Analysis of Culture-Specific Items in the English Translation of Nazim Hikmet’S Memleketimden Insan Manzaralari

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Analysis of Culture-Specific Items in the English Translation of Nazim Hikmet’S Memleketimden Insan Manzaralari Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of Translation and Interpreting ANALYSIS OF CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF NAZIM HİKMET’S MEMLEKETİMDEN İNSAN MANZARALARI Nazan İşi Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2017 ANALYSIS OF CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF NAZIM HİKMET’S MEMLEKETİMDEN İNSAN MANZARALARI Nazan İşi Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of Translation and Interpreting Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2017 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge and extend my deepest thanks and gratitude to the following persons who, in one way or another, have made it possible for me to start and accomplish this piece of work. I would first like to thank my thesis advisor Prof. Dr. Ayfer Altay who has steered me in the right direction and provided constructive advice and great encouragement throughout the entire period of my study. The door to her office was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my research. I must also thank her for the patient proofreading of the numerous drafts of this thesis. I would not have succeeded without her help. I am also deeply grateful to Assist. Prof. Dr. Elena Antonova Ünlü who has provided me with enormous support and continuous encouragement throughout the process of writing this thesis. I am also indebted to Assist. Prof. Dr. Hilal Erkazancı Durmuş who has been kind, supportive and caring toward me during the course of my 3-year M.A. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the members of the thesis committee Assist. Prof. Dr. Zeynep Doyuran and Assist. Prof. Dr. Özlem Şahin Soy for their insightful comments and contributions. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Asalet Erten for her sincerity, helpfulness and understanding. Last but not least, this thesis would not have been accomplished without the love and support my beloved family who always has complete faith in me. Finally, my special thanks go to my lifetime friends. vi ÖZET İşi, Nazan. Nazım Hikmet’in Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları Başlıklı Eserinin İngilizce Çevirisindeki Kültüre Özgü Öğelerin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2017. Edebi eserler bir toplumun toplumsal ve kültürel yönlerini yansıtırlar. Kültüre özgü öğeler, farklı kültürlerin üyelerinin bilmediği kültürel bilgilerle dolu olabilen eserlerdeki kültürel ortamı ifade etmede önemli rol oynarlar. Bu nedenle edebi çeviri belirli bir kültürün tamamını veya bir kısmını farklı kültürlerden okurlara tanıttığı için bir kültürlerarası iletişim aracıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Nazım Hikmet’in Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları adlı eserindeki kültüre özgü öğelerin İngilizce çevirisinde Lawrence Venuti’nin (1995) çeviri yaklaşımına göre yerlileştirme ve yabancılaştırma yöntemlerinin uygulanma şeklini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla çalışmada Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları (Hikmet, 2013) adlı eser ve Randy Blasing ile Mutlu Konuk tarafından çevrilmiş olan Human Landscapes from My Country (Hikmet, 2002) başlıklı İngilizce çevirisi karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmektedir. Çalışmada önce çevirmenlerin kültüre özgü öğelerin çevirisinde kullandığı mikrostratejiler Eirlys E. Davies’s (2010) çeviri stratejileri taksonomisine göre belirlenmektedir. Daha sonra bu mikrostratejilerin kullanımıyla Venuti tarafından önerilen makrostratejilerden hangisinin (yerlileştirme ve yabancılaştırma) ağırlıklı olarak kullanıldığı ortaya konulmaktır. Son olarak çevirmenlerin bu kararlarının ve seçimlerinin altında yatan olası sebepler ve etkenler tartışılmaktadır. Çalışmada yabancılaştırılmış öğelerin toplam sayısının (262) yerlileştirilmiş öğelerin toplam sayısını (52) büyük bir farkla geçtiği ve dolayısıyla yabancılaştırma stratejisinin kültürel öğelerin İngilizceye aktarımda daha çok kullanıldığı bulunmuştur. Çevirmenler erek metnin okurlarının metindeki çıkarımları anlaması amacıyla kaynak metindeki öğelerin çağrışımlarını yansıtmak için çok sayıda kültüre özgü öğeyi yerlileştirmiş ancak kültüre özgü öğeleri kaynak metinden neredeyse hiç değişiklik yapmadan aktararak yabancılaştırma stratejini daha çok kullanmışlardır. Dolayısıyla Türk kültürünün farklılığı Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları adlı eserin İngilizce çevirisinde yeniden yaratılmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler Kültür, edebi çeviri, kültüre özgü öğeler, çeviri stratejileri, Nazım Hikmet. vii ABSTRACT İşi, Nazan. Analysis of Culture-Specific Items in the English Translation of Nazım Hikmet’s Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları. Master’s Thesis, Ankara, 2017. Literary pieces reflect the social and cultural aspects of a society and culture-specific items (CSIs) play a key role in reflecting the cultural setting in these texts which may be sometimes heavily loaded with culture-bound knowledge unknown to members of other cultures. Therefore, literary translation is a way of cross-cultural communication as it introduces all or part of a particular culture to readers from different cultures. The aim of this study is to explore the use of foreignization and domestication strategies in the transfer of CSIs in the English translation of Nazım Hikmet’s Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları based on Lawrence Venuti’s (1995) translation approach. To this end, the study comparatively analyzes Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları (Hikmet, 2013) and its English translation entitled Human Landscapes from My Country (Hikmet, 2002) translated by Randy Blasing and Mutlu Konuk. The study firstly identifies the microstrategies used by the translators in the transfer of CSIs into English based on the taxonomy of translation procedures proposed by Eirlys E. Davies (2003). It later reveals which macrostrategy proposed by Venuti (1995) (i.e. foreignization and domestication) has been predominantly employed by means of the relevant microstrategies. It finally discusses possible reasons and motives underlying the choices and decisions of the translators. As a result, the study finds out that the total number of foreignized items (262) outnumbers that of domesticated items (52) with a great difference and thus foreignizing translation strategy has been predominantly used in the transfer of CSIs into English. Although the translators have domesticated a considerable number of CSIs in the target text in order to reflect the associative meanings of the source-text items for the target readers to comprehend the relevant implications of the source text, they have predominantly adopted foreignizing translation by keeping CSIs almost unchanged in the TT. Thus, the otherness of the Turkish culture has been recreated in the English translation of Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları. Key Words Culture, literary translation, culture-specific items, translation strategies, Nazım Hikmet. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL ............................................................................... i BİLDİRİM ....................................................................................................................... ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI................................. iii ETİK BEYAN ................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. v ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 I. GENERAL REMARKS ..................................................................................... 1 II. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................ 4 III. RESEARCH QUESTIONS .............................................................................. 4 IV. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 5 V. LIMITATIONS .................................................................................................. 6 VI. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY .............................................................. 7 CHAPTER 1: CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS AND TRANSLATION .................... 8 1.1. CULTURE, LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION ......................................... 8 1.2. CULTURAL TURN OF TRANSLATION STUDIES AND LITERARY TRANSLATION ............................................................................................. 14 1.3. DEFINITION OF CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS ..................................... 18 1.4. TRANSLATION OF CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS ................................. 20 ix 1.4.1. Macrostrategies: Domestication and Foreignization ............................... 21 1.4.2. Microstrategies ........................................................................................ 24 1.4.2.1. Preservation ................................................................................. 26 1.4.2.2. Addition ......................................................................................
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