economist Petra Moser of Stanford University in the US argues refugees were responsible for the 31% rise in chemistry patents filed in the US after 1933. www.chemistryworld.com 21 FEATURE REFUGEES Scholars At Risk Many of those who came the UK were helped by Cara. has over 500 Originally known as the Academic Assistance Council and From Bosnia to MIT then the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning, cases on its list For those caught up in a conflict at a young age, getting the organisation was set up in 1933 by William Beveridge, at the moment an education at all can be a challenge. Former refugee director of the London School of Economics. It wasn’t an Admir Masic, originally from Bosnia, is now an assistant easy task, but by 1939 the organisation had raised £100,000 professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (£15 million in 2015 prices – or about 10 Spitfires) and in the US, having spent most of his teenage years in supported over 2600 scholars. After the war they continued a Croatian refugee camp. ‘Education for me was the to help academic refugees from areas of conflict, including key to my life,’ explains Masic. Through a scholarship Greece, Hungary, South Africa and Chile. from the Open Society Foundations, founded by US Today, Cara is again providing a lifeline to a growing philanthropist George Soros, he was able to study at number of refugee scientists fleeing the Syrian conflict. the University of Turin in Italy, gaining a PhD in physical chemistry in 2006. According to the United Nations, over 11 million Syrians Masic’s story is one of talent and luck. When war have been displaced since 2011, 4.8 million of them outside broke out in 1992, his family ended up in a refugee the country. ‘We are currently supporting over 500 people; camp near the western Croatian city of Rijeka. He was over 200 are fellows and 300-plus their dependents, and due to start high school and his mother took him to we are actively trying to find places for over 100 more,’ the nearest school, but they were told there was no says Wordsworth. provision for educating refugees. His mother eventually Cara has an established network of UK universities, now persuaded the director to let him attend, ‘I found out numbering 114, who have committed in principle to waiving after three years of being in that school that actually I fees and providing employment opportunities to at-risk was there as a visitor and I wasn’t officially registered’ scholars. They work alongside the international organisation says Masic. The school specialised in communications or chemical Scholars at Risk (SAR), based at New York University in the technology and he was told to choose between the US, whose work assists academics facing severe human rights two. Thinking he might one day find work back at a abuses and attacks on academic freedom. SAR’s European refinery near his Bosnian village he chose chemistry, director Sinead O’Gorman says their case load has also at which he quickly excelled. When his family left to dramatically increased. ‘We have over 500 cases on our list settle in Germany, he chose to stay in Croatia and finish at the moment, which is higher than ever before,’ she says. high school. He studied hard, winning a prestigious ‘We continue to receive large numbers of applications from Syria and Iraq, and now Turkey. Since the attempted coup I don’t identify myself as Bosnian, Italian in July, we have received over 150 applications from scholars or German now i n Tu rkey.’ national chemistry prize at 15. ‘I had motivation because I realised very quickly that we had lost our house, we Research in exile lost everything we owned – the only thing I could count Not all refugees are forced to flee their country. The 2014 on was who I was and what I could contribute,’ Masic war between the Ukrainian government and pro-Russian explains. ‘Building knowledge is something no one can insurgents has led to an estimated 1.4 million internal take from me, so this is where I needed to invest.’ refugees moving away from the parts of eastern Ukraine The support of Italian aid workers helped Masic now controlled by separatists. For academics at the Donetsk successfully apply for university in Turin, where he National University, this has meant a wholesale uprooting continued to excel. But as a refugee, his position was to a makeshift ‘university in exile’ in the city of Vinnytsia in always uncertain. He specialised in the development of west-central Ukraine. spectroscopic methods for archaeological conservation and co-founded a company providing scientific analysis About 50% of faculty who did not support the Donetsk to conservators. But without the correct visa he was People’s Republic chose to leave, including chemists eventually forced to leave Italy and in 2008 he moved to Yuliia Bespalko, Svitlana Zhyltsova and Oleksii Barybin. a post-doctoral position in Germany. With a successful ‘I remember the day – my colleagues and I were going home publication list, he joined MIT’s civil and environmental after work, and we saw armed men who were not part of the engineering department in 2015 to run his own group. usual authorities,’ Bespalko explains. ‘It was my point of no Looking back on his experiences, Masic says the return and, since then, I haven’t gone back to the university struggles he faced as a refugee were important in in Donetsk.’ Zhyltsova was also shocked when the conflict shaping his academic career. In Croatia, refugees were reached the university. ‘As soon as I’d understood that many segregated and suffered discrimination. ‘But that was of my colleagues didn’t want to protest against such events, incredible fuel and motivation for my career,’ he says. His experiences have also shaped his identity. Having to my decision was not difficult. I couldn’t [face seeing] armed leave Italy was a huge disappointment. ‘I was perfectly people, not only in the streets of Donetsk but also in my integrated – I was more Italian than anything else,’ he own university.’ says. ‘I don’t identify myself as Bosnian, Italian or German The new university in exile was opened in an old jewellery [now] – I really consider myself beyond borders.’ It may factory in November 2014, but there were early problems, be that he now identifies most strongly as a scientist as Zhyltsova explains. ‘When we came to our new building and engineer. ‘Through all the difficulties there was in Vinnytsia, the labs were even without electricity.’ something that was always there – the research I was able Barybin agrees. ‘There was nothing in Vinnytsia except the to contribute,’ Masic reflects. academics. We left Donetsk with only our home belongings, 22 OCTOBER 2016 REFUGEES FEATURE © Donetsk National University Image courtesy of Yuliia Bespalko 1 2 so there was no place for anything from our offices.’ Plus, research area to something theoretical or related to computer 1. Yulia Bespalko at those who remained prevented them from taking anything experiments.’ He is hoping that collaborating with other Donetsk National University, before from the university in Donetsk. ‘We couldn’t take any scientists might help him move forward. she left equipment or reagents,’ says Bespalko. Bespalko has been able to continue her work as part of a 2. The new chemistry Financial support comes from the Ukrainian government, project funded by the International Renaissance Foundation, department of the exiled university in but resources are scarce given the difficult economic situation.
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