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Vol. 25 No. 4 April 2012

SPICES BOARD Ministry of Commerce & Industry Government of India Sugandha Bhavan SPICE P.B. No. 2277 Palarivattom P.O. INDIA Cochin - 682 025 A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE PROMOTION OF Chairman : Dr. A. Jayathilak IAS INDIAN SPICE INDUSTRY Chief Editor : Dr. P. S. Sreekantan Thampi Deputy Director (Publicity) Editor : S. Palanichamy Publisher : P.M. Suresh Kumar Secretary & Director (Research) i/c

Editorial Committee IN APRIL ISSUE C A. K.C. Babu, ACA Director (Finance)

S. Siddaramappa JODHPUR SPICES PARK Director (Development) COMMISSIONED 4 Dr. M. R. Sudharshan Director (Marketing) i/c

CULTIVATION OF FENUGREEK SPICE INDIA FOR SPICE AND QUALITY SEED PUBLISHED SIMULTANEOUSLY IN 7 Raj Pal Meena, ENGLISH, MALAYALAM, TAMIL, KANNADA P. R. Kumar and R. P. Meena TELUGU, HINDI AND NEPALI

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The views expressed by the contributors are not necessarily those of the Spices Board EVENTS 22 SPICE INDIA SPICE Tel : 0484-2333610-616, 2347965 Fax : 0484-2331429-2334429 E-mail : [email protected] CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS FOR Website : www.indianspices.com 29 IMPORTANT SPICES - MAY 2012

Printed at : Niseema Printers & Publishers, Kochi-18 Tel: 0484-2403760 SPICES STATISTICS - MARCH 2012 33 Vol. XXV APRIL-2012 No. 4 APRIL 2012 3 Spices Board of India to establish 10 Spice Parks by end of 2012 JODHPUR SPICES PARK COMMISSIONED

pices Board of India, the nodal G With an investment of more than Rs. 167 crore, the parks will come up in Madhya Pradesh, Kerela, Rajasthan, Andhra Sorganization of Ministry of Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Commerce, Government of India, in an effort to promote exports of G State-of-the-art spice park commissioned in Jodhpur is the first spices from India will establish 10 seed spices park in the country spice parks across the most strategic locations in the country G State-of-the-art spice park commissioned in Jodhpur is the first by end of 2012. A total of Rs. 167 seed spices park in the country with private and public cores are earmarked to invest in partnership. Seventeen companies to invest in this project with the spices parks. Out of which Rs. their own plans for value addition. Exclusive plans by private 75 crores are already invested in companies for extraction, leafy spices and dehydration. More three completed spices parks in unit value realisation for exporters and ultimate benefit for Chhindwara in MP, Puttady in farmers through better value realisation. Kerela and in Jodhpur. The other

G New set of young organisers entering the spectrum of export parks will be completed during the business of spices with innovative ideas for value addition. year in states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and G New segment of business getting developed from just spices in Kota in Rajasthan. whole and powder to dehydrated leafy spices like kasooppri methi, dehydrated mint besides whole lot of vegetables. The Board has completed the construction of Spice Park in G Platform to showcase the seed spices especially the cumin of Rampura Bhatian Village of Ozian Rajasthan, more so because the Spices Park in Jodhpur will Tehsil near Jodhpur in an area of indirectly vouch for the spices of Rajasthan. 60- acres provided by the Rajasthan Government. The park G The park in Jodhpur was inaugurated by Mr. Anand Sharma, Union Minister of Commerce & Industry and Mr. Ashok Gehlot, in Jodhpur was inaugurated by Chief Minister of Rajasthan Mr. Anand Sharma, Union Minister of Commerce & Industry and Mr. Ashok Gehlot, Chief SPICE INDIA

4 APRIL 2012 Industry, said, “We will be focussing on technological development, with foreign direct investments, establishment of cold storages across the country so that the farming population will be benefited through fair prices. The country is facing nearly 40 percent loss of fruits and vegetable as they perish without proper storing facilities.” He cited the example of how farmers in Maharashtra are selling onion in the mandies at Rs 2 per kg while ultimate consumer Mr. Anand Sharma, Hon’ble Union in the terminal markets end up Mr. Ashok Gehlot, Hon’ble Chief Minister of Commerce & Industry paying Rs 18 per kg. This practice Minister of Rajasthan Minister of Rajasthan on 7th April should go and the Government farmers. Mr Gehlot said the 2012. The park has common will see that disparity in prices and Rajasthan Government had infrastructure and processing ensure better return to the waived off interest on loans by facilities for the seed spices farmer.He lauded the Spices farmers to the extent of Rs 8000 especially cumin and coriander. A Board for the commissioning of crore. Farmers can now avail public private partnership is the project in record time. interest free loan of Rs 1 lakh. ensured with 17 exporters to set up Chief Minister, Mr Ashok state of the art processing lines Gehlot announced that any extra The meeting was attended by and also cold storage facilities and land available in the vicinity of the the Rajasthan Industry Minister, also facilities to produce oils and park will be given for expanding Mr Rajendra Pareek, Members of oleoresins from seed spices. The the Spices Park. Orders were Parliament, Mr Chandresh machineries in the Park are issued to the Revenue Department Kumari [ Jodhpur], Mr Badrirma capable for the processing of other to transfer the land. He exhorted Jhakad [ Pali], Sri Rajendra Singh seed spices like fennel and the farmers to make full use of the Solanki, Chairman, Jodhpur fenugreek, which are quite ample facilities in the Park. He stressed Development Authority, Mr in this region. the importance of drip irrigation Rameshwar Dhadiv, Jodhpur Mayor, Mrs Durga Devi, Jodhpur Mr. Anand Sharma, Union and said 80 percent subsidies are Zilla Parishad Chairperson, Mr Minister of Commerce and given for this initiative by the SPICE INDIA SPICE

View of audience

APRIL 2012 5 Narayan Dabadi, Pradhan of plant building with a capacity of Ozian, and Mr Premsingh Parihar, 250 Kg per hour in batch process. COVER PHOTO CAPTIONS Rampura village Serpanch. The Board will also be allotting 1. Unveiling of the stone by Mr Secretary Spices Board, Mr PM individual slots for exporters on Ashok Gehlot, Chief Minister Suresh Kumar welcomed the lease basis for developing their of Rajasthan, Mr Anand gathering and Dr MR Sudarshan, own processing plants in the Sharma, Union Commerce Director Marketing i/c proposed a Parks. There was tremendous and Industry Minister and, Mr vote of thanks. response from the exporters who Rajendra Pareek, Industry wanted to set up their own Minister, Rajasthan. Both the Commerce Minister facilities in the Park. 2. Rajasthan Chief Minister and and the Chief Minister unveiled the Union Commerce Minister the stone to mark the inauguration The Spices Board has set up viewing the facilities in the of the Spices Park and switched on other common infrastructures like processing complex. the processing facility. The Compound wall, Road, Drains, 3. Rajasthan Chief Minister, Mr meeting was attended by a huge Water Distribution system, Power Ashok Gehlot, Rajasthan crowd of over 3000 people Station, Weighing Bridge, Industry Minister, Mr consisting of farmers, villagers, Common parking area, Truck Rajendra Pareek and Union Commerce and Industry exporters, officials of the various yard, Warehouses, preliminary Minister, Mr Anand Sharma departments, trade associations Quality Testing facility, Bank lighting the lamp to mark the and chambers of commerce and counter, Training center, inauguration of the Spices industry. Conference Hall, Canteen facilities Park in Rampura Bhatian in etc within the Parks. Jodhpur. A full line processing facility 4. View of the composite with a capacity to turn out two To ensure storing of raw cleaning, grading, grinding, tonnes per hour has inbuilt materials for processing and to packing facility at the Park. facilities for pre-cleaning, grading, take care of the processed colour sorting, grinding and materials, the Parks will have sets for ensuring an uninterrupted packing. The spice processing warehouses exclusively devoted power supply for the working facilities available at Spice Park are for various seed spices separately. besides a full fire fighting system. at par with the international Two Raw Material Warehouses standards. The higher end with a storing capacity of 800 The Board’s regional and processing plants installed is a full square meters each are devoted for zonal offices will start functioning processing line which includes pre Coriander while two other from the Spices Park with more cleaning, grading, colour sorting, warehouses for other seed spices orientation towards the spices grinding and both bulk and have a storing capacity of 800 growing villages. The other consumer packing ranging from square meters each. facilities provided include 100 g to 50 Kg. conference hall, training hall, and The Park is being provided space for establishing mini QC lab, The Board is establishing a with a 33 KVA substation with Bank and for Customs. sterilization facility within the transformer and 250 KVA D.G.

SPICE INDIA Another view of audience 6 APRIL 2012 Origin and History Leguminosae) has two areas of Raj Pal Meena, origin: the Indian subcontinent Fenugreek [Trigonella P. R. Kumar1 and R. P. Meena2 and the Eastern Mediterranean foenumgraecum L.] is an annual Region. Fenugreek is considered DWR, Regional Station, herb of the sub-family to have originated in the Katrain (Kullu Valley) H.P.- 175129. Papilionaceae of Leguminosae Mediterranean region of the “Old family. Fenugreek is a self 1IARI, Regional Station, World” (Vavilov, 1926) or in parts pollinated, small-seeded annual Katrain (Kullu Valley) H.P.- 175129. of Asia (De Candolle, 1964). The legume that is grown as a spice species name “foenum-graecum” 2 KVK, Rajsamand crop. Fenugreek (Trigonella means “Greek hay” indicating its foenum-graecum L. Family: use as a forage crop in the past. Turkey. The volatile oil content of Carbonized fenugreek seed fenugreek is less than 0.02 per recovered from Punjab (India) cent and it is not commercially indicate its use in trade as far back very important. Fresh tender pods, as 2000 -1700 B.C. (Acharya et al., leaves and shoots which are rich 2006). Even though it is native to

in iron, calcium, protein, vitamins INDIA SPICE Asia (an area extending from Iran A & C, are eaten as curried to northern India), but now it is vegetable since ancient times in widely cultivated elsewhere, India, Egypt and other countries. including China, As a spice, fenugreek also adds to North and East nutritive value and flavor of foods. Africa, Ukraine and In India, the seeds are used in Greece. The major curries, dyes and medicines. In seed producing Europe and North America the countries are India, seed is used for its pharmaceutical Ethiopia, Egypt and qualities. The endosperm of APRIL 2012 7 fenugreek seed is a gum that Other major species of this genus Himachal Pradesh, Madhya surrounds the cotyledons and are: Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and embryo. The gum consists of Punjab. Trigonella arabica: Arabian galactose (digestible) and mannan fenugreek, a weedy species in Near Main fenugreek growing (non-digestible) in a 1:1 ratio. East. District in Rajasthan : Sikar, Galactose is widely used as a Jaipur, Nagaur, Kota, Jhalawar, thickening agent in food such as T. procumbens: An ornamental Baran and Chittorgarh. soup, gravies, ice cream and species also known as trailing sherbets. As a result, fenugreek fenugreek. Domestic Marketing Centres: may find future markets in T. gladiata: Although some Jodhpur, Pratapgarh, functional food and nutraceutical literature cite it as a separate Nembhaheda, Bhawanimandi, production. An important non species but others mention it as a Jhalarapatan, Ramganjmandi, spice use for fenugreek is as a sub-species of T. foenum- Sojat, Kota and Jaipur. 8500 potential source of diosgenin. graecum. metric tonnes of fenugreek was Fenugreek is also known as one of exported during 2006 – 07 while T. ramosa: Branched fenugreek. the oldest medicinal plants during previous year (2005-06) it recognized in recorded history, T. caerulea: Also known as blue was almost double 15,525 metric although debatably. fenugreek, is used as food in the tonnes. During 2005-06 the Classification: form of young seedlings. This herb Rajasthan state produced 29,173 is also used in cheese making. thousand tonnes of fenugreek Kingdom: Plantae seeds from an area of 27,292 Division: Magnoliophyta T. corniculata: It is used as a potherb (Kasuri methi). The fruit hectares followed by Gujarat a Class: Magnoliopsida is astringent, bitter and styptic. It distant 5,934 tonnes from 4851 Subclass: Rosidae is applied externally to swellings hectares. Uttaranchal, producing a meager 415 tonnes from 261 Order: Fabales and bruises. hectares, has the highest Family: Fabaceae Area and Distribution productivity of 1517 kg/ hectare. Genus: Trigonella Fenugreek is widely cultivated Fenugreek seeds are an important Species: foenum-graecum in warm temperate and tropical export item and foreign exchange Chromosome number: 2n=16 regions in the Mediterranean, earner. In 2005-06, 11,852 tonnes Europe, and Asia. It is largely of fenugreek seeds, 640 tonnes of Other species: different cultivated in Argentina, Egypt, powder, 23.1 tonnes of oleoresin authorities report varying Brazil, Southern France, Morocco, and 28.2 tonnes of Kasuri methi number of species in this Algeria, Ethiopia and Lebanon seeds were exported to various genus.Halevy (1989) has reported besides India. The major seed countries. as many as 130 species where as producing countries are India, Peter et al. (2007) has reported 22 Botanical Description Ethiopia, Egypt and Turkey. India species. Chromosome numbers is one of the major producers and Fenugreek is an erect, hardy vary from 2n=16 (e.g. T. foenum exporters of fenugreek. Fenugreek annual plant, typically growing to graecum) in most of the species to is exported to Saudi Arabia, Japan, a height of 40-75 cm. It has a 2n=44 (e.g. T. geminiflora, T. Malaysia, USA, UK, Singapore and smooth hollow stem with grandiflora (Fedorov, 1974) and Sri Lanka. This spice occupies alternate, single trifoliate leaves, T. polycerata) in some of them. third place in area and fourth in borne on a short petiole with two Some of the species are even production among all the major small stipules at the base, consist considered weeds and there are seed spices grown in this country. of three ovate leaflets, and slightly still others which have still to be In India, its cultivation is serrated. Fenugreek plants have a categorically classified. For concentrated mainly in Rajasthan. well-developed taproot and a example Trigonella cretica is also The state has a share of 83 per cent spreading, fibrous root system, known botanically as Melilotus of the total fenugreek production carrying numerous small, creticus (L.) Desr, Pocockia in the country. Other states flattened, much lobbed nodules cretica (L.) Ser. and Trifolium cultivating fenugreek are Gujarat, containing Rhizobium spp., SPICE INDIA creticum L. Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, usually Rhizobium meliloti. 8 APRIL 2012 Fenugreek comes in flowering 30 as a cool season crop whereas in mm crop faces water logging to 50 days after sowing and temperate areas as a summer crop. problem on heavy soils. Growth is matures in 105-140 days Cloudy weather and high humidity slow and weak at cold depending on the variety, climate particularly during grain filling temperatures and in wet soils. and other external factors. The period increase the incidence of However, it is successfully grown flowers are white to whitish-yellow aphids and powdery mildew, in temperate hills of India where and usually open from 9 a.m. to 6 which adversely affect the yield as temperatures sometimes go below p.m. with a peak just before well as the quality of the produce. freezing point. midday. Anthesis occurs from Interest in cultivating fenugreek in Soils about 10.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m., temperate climates has increased peaking at noon. The stigma because of its dry land adaptation. Fenugreek flourishes well on becomes receptive 12 hours prior fertile, well–drained loam soils or Adaptation to flower opening and remains sandy loams, and grows fairly well receptive for another 10 hour. Because of indeterminate on gravelly and sandy soils, but Flowering occurs four to five nature of growth, long growing clay soils should be avoided. The weeks after sowing and continues seasons are required for acceptable pH range is 5.3-8.2. for up to three weeks. The 60 cm fenugreek. Under cool and moist Moderately saline soils or tall stalks almost hide the pea conditions, plant development is irrigation water are tolerated, as shaped flowers. Fenugreek seed slow. If these conditions prevail compared to other leguminous contains little starch or sugar, but during the end of the crop growing crops with some reduction in a large proportion of dietary fibre. season, the plant’s indeterminate herbage or seed yield. A cold and The plant has a sharp, spicy nature may cause it to fail to wet soil also favours seed decaying aroma. mature and immature seeds may at the time of germination. be frozen. The plant thrives in full Climatic Requirements Varieties sun on rich, well-drained soils with Fenugreek is basically a warm a pH of 5.3-8.2 and in optimum air Many varieties suited to temperate crop with cultivars temperatures of 8-27°C. Plants different agroclimatic zones of the adapted by long domestication to grow well with an annual rainfall country are available for warmer and colder environment. of 500-700 mm and can survive a cultivation. Some improved In warm climate it is usually grown moderate moisture deficiency but varieties released and in case of precipitation above 1250 recommended by different institutions in India are Composition of fenugreek leaves (per 100 grams of edible mentioned below. portion) RMt-1: Moisture 86.1 grams Thiamine 0.05 mg This variety was developed by Rajasthan Agricultural University Fat 0.9 grams Calcium 360 mg at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Protein 4.4 grams Oxalic acid 13 mg Jobner, through pureline selection in a local collection from Nagaur Fibre 1.1 grams Iron 17.2 mg and released in 1989. The plants are semi erect, tall and moderately Minerals 1.5 grams Potassium 51 mg

branched. The grains are bold with INDIA SPICE Carbohydrates 6.0 grams Sulphur 167 mg typical yellow colour. The variety is tolerant to root rot and is Magnesium 67 mg Vitamin A 6450 I.U. moderately resistant to powdery mildew disease. It matures in 140- Phosphorus 51 mg Nicotinic acid 0.7 mg 150 days and gives an average seed Sodium 76.1 mg Vitamin C 54 mg yield of 14 quintals per hectare. The seed contains 21 per cent Chlorine 165 mg protein and diosgenin 0.2 per cent.

Source: Aykord (1963) APRIL 2012 9 RMt-143: gives an average yield of around developed by Haryana 12.5 quintals per hectare. Seeds Agricultural University, Hissar, This variety was developed by contain 9.5 per cent protein. suitable for cultivation in Haryana, Rajasthan Agricultural University Rajasthan and Gujarat. It gives an through pureline selection in a Lam Selection -1: average yield of 16 quintals per local collection from Jodhpur It is a selection from the hectare. It is resistant to region and identified for release in Regional Research Station at Lam, cercospora leaf spot and 1997. The grains of this variety are Guntur of N.G. Ranga, moderately resistant to powdery bold with typical yellow colour. Agricultural University through mildew disease. This variety is moderately selection from germplasm resistant to powdery mildew. It Hissar Madhavi: This variety collected from Madhya Pradesh takes 140-150 days to mature and developed by Haryana and released in 1992. The plants gives an average yield of 16 Agricultural University, Hissar, are bushy, green with medium quintals per hectare. It is suitable for cultivation in both sized golden yellow seeds. It is especially suitable for heavier soils irrigated and rainfed conditions. It tolerant to root rot, powdery of Chittoor region of Andhra gives an average yield of 19 mildew, caterpillars and aphids. It Pradesh and Bhilwara, Jhalawar quintals per hectare. matures in 90 days and gives an and Jodhpur regions of Rajasthan. average yield of 10 quintals per Hissar Mukta: This variety RMt-303: This variety matures in hectare. The green yield is around developed by Haryana 120-125 days and gives an average 10-12 tonnes per hectare under Agricultural University, Hissar. It yield of 18 Q/ha. irrigated conditions. It contains gives an average yield of 20 5.3 per cent of protein in seed. quintals per hectare. It is resistant Co-1: to downy mildew and moderately HM-103: This is a dual purpose variety resistant to powdery mildew released by Tamil Nadu This variety was developed by disease. Agricultural University in 1982. Haryana Agricultural University N.R.C.S.S.-A.M.-1: The grains of The plants of this variety are short through pureline selection from this variety are bold with light and green with medium sized local germplasm and identified for bitter taste. This variety matures brownish orange seeds. The crop release in 1997. The plants are in 137 days and gives an average matures in 90 days with a grain bushy, semi-erect and grains are yield of 20 quintals per hectare. yield of 7.5 quintals per hectare. bold with attractive yellow colour When grown for leaf, the yield is grains. It matures in 140-150 days N.R.C.S.S.-A.M.-2: The grains around 9 tonnes per hectare. and gives an average yield of 20.7 of this variety are small with strong Because the plants are dwarf and quintals per hectare. It is bitter taste. This variety matures have a short duration, it suits well moderately resistant to leaf spot in 137 days and gives an average for intercropping and relay and root rot diseases. yield of 18 quintals per hectare. cropping. The seeds contain 20-22 Hissar Sonali: Pusa Early Bunching: This per cent protein while, the leaf variety matures in 125 days and contains 15.9 per cent protein. This variety was developed by gives an average yield of 12 This variety is tolerant to root rot Haryana Agricultural University quintals per hectare. disease. through pureline selection from local germplasm and identified for Other improved varieties: Rajendra Kranti (RM-16): release in 1993. The plants are RMt-305, Guj. Methi-1, Methi No. This variety was developed by bushy, semi erect with bold, yellow 47, Methi No. 14, HM 57, Prabha Rajendra Agricultural University, attractive grains with 1000 grain (NLM), UM-34. Bihar at the Dholi station through weight of 13-15 grams. It matures Rotations and mixed mass selection and released in in 140-150 days and gives an cropping 1987. The plants of this variety are average yield of 17 quintals per tall and bushy green with medium hectare. It is moderately resistant Fenugreek being an annual sized golden yellow seeds. This to leaf spot and root rot diseases. legume crop can be a very useful variety is moderately resistant to and easy to incorporate into short- Hissar Suwarna: powdery mildew, caterpillars and term rotations. Fenugreek is SPICE INDIA aphids. It matures in 120 days and This dual purpose variety frequently intercropped with 10 APRIL 2012 crops like coriander, sesame, quality. In the southern parts of available to current crop and the beans and chickpea or sown with country it is grown in both kharif remaining part gets converted into lucerne and clover as a mixed and rabi seasons. In the kharif relatively unavailable forms. The fodder crop in India. Mustard is season sowing should be done inoculation of seed with PSB intercropped with fenugreek from the second fortnight of June culture plays a vital role in successfully and aphid population to the end of July and first mobilizing of various insoluble on mustard is controlled with this fortnight of October is the best inorganic and organic phosphates combination similarly with cole sowing time for rabi season. added to the soil. Therefore, seeds crops like cauliflower (Brassica should be treated with Rhizobium Seed Rate and Method of oleracae var. botrytis). Crops culture (Rhizobium meliloti) and sowing grown in rotation with fenugreek phosphate solubilizing bacteria will benefit from nitrogen fixed by Certified seed of improved (PSB) before sowing. the crop. Crop rotations also have varieties should be used for Nutrient Management a positive effect on conservation of sowing. To achieve optimum plant soil by reducing the chance of population a seed rate of 25 kg per Manures and fertilizers both depletion of crop-specific hectare is sufficient. Pre-soak of play an important role in crop micronutrients in the soil, soil seed for 12 hours in water before production. At the time of field erosion and incidence of soil borne sowing to facilitate early and preparation about 10-15 tonnes pathogens. In addition to soil uniform germination. The sowing per hectare farm yard manure or conservation, crop rotation can should be done 30 cm apart in 7.5 tonnes sheep manure or reduce the need of fertilizer and lines with plant to plant distance compost should be applied once in insecticide use while reducing of 10 cm and seed should be sown three years. Fenugreek being a weed problems. It should not more than 2-3 cm deep. Line leguminous crop fulfils the major preferably not be grown for more sowing is always superior to part of its nitrogen requirement than two successive crops, as the broadcasting method as line through the process of symbiotic pest and disease build-up is too sowing ensures better nitrogen fixation which works costly to control. germination, cuts down seed effectively from three to four requirement and facilitates weeks after sowing. However, soils Field Preparations intercultural operations as with low organic matter and poor The most important compared to broadcast method of in nitrogen supply may require 20- requirement for crop production is sowing. To obtain uniform 25 kg of nitrogen per ha as starter as levelled and weed-free a germination optimum soil dose. Application of too much seedbed as possible. One or two moisture at sowing time is the nitrogen can lead to excessive deep ploughings or two- three prerequisite. vegetative growth, poor seed shallow ploughings followed by production and delayed maturity. Seed Treatment planking to bring the soil in fine Phosphorus is important for root tilth is required. Field should be Seed treatment with any nodule, flower and seed formation free from weeds, crop residues and systemic fungicide is the first line and advancing crop maturity. other debries. Filed should be of defence to control the diseases. Even though fertilizer should be levelled appropriately so that it is Seed should be treated with applied based on soil test and easy to irrigate. Thiram/Captan/Bavastin @ two recommendations, a general dose to three grams per one kilo of seeds of 25 kg N and 20 kg P O /ha and Time of Sowing 2 5 to protect the crop from seed INDIA SPICE 20 kg K2O should be drilled in the Last week of October to first borne diseases. Fenugreek seed soil at the time of sowing. If soil week of November is the best time needs to be inoculated with an fertility is high, the dose of for sowing in Northern parts of appropriate Rhizobium inoculum nitrogen may be reduced further. India. In no case sowing would be to optimize its growth potential If fenugreek is grown in a rotation done after 15th of November. Late while increasing biodiversity in the with crops to which phosphate has sowing results in attack of insects soil. The Indian soils are generally been applied, further application and diseases and further rise in low to medium in available is seldom necessary. Fertilizers temperature at maturing time phosphorus and not more than 30 should be side-banded near the would restrict the yield and per cent of applied phosphate is seed or applied with a wider- APRIL 2012 11 spread furrow opener. There is fenugreek crop. Two to three chance of physical admixture, a evidence to suggest that hoeings and weedings requires minimum isolation of 5 meters application of wheat straw and keeping the crop well aerated and 10 meters for certified seeds some strains of fungi besides keeping it free from weeds. and foundation seeds, (Sinorhizobium meliloti, The timing of first hoeing and respectively, should be maintained Trichoderma harzianum, weeding should deciced on the from other varieties or same Aspergillus niger and Chaetonium basis of weed growth but should variety not conforming to globosum) can promote preferably be delayed until plants certification standards. The nodulation, nodule efficiency and are about 10 cm in height. Ideally, fenugreek plants do not cross with plant growth under saline soil it should be done at the time of Kasuri Methi. conditions. An indication of the thinning, which is 25-30 days after Inspection and rouging nutrient requirement of fenugreek sowing and second at 50-60 days in India is based on the fact that after sowing. The herbicides which A minimum of two inspections an average seed yield of 1000 kg/ are very effective in fenugreek are should be made, first at pre- ha removes 35 kg N/ha, 18 kg P/ pre plant application of flowering vegetative stage to ha and 14 kg K/ha (Sadanandan et Fluchloralin at the rate of 0.75 kg confirm isolation, observe al., 1998). per hectare supplemented with uniformity of vegetative one hand weeding at 50 days after characters, took out off-types, Water Management sowing could keep the crop free diseased plants and obnoxious Depending upon the climatic from weeds or pre-plant weeds and the second at the conditions, moisture retention application of pandimethalin @ flowering and fruit stage to capacity of soil and variety used, 1.0 kg a.i. can be done safely for observe uniformity in flowering, about five to seven irrigations are chemical control of weeds in flower characters like colour. required. If moisture is not fenugreek. In order to obtain the Specific Requirements sufficient in soil a light irrigation desired results of weedicide should be given just after sowing. application, optimum soil Not more than 0.10 per cent To obtain the best results in sandy moisture must be maintained. offtypes are permitted for loam soil, the crop should be foundation seed crop and 0.20 per SEED PRODUCTION irrigated at IW/CPE ratio of 1.00. cent for certified seed crop at the The first irrigation should be Fenugreek is a self pollinated time of final inspection. Similarly applied at 30 days after sowing, crop due to cleistogamous nature not more than 0.01 per cent the second at 45-50 days after of flowers. The flowers are small objectionable weed plants are sowing, the third at 70-75 days and extremely difficult to permitted for foundation seed after sowing, the fourth at 85-90 manipulate for artificial crop and 0.020 per cent for days after sowing and the fifth at emasculation and pollination. certified seed crop. Senji 105-110 days after sowing. Special Flowers are yellow-white (white (Melilotus spp.) is an care should be taken to avoid flowered types) or sometimes objectionable weed for fenugreek water stress at pod and seed purple-tinged (normal types) and seed crop. development stages. develop in the leaf axils either Pods singly or in pairs. Flowers open Weed Management around 9 am in the morning. Pods are slender and sickle- Fenugreek seedlings are poor shaped with a sharp beak at the Site selection competitors against the often- end; green when unripe and turn rampant weed growth and this Field to be used for seed brown on ripening. They are emphasizes the necessity for a production of kasuri methi (T. approximately 7-15 cm long, each weed-free field, until the taproot corniculata - a related species) containing about 15-20 seeds. The is well grown. Flax (Linum spp.), and fenugreek should be free of irregular rectangular-shaped canary seed (Phalaris spp.) are volunteer plants. In order to seeds are 2.5 to 4 mm long and 1.5 major weeds. Seeds of these weeds ensure this, the crop should be to 2 mm wide and weigh 18- are difficult to separate from taken on a field on which 22grams/1000 seeds. The seeds fenugreek seeds. Melilotus is a fenugreek has not been grown in ripen over a period of some weeks making harvesting more SPICE INDIA designated obnoxious weed in last one year. In order to avoid any 12 APRIL 2012 complicated. Plants takes about 16 Crop Protection (Rastogi et al., 1998). weeks to mature in warmer Diseases Control: Seed treatment with climates, probably about 4 weeks any systemic fungicides (Thiram/ longer in cooler climates. Diseases like leaf spot and Captan/Bavastin @ 2-3 grams/kg powdery mildew, downey mildew, Seed structure of seed) is the first line of defence collar rot, root rot have been to control the disease. Spraying of A deep furrow divides the seed observed on the fenugreek crop. fungicides is also useful and gives into two parts: the larger Normal buff-coloured seed has a complete control. cotyledons and the smaller radicle much lower level of infection. (root tip). Seed coat colour ranges Therefore, it is suggested that only Powdery Mildew: Powdery from translucent in white- buff-coloured seed should be used mildew is caused by Erysiphe flowered types, with their for planting. polygoni as well as Leveillula colourless endosperm and yellow taurica. Mildew caused by Leaf Spot: The disease is caused cotyledons showing through, to Erysiphe polygoni is by Cercospora traverisiana Sacc. greenish brown in normal characterized by the appearance of The pathogen is internally seed cultivars. The endosperm of white floury patches on both borne and attacks the leaves, fenugreek seed is a gum that surface of leaves and other parts stems, pods and damaging the surrounds the cotyledons (seed of the plant. Whereas, mildew plants before reaching maturity. It leaves) and embryo. This gum caused by Leveillula taurica produces purple seed with consists of galactose (digestible) shows mycelium patches on the discoloration on seed coat and and mannan (non-digestible) in a leaves. Mildew like appearance is results in deterioration in yield 1:1 ratio. Fenugreek seeds also due to accumulation of mycelium (Rastogi et al, 1998). The first contain low concentrations (less on the surface of the leaves. symptoms usually appear as large than two per cent) of coumarin, Cleistothecia appear on these spots on leaves and also on stems diosgenin, saponins and other superficial mycelia at a later stage when disease spreads. Once the steroids. These compounds and as small black specks immersed in young pods get infected the fungus other constituents give fenugreek the mycelial mats. The pathogen invades the immature seeds. The products an undesirable taste for Leveillula taurica is an obligate internally seed borne inoculum did some uses. However, debittered parasite, available on the crop not affect seed germination but fenugreek products are now residues. It reduces yield as well caused post emergence losses and available. as grain size and deteriorates the transmitted from seed to seedlings quality. Humid climate and cloudy weather favours the disease development. Seed Standards Control Factor Foundation Certified 1 Dusting of sulphur powder at Pure seed (minimum) 98.0 per cent 98.0 per cent the rate of 20-25 kg/hectare. Inert matter (maximum) 2.0 per cent 2.0 per cent 2 Spraying of 0.2 per cent Other crop seeds (maximum) 10/kg 20/kg wettable sulphur at the rate of Total weed seeds (maximum) 10/kg 20/kg 500-700 litres/ hectare.

Objectionable weed seeds 3 Spraying of 0.1 per cent INDIA SPICE (maximum) 10/kg 5/kg Karathane LC reduces the Other distinguishable varieties damage. Spray or dusting (maximum) 2/kg 20/kg should be repeated after 10-15 days if, required. Germination including hard seeds (minimum) 70 per cent 70 per cent Downey Mildew: Downey mildew is caused by Peronospora Moisture (maximum) 8.0 per cent 8.0 per cent trigonellae. Some yellowish spots For vapour-proof containers appear on the upper surface and (maximum) 6.0 per cent 6.0 per cent whitish growth on the lower APRIL 2012 13 surface appears in the initial stage of leaves and ends with dry and should be left in the field until fully while on advancement of dead plants. Infected plants mature. Crop becomes ready for infection, the leaves turn yellow remain stunted and are easily harvest in about 105-140 days after and plant growth is checked. The detached when pulled out. sowing when the majority of pods plant dies if disease attack is have turned uniform yellowish Control: No perfect control severe. brown and leaves start falling. measures are available for this Timely harvesting is very Control: Any systemic disease complex. However, the important for this crop as late copper fungicide is effective in incidence can be minimized by the harvest leads to seed losses due to controlling this disease. Two to following practices. pod bursting, even though pods three sprayings of 0.2 per cent 1 Practicing of deep summer are normally indehiscent, there is solution of Indofil M-45 or Fytolin ploughing and adoption of some loss of seed. Under cool & or Blitox @ 500-700 liter per proper crop rotation. wet conditions at harvesting time, hectare at an interval of 10-15 days the indeterminate nature of controls the disease. 2 Seed treatment with Thiram/ Captan/Bavistin @ two to fenugreek can lead to harvest Collar Rot: This disease is caused three grams per kg of seeds.\ delays and the need to combine at by Rhizoctonia solani. It has been high moisture levels. Harvesting observed to cause severe losses in 3 Seed treatment with should be done by cutting the the nursery. The pathogen causes Trichoderma at the rate of plants with sickles and plants are water soaked lesions at collar four grams per kilo of seed. hung upside down to dry in the region. Rotting of epidermal 4 Use of resistant varieties shade. After harvesting it should tissues at collar region due to be cured for five to seven days in Insect Management water soaked lesions causes’ heaps. The heap should be stirred damping off. As the disease Aphid: Aphids after every two days. Aeration fans reaches in advance stage the stem (Acryrthosiphon pisum and Aphis in storage sheds should be used to becomes constricted at the base craccivora) in general attacks the cool and dry the crop. Plants are and the plants collapse. Initial crop at flowering stage and suck later threshed manually as infection begins from the infested the sap of the plant from tender convenient, and the residue is soil as sclerotia of the fungus can parts and flowers which affects the suitable for stock-feed. Threshing survive in the soil for long time. growth adversely. With the attack should be done on clean cemented The mycelium grows inside the of aphids the crop turns yellow and floor or tarpaulin. The grains are tissues in all directions, initiating results in shrivelling of grains separated by beating by sticks secondary infection and producing leading to yield reduction. followed by winnowing or by the sclerotia on the diseased parts. Termite use of mechanical threshers. In Control: Captan is effective for India, fenugreek, grown as a leafy To control termites, four liters soil treatment whereas, Brassicol vegetable is harvested by clipping of chlorpyriphos per ha should be is superior for seed treatment. leaves and young shoots, and applied with irrigation water. plants are allowed to grow until Root Rot: It is a serious problem Frost mature. in Tamilnadu and Rajasthan. This disease is caused by Alternaria Fenugreek can tolerate frost Processing and storage alternata (Fr.) Rhizoctonia up to a extend but in severe After removing the dust and fusarium. This disease is severe conditions, damage can be straw, the dried and clean grains under waterlogged conditions. minimized by spraying 0.1 per cent are filled in bags and stored in Infected plants show poor solution of sulphuric acid, aerated storehouses or in moisture development of roots, finer irrigating the crop prior to the and insect proof bins. On a rootlets are destroyed due to incidence of frost, using wind commercial scale, the grains are rotting. The symptoms appear breaks and creating smoke cover cleaned with the help of vacuum after the initiation of pod in the early morning. gravity separator or spiral gravity formation. Lower leaves of Harvesting, Storage and separator. The seed should be affected plants gradually lose their Handling dried to below 12 per cent

SPICE INDIA green colour and turn pale yellow. moisture for safe storage. Once The symptoms start from wilting Fenugreek grown for seed 14 APRIL 2012 dried, the small seed can be easily References Halevy, A. H. 1989 CRC Handbook handled by modern equipment, of Flowering. CRC Press, ISBN Aykord, W.R. (1963). ICMR bagged or transported in bulk. 0849339162 Special Report Series. No. 42. Care must be taken to avoid Peter, K. V. and Abraham, Z. spoilage in the bin. Fenugreek has Acharya, S. N., Thomas, J. E. and (2007). Bidivesity in been observed to spoil at 15 per Basu, S. K. (2006) Fenugreek: horticultural crops. Daya cent moisture. To get good prices an “old world” crop for the Books. and easy marketing the produce \”new world” Biodiversity 7 should be graded and stored (3&4) Rastogi, A., Singh, T. and Singh, D. 1998. Incidence, location properly. Export grading in India Bakshi and Hamid (1971). and transmission of natural is to Agmark standards and PFA Isolation of diosgenin from seed borne inoculum of regulations, and must also fenugreek seeds. Indian J. Cercospora traversiana in conform to ASTA specifications Pharmacy, 33:55-56. governing fungal, insect and fenugreek. J. Mycol. Pl. mammalian contamination. De CandolIe, A. (1964). Origin of Pathol. 28: 218-222. Cultivated Plants. Hafner, Sadanandan, A.K. 1998. All India Yield New York. Coordinated Research Project Average yields reported by Fedorov, A. A. (1974). on Spices. In: 50 years of growers are approximately 15 Chromosome numbers of Horticultural Research, quintals per hectare. The average flowering plants. Otto Koeltz ICAR, New Delhi (Eds.) S.P. yield of fenugreek under dryland science publishers, Ghosh, P.S. Bhatnagar and conditions is 10-11 quintals per Koenigstein. N.P. Sukumaran. pp. 207-214. hectare. Under good management conditions and use of high yielding Girardon, P., Bessiere, J.M., Vavilov, N. I. 1926. Centers of varieties an average yield of 15-20 Baccou, J.C. and Sauvaire, Y. origin of cultivated plants. quintals per hectare can be obtained 1985. Volatile constituents of Trends Pract. Bot. Genet. Sel. fenugreek seeds. Planta Med., 16:3-248. (In Russian.). however, yields have ranged from + 15-28 quintals per hectare. pp.583-584. Attention Spice Processors Seeds Processors Oilseeds Millers Cleaning & Grading system for Material conveying Spices, grains & seeds system & Dust Clean-O-graders collection plant Impact Hullers Destoners Dehulling & hull Separation Pre-cleaning and silo Gravity Systems storage Plants Separators ❉ Screen-air Separators Cleaning, Decorticating and oil mill plants ❉ Clean-O-graders GRAINS : ❉ Wheat ❉ Maize ❉ Barley ❉ Paddy SINGLE ❉ ❉ ❉ Destoners SOURCE Coffee Pulses ❉ ❉ ❉ Gravity Separators FOR SPICES : ❉ Black Pepper Coriander Celery Seed TURN-KEY ❉ Caraway Seed ❉ Fennel ❉ Cumin Seed INDIA SPICE ❉ PROJECTS ❉ ❉ Impact Hullers ❉ Sesame Seed Fenugreek ❉ Hull Separators OIL SEEDS : ❉ Sunflower ❉ Groundnut ❉ Castor Seed GOLDIN ❉ Soyabean ❉ Rape Seed ❉ Neem Seed ❉ Air Classifiers EXPERTISE AT YOUR SERVICE Also we manufacture KINDLY CONTACT ❉ Belt Conveyors ❉ Cyclones GOLDIN (INDIA) EQUIPMENT PVT. LTD. ❉ Bucket Elevators ❉ Air Locks A leader in F/29, B.I.D.C. Industrial Estate, Gorwa Vadodara-390 016 ❉ ❉ Separation Screw Conveyors Bag Filters Machineries Mob : 94260 79535, 98250 61427 ❉ Redler Chain ❉ Centrifugal Telefax : 91-0265-2280168, 2290642 Coveyors fans etc. EX - COLLABORATOR OF E-mail : [email protected], [email protected] FORSBERG INC. U.S.A. website : www.goldinequip.com APRIL 2012 15 SPICE INDIA

16 APRIL 2012 Hugh & Colleen Gantzer

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was discovered. In the Greek Orthodox Church of St. George, there is a mosaic map of the Holy Land. It was made in the 6th century, measures 88 sq meters, and once contained 2.3 million tessarae or shaped chips of coloured stone. When it was discovered, it was thought to be the oldest map in the world but apart from its age it also shows, Mount Nebo’s iconic emblem of the cross with detailed artistry, what this and moses’ serpent land must have looked like 1,500 years ago. There is a fish in the n Jordan we discovered the And in our wanderings across Jordan River swimming away Iancient Biblical Lands. these historic lands we drove into from the Dead Sea, horrified at its the ancient city of Madaba. salinity. Green palms sway over For forty years, from 1280 to oases. Lions hunt gazelle. Clearly, 1240 BC, the Israelites had Like much of Jordan, Madaba the land was not as arid then, as it wandered across the wild and is built on undulating terrain. is now. This is could explain how often desert areas of this region, Roads wind and climb and the Hebrew migrants survived for following their charismatic leader descend, gnarled grey-green olive forty years in the wilderness. It SPICE INDIA SPICE Moses, seeking a land that they trees spread their shade on old was, probably, an even greener believed had been promised to walls, grape vines hang from and much more hospitable land in them by God. These nomadic trellises, and mosques raise their those distant days after their exiles eventually produced a vast domes near the spires of historic exodus from slavery in Egypt. body of literature which became old churches. the world’s greatest bestseller: The Happily, mosaics last for When laying the floor of a Old Testament of the Christian much longer than paintings, and church in the late 19th Bible. century, are far more graphic, because of Madaba’s greatest artistic treasure their colours, than sculptures and

APRIL 2012 17 sculptures.

The most curious mosaic, however, was in a building that did not look like a church but was identified as

The medallion that dominates the mosaic floor of this structure shows a strange woman rising out of the sea with aquatic animals swirling around her. The original Hebrew name, Medeba, ‘water of quiet’, could have referred to an association with a pre-Biblical deity.

There’s a thriving business, in The mosaic creations of saker in his shop in the map bazar Madaba, and other places, in making mosaics as souvenirs, a carvings. Mosaics were, also, the millennium BC. profession that has lured preferred surface for floors in Jordanians back from other lands. those distant days. Stones of many In the Archaeological When Saker of The Map Bazar colours were easily available, they Museum, at the end of a small learnt that we were from India he were wear resistant and cool in a lane, they had conserved a asked us if we were from Chennai hot, dry land, they could be Traditional cleaned effortlessly, and there was House of no limit to what they could depict. Madaba. It In fact they were almost as seemed to be the versatile as paintings. And since dwelling of an Madaba was a prosperous town, it ordinary middle soon came to be known as The class citizen but, Town of Mosaics. We visited many even so, it had a other examples of this art form mosaic design on that originated in the 6th its floor. In other rooms there were Apostles Church assorted exhibits Madaba of costumes and jewellery many of An excavation in 1902 them bearing a uncovered the name of the striking church which was constructed in resemblance to the 568 AD. The medallion in the dress and centre of a woman is a ornaments worn personification of the Church. by some of the There are scenes of youth and colourful tribes of animals on three sides of the Gujarat and acanthus scrolls and in the Rajasthan. There western and eastern surmounts was also an open- of the nave. air display of Madaba’s haret jdouina restaurant very SPICE INDIA popular with visitors 18 APRIL 2012 orange oil from India. No?”

We were still mulling over that when we drove out and parked at the base of Mount Nebo. A road wound up, past a turkey and some cocks and hens foraging in the shade of trees lining the route. Further up, in the middle of the road, was a monument to Pope John Paul II and, in a clearing in the trees, was a mounted tablet which said:

MOUNT NEBO Sanctuary of Moses We trudged along, past a church being restored, up iron stairs and on to a long viewing area. Here stood the famed Braided Cross with a sculpture of a snake coiled around it. The cross represented Christ as well as Moses with his arms outstretched, the snake recalled the serpent that Moses had once carried. From here, Moses had been The church of St. George also known as the church of the map allowed to see the land that he had been forbidden to enter. We looked out from or Kerala. He had worked in Dubai the spices they used. Caraway, this 800 meter high peak to where he had come across people cumin and cumin are important the distant horizon where from those places. He had now as are turmeric and fenugreek. Israel’s Jerusalem and returned home to make mosaics Their popular Tahin dip is a paste Jerico could be faintly for tourists. made from sesame seeds and

discerned. INDIA SPICE Yenigahar is a blend of ground We were having lunch in the spices fairly close to but not On May 15, 1948, the tree-shaded court of Haret identical with garam masala. United Nations carved out Jdoudna .. The House of our Other interesting flavourings are Israel. Some believe that the Grandfather.. restaurant. Here, rose water and the delightful oil promise to Moses had been while enjoying their delectable distilled from orange blossoms. fulfilled. And the world, and Arab-Mediterranean cuisine with the Holy Land, changed. lashings of salad and food lightly The waiter who brought a cooked in virgin olive oil, we swab of orange oil for us to smell picked up interesting facts about asked “Maybe you should export APRIL 2012 19 WORLD SPICE CONGRESS SKIT TRACEABILITY IN EVERY WAY

A scene from the skit: (from left) Dr.P.S.Sreekantan Thampi, Deputy Director (Publicity), Shri.V.S.Naresh, Assistant Director (Marketing), Shri.S.Palanichamy, Editor, Shri.S.Renganathan, Senior Clerk and Shri. Devananda Shenoy, Assistant Director (Development). right red and pure white and costumes for a drama. The age ,Editor, (as a farmer )– who B garments. There were caps old proverb says, Actions speak brought up the idea of doing a skit, and head gears and even a sword louder than words. No wonder Dr P.S.S. Thampi , Deputy and a gun. One of them was an apt there is so much fascination for Director, ( as grandson of Vasco da costume for a Portuguese man, the movies and theatre even in today’s Gama), Mr. Devananda Shenoy, other a farmer, next a trader and busy life. Here, a serious Assistant Director,( as trader), Mr finally the costume for a King and conference is going on – the World VS Naresh, Assistant Director, (as his attendant. Even the make up Spice Congress 2012 and the the King) and Mr S.Ranganathan, man with a Marathi moustache venue is Hotel Westin, Pune. Senior Clerk (as a courtier). Now was ready on his chair to get his There is not even a single person that the actors to play the roles prey metamorphosed. But we were among the officials who is not were decided they needed to know yet to decide who the characters busy. But they decided to choose what they had to do on stage. But were! The time left for the show the genre drama to pass on a none of them could assemble was just an hour. message related to the theme of together as all of them were busy the Congress “Sustainability and with the various assignments of On Feb 10, 2012, the Revel Food Safety”. the Congress. Room of Hotel Westin Koregaon Park in Pune had strikingly Finally the actors were The outline of the skit was anyhow planned and discussed SPICE INDIA contrasting elements in it – pinpointed. Mr S.Palanichami computers, pamphlets, documents 20 APRIL 2012 earlier but the script was not yet ready. There were three girls who were part of the department of Publicity as PR trainees. They constantly got stuffs to write including press releases. This time it is the script for a play. The young minds were thrilled to do the task at hand especially when they heard that the officials from Spices Board were to be seen on stage role- playing characters who were on their mission to spread the theme of the Congress.

They sat together and began, “ Darbar of the King His Highness The PR trainees, who scripted and sequenced the skit: (From the left) Ms. Veerendra Varma. The attendant Revathy S Mohan, Ms.R.Dhanya and Ms.Aneena Mol P.S. along with came running announcing the Dr.P.S.Sreekantan Thampi. arrival of a Portuguese visitor to the Royal court, discussions span spurted out soon. the Palace..” The event manager, on the variety of spices and its Mohan was watching this and he, It was done. All the five qualities. Gama got introduced a veteran in theatre joined them. characters were now in their to a farmer and a Powerful dialogues found costumes and they knew the story trader. Their expressions dismay expression in the paper. Yes, now and the contexts. Whether the Gama since they could speak only the script was ready. But a glance performance would be a success the local dialect. However the at the clock made them panic. It was still a question among the interpretation by the King in was already 6.30. This has to be spectators who witnessed the 11th English makes the facts clear. The staged at 7.00 pm. The main hour preparation. But the team King makes Gama understand character, Dr. Thampi was was quite confident except an about the varieties, value nowhere to be seen. The others unavoidable anxiety as to how it additions, quality certifications started changing themselves to the would be like. and website etc. Gama was not character. happy with that and insists on We were waiting behind the Three of the trainees started identification of farmer and the stage, as a beautiful dance form of explaining the context and the trader and the processor who Punjab was being performed. We read out the dialogues while the handles the merchandise. The arranged the chairs for the King make up man was at work. With King assures that it could be done. and the visitor to sit. The funniest cornered eyes and stiff part is that we had to borrow the countenance facing the groomer dancers’ costumes to decorate the the ‘actors’ obediently listened to THE CLIMAX King’s Chair. Finally, impromptu,

the script like children shaping INDIA SPICE it was time to stage the play. Moved by the diversity ears to a story. Fifteen minutes left and the colour of India, Gama for the performance. Making his Vasco da Gama’s grandson expresses his desire to marry presence known Dr. visits India to attend the World from India. But the King Thampi finally in the Revel Room Spice Congress. On seeing the retorts and ask for his keeping aside all other matters for variety of spices and feeling the traceability, to ascertain the time being. One of the trainees aroma, he decides to source spices whether he has a wife already explained the whole story to him. from the local State. The King was in Portugal. He had the naughty expression as informed of his visit by the courtier if wild thoughts were roaming and as the Gama get escorted to around his head which were to be APRIL 2012 21 Events

Dr M.R . Sudarshan, Director (Research) ( second right) and Mr Ravikumar, Senior Field Officer (right) of the Board with the visitors at the Biofach show in Nurenberg in Germany.

pepper and white pepper. Lot of BOARD SHOWCASES IN interest was shown in the Ayurveda medicines and it is gaining popularity in Germany. BIOFACH NURENBERG, GERMANY Organic spices are used in the natural personal care and wellness pices Board became part of year in Biofach 2012. APEDA led preparations. Biofach 2012 had its Biofach 2012in Nurenberg in the Indian team with a 1100 sq. m S sister Vivaness a trade fair for Germany through its unique pavilion, in hall 5 and 8; fifty one natural personal care and wellness display during 15-18 February, exhibitors showcased the Indian preparations. 2012. Over 2,400 exhibitors organic sector. Mr. Asit Tripathy, showcased their products to over IAS, Managing Director APEDA Besides the exhibition, 40,000 trade visitors from 130 delivered the inaugural speech on concurrent sessions were held in countries at this year’s BioFach the opening ceremony on 15th Biofach Congress on various topics and Vivaness. Austria, Italy, the February 2012.Dr. Ulrich Maly, of current interest. Dr. Netherlands and France made it to Lord Mayor of the City of M.R.Sudharshan, Director the top five countries for visitors Nuremberg and Dr. Gerd Muller (Research) made a presentation in addition to Germany. The MdB, Parliamentary State on the World of Spices and Spices assembled organic players at Secretary in the Federal Ministry Boards initiatives in supplying the BioFach, the World Organic Trade for Food, Agriculture, and safe and quality organic spices to Fair, and the parallel Vivaness, consumer protection offered the world. Many participants Trade Fair for Natural Personal felicitations. appreciated it. Care and Wellness, announced more growth. Despite the financial Spices board put up a 45 Besides India as Country of crisis, BioFach’s international square meter stall with six the Year, a trade policy event patron, the International exhibitors showcasing the Indian clearly indicated BioFach’s Federation of Organic Agriculture organic spices. Dr. pioneering role for the Movements (IFOAM), and its M.R.Sudharshan, Director international market. The USA national supporting organization, (Research) and Mr.P. Ravikumar, and EU signed an equivalence Bund Ökologische Senior Field Officer represented agreement on mutual recognition Lebensmittelwirtsch aft (BOLW – Spices Board in the Biofach 2012. of their organic standards on the German Federation of the Organic There were a number of trade first day of the exhibition. Food Industry), assume more enquiries not only for raw spices The next Biofach will be held market growth in the future. but also for oils and oleoresins. Germany imports Indian organic in Nürenberg from 13–16 India was the country of the ginger, nutmeg, mace ,black February 2013.

Mr P.J .Joseph, Hon’ble Miinister for Irrigation, Government of Kerala (fifth from left) with the Indian spices SPICE INDIA contingent at the Spices Board stand in Nurenberg. 22 APRIL 2012 INDIAN BRANDS FOUND CONFINING ONLY TO INDIAN STORES IN JAKARTA

nlike in the developed U economies, there is heavy demand for spices and spices products in countries like Indonesia in the East. The many leading supermarkets in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta have on display on their shelves most of the spices and spices products from Malaysia and China other than that of Indonesia. The very attractive packaging of these products excel the Indian branded spices which are seen only in the Indian supermarkets in the town. Mr. Anand Sharma, Union Commerce and Industry Minister [left] and H.E Mr. Gita Irawan Wirjawan, Minister of Trade, Indonesia being The Indian brands aim at greeted at the Spices Board stand. selling only through the Indian supermarkets while the competing brands from other countries find their brands positioned in supermarkets all over. A study of the market outlets was done by the officers of the Spices Board, Dr. Dinesh Singh Bisht, Scientist B, New Delhi and Mr. P.T. Lepcha, Senior Field Officer, Sikkim during their stay in Jakarta during 6 to 8 March 2012 in connection with the participation of the Board in Made in India show in Jakarta. The supermarkets like Lotte Mart at Dr Dinesh Singh Bisht [left] in conversation with a visitor at the stand Ratu Plaza Senayan, South Jakarta, Hero at Sarinah, central

Jakrta and Ah Jnan, South Jakarta was declared open jointly by the Minister. The Indian Ambassador INDIA SPICE had on their shelves spices Union Minister for Commerce and to Indonesia, Mr. Biren Nanda, products packed in the US with bar Industry, Mr. Anand Sharma and Mr. Rakesh Kumar Arora, First coding. Local companies like H.E Mr. Gita Irawan Wirjawan, Secretary (Economy & Commerce) Merbaba, Mint Samba, Minister of Trade, Indonesia. Both and Mr Ajit B. Chavan, Deputy McCormicks also had their due the Ministers were received at the Secretary, Ministry of Commerce share in the shelf space. Spices Board stand with a & Industry visited the stand. traditional scarf from Sikkim. Mr There are production bases in The India show held at the Anand Sharma explained about Indonesia who are looking for Balai Kartini Convention Center the Spices Board to the Indonesian opportunities to export spices APRIL 2012 23 products from Indonesia to India. There were enquiries for cumin and ginger powder. Mr. Deepak Malik, (Owner of The Royal Kitchen, Indian restaurant & Bar) visited Spices Board’s stall and informed us that they are using Indian spices only and wanted to promote Indian spices.

Mr. P.T. Lepcha with visitors at the India show. MANGAN: REGIONAL SEMINAR : MASTER TRAINING PROGRAMME ELAPPARA ON LARGE CARDAMOM

Shri. B M Jayaram, Deputy Director (Dev), Spices Smt.E.S.Bijimol, M.L.A. Peermade, Idukki District is Board, Gangtok, is seen addressing in the Master seen inaugurating the Regional Seminar on Spices training programme on large cardamom held on 20th organized by the Regional Office in Puttady and Zonal Maarch 2012 at Mangan in North Sikkim..Shri. M Y Office in Kumily on 1st February 2012 at Elappara. This Honnur, Assistant Director, Spices Board, Mangan, event was organized by Ms.Vijeeshna V.Senior Field Shri. T P Bhutia, Joint Director Horticulture and CCD, Officer, Spices Board, Elappara. North Sikkim, Dr. U Gupta, Deputy Director(Res), ICRI, Tadong, Shri. P. P Kanel, Assistant Director (Mktg), Rangpoo, Shri. Navaraj Gurung, B B F and Shri. S R Bhutia, D D Hort & CCD, N Sikkim are also seen.

SPICE INDIA A view of farmers attending the seminar. A view of officers attending the training. 24 APRIL 2012 FAQS AT FOODEX TOKYO POINT TO QUALITY ASSURANCES IN SPICES EXPORTS t is not the lack of awareness of IIndian spices that is detarding export growth to Japan. The interactions with business visitors at the Foodex 2012 in Tokyo in Japan held during March 6 to 9, 2012 has definite focus directed towards the responsibility of the exporter in assuring lot of guarantees right from the post harvest to processing end. Many senior Japanese businessmen who visited the pavilion could interact with the Indian participants in the stand. Strikingly there were underscoring the need of the Indian companies to have own Chef Yoshiko Imazato serving food to the visitors and getting their feed back. processing facilities since quality could be assured only through own aquare meters with an inbuilt way of introducing spicy feels. production lines. Merchant kitchen from where spices based Dishes like Carrot rice with cumin, exporters may not be able to fare dishes were prepared, explained fried rice with takana pickle and well in the coming years in a and served to the visitors. Chef turmeric, couscous and orange market like Japan which is getting Yoshiko Imazato of Cafe salad with cinnamon dressing, more and more sophisticated. Topinamkour of Kunitachi, Tokyo pepper onata with spices, did her master pieces and marinated cherry tomato with The Spices Board stand had a demonstrated cooking of a wide fenugreek, elingi mushroom and wide area for its participation in range of Japanese delicacies spinach saute au brown mustard Foodex this time with an wherein spices were applied by seed, curried brown lentil burger impressive pavililon of nearly 55 with spicy salsa etc were served hot. There was a bee line of visitors who expressed their happy comments with a relishing note.

The trademen who made up to the stand were looking for quality packing materials besides spices of assured quality. INDIA SPICE

Some of the FAQs from the visitors are:

1. How many Indian spices exportiing companies have own factories

Visitors have all praise for Indian spices. Visitors with the officials of 2. What are the assurances that the Board companies could give in terms APRIL 2012 25 of procurement and processing.

3. What is the assurane in terms of pesticide usage in spices during growing.

4. Whether joint production facility could be set up

5. Capability in supplying spices and spices products in attractive bottles with value added PoPs.

The Spices Board stand had individual stands of M/s DK Enterprises of Hyderabad, M/s Aricha of Kolkatta, M/s Evergreen Dr P.S.Sreekantan Thampi, Deputy Director [ middle], Mr Jijesh Das, of Mumbai and M/s Sartaj of Deputy Director of the Board with Mr. Radhakrishna of DK Enterprises, Jodhpur who had happy times meeting with visitors to their own officials Dr PS Sreekantan were busy meeting visitors and stand positions in the Spices Board Thampi, Deputy Director and Mr. coordinating the programmes at pavilion. The Spices Board Jijesh Das, Deputy Director EDP the show. SPICES BOARD REGIONAL QUALITY EVALUATION LABORATORIES START MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Spices Board’s Regional Quality Evaluation Laboratories in Chennai, Guntur, and Mumbai, have started the analytical services for the following Microbiological parameters. 1. Salmonella 2. E.Coli 3. Coliforms 4. Yeast and Mold 5. Total plate count The analytical charges and the other details can be downloaded from the Board’s website www.indianspices.com. The samples may be sent directly to the Laboratories along with the analytical charges. Exporters those who want to avail the facility may contact the following telephone numbers and e.mails of the labs. Place Tel. number E.mail Chennai 044-27923450 [email protected] Cochin 0484-2349134 [email protected] Guntur 0863-2338571/ 2338569 [email protected]

SPICE INDIA Mumbai 022-2784 3093 [email protected] 26 APRIL 2012 SPICES BOARD PARTICIPATES IN INDIA TRADE SHOW 2012 MEXICO

pices Board participated in SIndia Trade Show 2012 organized by the India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO),New Delhi during 28thFebruary to 02nd March 2012 in Centro Benamax, Mexico City, Mexico. The Trade Show was inaugurated by Engrr. Carlose Gustaman, President, Promexico, the counterpart of CII, on 28th February 2012. Shri Dinesh Kumar Jain, Ambassador of India in Mexico delivered key note address. ITPO had organized the Indian Show in Mexico for the first Shri Dinesh Kumar Jain, Ambassador of India in Mexico at the Spices time and the main focus of the Board stand trying the curry spice mix prepared for tasting at the stand. show was to introduce Indian Culture, Handicrafts and Textile Board’s stall jointly by the Board included businessmen from Industries to the Mexico. ITPO and M/s Synthite Chemicals, Flavouring, Wine industries, food had organized Indian cultural Kolencherry through their importers, brokers, Professors programmes every day. counterpart M/s Piasa Mexico from Universities, Lawyers, who had introduced a new Indi- Freight forwarders, Students The stall of the Board Mex flavour/seasoning with the besides the local Indian festooned with beautiful panels spice oils and oleoresins. Samples communities. Considerable and different samples of Indian of the cooked food using the mixes business enquiries were also spices attracted the visitors. A were given away to visitors for received which shows that Mexico Food Show was also arranged in tasting. The visitors to the stall is a potential market for many of SPICE INDIA SPICE

From left: Mr Bright Thomas and Mr Ajay of Synthite Industries, Kolencherry, Mr Daniel Rodriguez, Director Food Service of Piasa Mexico, Mr N Anilkumar and Mrs Ajitha Kumari, Assistant Directors of Spices Board and Ms Claudia M Alvarez Elizondo of Piasa at the Spices Board stand. APRIL 2012 27 our Indian spices. Spices Board. The added Shri N. Anilkumar, Assistant advantage for the Spices Board Director (OL) organized the Shri Dinesh kumar Jain, was that other Indian companies participation of the Board in the Ambassador of India in Mexico participated in the show and who show. M/s Synthite Industrial and other officials from the have trade contact with Chemicals, Kolencherry and M/s Embassy, from Promexico and Mexico were also eager to assess PSS Krishnamoorthy Exports, ITPO visited Board’s stall. Board’s the market for Indian spices Tuticorin participated in the show participation in the show could there. Smt. M.B.Ajitha Kumari, through Board’s stall. generate awareness among Assistant Director (Mktg.) and Mexicans about Indian spices and EXHIBITIONS: GUWAHATI CALICUT NORTH EAST REGIONAL KRISHI JALAKAM AGRICULTURE FAIR 2012

Farmers from Vijayawada in Andhra Preadesh visiting Shri. B.D. Sarma, Senior Field Officer and the Board’s stall organized in connection with the Shri.B.J.Brahma, Deputy Director (Dev), Spices Board Krishi Jalakam exhibition held at Indian Institute of are seen interacting with the visitors at the Board’s stall Spices Research, Calicut held from 16th to 17th February during North East Regional Agriculture Fair 2012 held 2012. from 10 to 12 February 2012 at Guwahati. SHRI.V.J. XAVIER HONOURED Shri.V.J Xavier, an employee of Spices December 2011. Board, Cochin weight has been honoured in Shri.Xavier also various power lifting competitions held both participated in the Master in State and National level Power lifting National Powerlifting Federations. He got third place in the 66 kg championship held at weight class at the Kerala State Masters Chandrapur during Powerlifting Championship held at Police January 2012 and ranked Auditorium, Kannur on December 2011. He fourth. The latest weight secured First place in Hard Core organized lifted was 342.5 kilo by Ernakulam District Powerlifting grams. (Body weight 59 Championship held at Ernakulam Gym on kg) SPICE INDIA

28 APRIL 2012 CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS FOR IMPORTANT SPICES - MAY 2012

Timely planning and execution of farm operations based on agro climatic conditions of the area is important for successful farming for higher productivity and sustainability. To facilitate this a calendar of operations in respect of important spice crops for May is given below:

Name of the crop/ Details of operations to be carried out Type of operations

SMALL CARDAMOM NURSERY I Agronomic measures  Regular watering may be given to bed/polybag/ sucker nursery based on necessity.  To control damping off/seedling rot diseases in nursery, soil drenching with 0.2 per cent copper oxychloride or 0.2 per cent mancozeb may be taken up.  As bio-control measure, Trichoderma or Pseudomonas or Bacillus species may be applied in the soil.  For controlling leaf rot disease, spray 0.3 per cent mancozeb and for controlling leaf spots, spray 0.25 per cent difoltalan or 0.2 per cent bavistin after noticing early symptoms. MAIN FIELD  In densely shaded areas, regulate the shade selectively to provide more sunlight during monsoon period. It may be about 60 per cent of filtered sunlight for better performance.  Likewise in open patches planting of shade tree saplings like Cedrella toona (Chandana viambu), Vernonia oxbergia (Karuna), Jack can be done to reduce the problems of root grub proliferation and better performance of cardamom.  During the end of May or early June, after the receipt of sufficient summer showers, planting of seedlings/clones can be started in the main field. Planting in a cloudy day with intermittent drizzling is very ideal for cardamom for its better establishment.  After planting, stake the plants with stick and mulch the plant base with dried leaves or weeded materials.  Always ensure that no water logging is there at the base of the plants, by providing better drainage.  Just prior to monsoon showers, trashing operation may be completed and make all the panicles be above the mulch materials. SPICE INDIA SPICE  Application of first round manure for irrigated areas can be done, after getting one or two good showers at the end of May or early June. This may be done with 90 kg. urea, 207 kg. rock phosphate and 137 kg. muriate of potash/ha.(1/3rd dose of 125:125:250 NPK per hectare per year.  For rainfed areas, apply @ 81 kg. urea, 187 kg. mussoriphos and 125 kg. muriate of potash as first round(1/2 of 75:75:150 kg NPK hectare per year.

APRIL 2012 29  The above two recommendations are made only if no soil test recommendations are available. If available, apply based on soil test results only.  The said inorganic fertilizers may be applied along with any one of the organic manures like FYM or compost 5 kg or neem cake one to two kg per plant in 20 cm wide circular band about 30-40 cm away from the plant base.  In the case of young plants, 1/3rd and 2/3rd of the recommended dose of the fertilizer may be applied for 1st and 2nd year respectively. II. Pest management  For Integrated Pest Management prune dry leaves without removing green leaf sheath.  Apply quinalphos @ 200 ml per 100 liters of water (spray may coincide shoot borer moth emergence). III. Disease management MAIN FIELD  Provide adequate drainage if water stagnation is noticed.  Integrated Disease Management against azhukal and rhizome rot in severely affected areas, phytosanitary measures and application of fungicides/bio-control agents may be taken up.  COC (0.2 per cent), drenching + one per cent bordeaux mixture spray. 15 days later apply trichoderma alone or with pseudomonas fluorescens at plant base. Repeat bio agent application and foliar spray with Akomin 0.4 per cent.  If bio-control measure is followed, basal application of Trichoderma harzianum alone or with pseudomonas fluorescens is recommended.  Katte infected plants if found must be rouged and destroyed. LARGE CARDAMOM Nursery I Agronomic measures  Disease/pest infected suckers may be removed  Each and every large cardamom farmer is necessary to raise his own large cardamom nursery for planting in his field at least 500 meters away from large cardamom field.  Regular watering and weeding may be continued in the existing sucker nursery.  Nursery site meant for sucker multiplication may be cleaned by removing all the weeds; debris and soil may be brought to fine tilth.  Trenches of 45 cm width and 30 cm depth may be opened at convenient length with an interspace of 30 cm well decomposed cattle manure or compost may be mixed with the soil and the trenches are filled. Disease free, high yielding, one grown up shoot with an emerging bud may be planted at 45 cms apart in the trenches during May-June, and then the base may be mulched with forest leaves. To support the suckers, bamboo/wooden stakes may be provided. Plantations  One round weeding may be attended for easy movement of wild bees for better pollination and fruit setting.  The large cardamom fields may be visited regularly and chirkey/foorkey etc. diseased plants may be uprooted and destroyed by burning/burial in the soil. SPICE INDIA

30 APRIL 2012  For replanting/gap filling, the site may be cleared by removing all old & diseased plants and by clearing all weeds and debris.  Pits of 30 x 30 x 30 cms may be opened at a spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 meter on the receipt of rains and then the pits are to be filled with top soil/ compost/cow dung etc.  The planting materials may be selected from high yielding sucker nurseries, free from pest & diseases for replanting/gap filling.  Suitable shade tree saplings may be selected and used for planting in the areas where the shade is less and to protect from hail storm damage.  Application of cattle manures/organic manures/fertilizers to cardamom fields will help in getting sustained production, improving productivity and better quality of the crop.  Application of one per cent bordeaux mixture to the cardamom plants will help to control the fungal diseases before the one set of rains. PEPPER Nursery I Agronomic measures  Watering may be continued in the nursery based on necessity.  Shade may be reduced in the nursery on receipt of one or two good summer showers. Main field:  Shade regulation may be done to reduce the shade intensity just at the onset of monsoon showers.  On receipt of good showers, the shade protection given to young vines may also be removed.  Planting of standards for new planting may also be done now.  Apply farm yard manure or compost @ 10 kg per vine.  In areas where liming is not done last season, lime @ 600 grams per vine may also be applied around the plant basin separately.  For controlling phytophthora foot rot, phytosanitary measures, biological control measures and chemical control measures may be taken up.  Application of trichoderma harzianum and pseudomonas fluroscens would help in reducing intensity of the disease.  Addition of organic mulches and oil cakes in the basins improves the texture of the soil and enhances the growth of antagonistic micro organisms.  If chemical control is resorted to, any one of the following can be adopted:1) After the receipt of few monsoon showers all the vines are to be drenched with COC 0.2 per cent @ 5 to 10 liters per vine. Foliar spray with one per cent bordeaux mixture.2) Drenching with Potassium Phosphonate 0.3 per cent@ 5 to 10 liters per vine. Foliar spray with 0.03 per cent potassium phosphonate.3) Drenching with

metalaxyl mancozeb 0.125 per cent @ 5 to 10 liters per vine and foliar INDIA SPICE spray with same concentration.  In case bio-control agents are applied only aerial sprays with chemicals is to be resorted and soil drenching should be avoided. VANILLA Main field:  Continue irrigation based on necessity, if monsoon rain delays.  Apply vermicompost @ one kg per vine or farm yard manure or compost @ two kg per vine in the base of the vine and then cover with mulch materials like weed wastes or shade tree loppings and other plant residues.

APRIL 2012 31  If still flowering observed, continue pollination between 6.00 am to 12 noon with skilled labours.  Prophylactic spray with one per cent Bordeaux mixture may be given or two per cent spray with Pseudomonas sp. (in Talc base) (two kg in 100 liters of water) or one per cent spray with Pseudononas sp. (in liquid culture) available at ICRI, Myladumpara, may be given. GINGER  Weeding may be done based on necessity.  After 40 days from the date of basal dressing top dressing with 80 kg of urea has to be done per hectare .  Earth up the beds after top dressing of fertilizer.  Repeat the mulching of beds with green leaves/weeded materials @ tonnes per hectare. TURMERIC  Weeding may be done based on necessity.  After 40 days from the date of basal dressing, top dressing with 65 kg of urea has to be done per hectare.  Earth up the beds after top dressing of fertilizer.  Repeat the mulching of beds with green leaves/weeded materials @ five tonnes per hectare. CHILLI  On completion of harvesting green manuring can be practiced by sowing pulse crops (pillipesara, cowpea or sunhemp) in the land proposed for next season cultivation.  Wherever chilli is intercropped with cotton, dried chilli and cotton plants (after harvest are to be uprooted and cut into small pieces and incorporated into the soil for enhancing the fertility and water holding capacity of the soil).  If needed soil testing can be taken up during the month.

KALIMPONG: KISAN MELA

Shri Narayan Samata, Additional Director of Agriculture, NorthBengal, Government of West Bengal keenly seeing the spices displayed in theSpices Board stall in the Kisan Mela exhibition organized by CPCRI- Regional Station at Mohit Nagar in Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal.Also seen are : Shri B M Jayaram, Deputy Director [Dev], Spices Board and Dr U Gupta,

SPICE INDIA A view of visitors in the Board’s stall and interaction Deputy Director [Res], ICRI, Sikkim. with pepper growers 32 APRIL 2012 MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES OF SPICES FOR MARCH 2012 SPICE CENTRE GRADE PRICE `/KG Black Pepper Kochi Ungarbled 384.23 Garbled 399.23 Cardamom small Vandanmettu/ Bodinayakanur bulk e-auction 828.51 Cardamom (L) Siliguri Badadana 748.50 Siliguri Chotadana 664.00 Chillies Virudhunagar - Guntur 52.10 Ginger(Dry) Kochi Best (New) 77.00 Kochi Medium (Old) 87.50 Turmeric Kochi Nadan 57.30 Kochi Salem 50.80 Agmark 51.30 Chennai Erode 47.80 Coriander Chennai Rajasthan Green 54.50 Chennai Deluxe 45.30 Cumin Chennai Ordinary 139.10 Fennel Chennai - 86.00 Fenugreek Chennai - 33.90 Mustard Chennai Small 46.70 Garlic Chennai Medium 15.20 Clove Cochin - 921.48 Nutmeg(with shell) Cochin - 416.30 Nutmeg(without shell) Cochin - 757.59 Mace Cochin - 1311.11

Prices are collected from secondary sources like Agricultural Produce Market committees, Kirana Merchants Association, India Pepper and Spice Trade Association,'Spices Review' from chhaganlal kalidas mehta, Licensed Cardamom Auctioneers etc.

ALL INDIA CARDAMOM AUCTION SALES AND PRICES FOR MARCH 2012 COMPARED WITH MARCH 2011

PERIOD MARCH 2012 MARCH 2011

Quantity sold Average price Quantity sold Average price ` ` (Kg) ( /Kg) (Kg) ( /Kg) INDIA SPICE First week 466531 760.59 144575 970.47 Second week 372466 738.27 217368 1048.94 Third week 526124 888.73 242167 992.06 Fourth week 433404 884.04 219960 980.68 Fifth week 120266 907.98 105730 910.01 Total 1918791 828.51 929800 989.98 Source: Auction reports received from licensed cardamom Auctioneers APRIL 2012 33 AVERAGE INTERNATIONAL SPOT PRICES FOR MARCH 2012

SPICE MARKET GRADE (USD/KG) (`/KG)

Black Pepper U.S.A MG-1 7.81 393.00

White Pepper U.S.A Muntok 10.69 537.92

Cardamom(Small) Saudi Arabia India Asta Extra Bold 22.06 1110.00

Chillies U.S.A India S4 3.20 161.02

Chinese Small 3.86 194.24

Ginger(Dry) U.S.A Indian 3.86 194.24

Turmeric U.S.A AFT 5..25 Curcumin 5.20 261.66

Coriander U.S.A Canadian 1.39 69.94

Cumin U.S.A Syrian/Indian 3.77 189.71

Fennel Egyptian fancy 2.82 141.90

Fennugreek U.S.A Ind/Turkey 1.10 55.35

Clove U.S.A Mad/Zan/Com 17.99 905.26

Exchange Rate 1 US $ = ` 50.32

SOURCE:M/s.A.A. SAYIA & CO.INC HOBOKEN

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34 APRIL 2012 STEAM STERILIZER For Spices, Herbs Whole OR Powder

LIST OF J.B. FOOD PROCESSING MACHINERY

 BATCH STEAM STERILIZER  CONTINUOUS STEAM STERILIZER  ETO STERILIZER  MBR VACUUM FUMIGATION MACHINE  RETORT STEAM STERILIZER (Ready to Eat Vegetable/Non Vegetable Pouch)  MASS RIBBEN PADDLE BLENDER (MIXER)  CONE MIXER  CONTINUOUS CONVEYOR DRYER  VACUUM COOKING KETTLE

J.B. BROTHERS 432-B, Opp. Sharda Estate, Anil Road, Ahmedabad - 380025 Ph. No. (079) 22200977, Fax No. (079) 22200593 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.kbsons.in SPICE INDIA English Monthly, April 2012 REGISTERED No. KL/EKM/105/2012-2014 Price per copy Rs. 5/- RNI No. 44664/88 Date of publication : 19th of every month