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  • The Continental Archipelago of Norilsk
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  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1. Oleg V. Khlevniuk, The History of the Gulag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 2. 2. The secret police (then OGPU) began controlling a large percentage of the prison system in 1928–1930; in 1931 they began to oversee “special settlers.” Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (New York: Anchor Books, 2003), 50. 3. The system was evolving as early as the 1923 establishment of the proto-Gulag camps on the Solevetskii Islands, and arguably earlier. 4. Other categories of exiles existed, but, unlike the special settlers, they were neither subject to forced labor nor under the surveillance of the secret police. J. Otto Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1997), 55. 5. Exact figures will probably never be known. According to NKVD documents, nearly 1.4 million of those arrested were convicted, and more than half of them executed. See J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–39 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 588–89; Khlevniuk, History of the Gulag, 289–90. 6. Applebaum, Gulag, xxxiv. 7. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, 5. 8. Orlando Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia (New York: Metro- politan Books, 2007), xxxi. 9. Applebaum, Gulag, 510. 10. For compelling visual images and narrative accounts of daily life in the Gulag, see gulaghistory.org. 11. Steven A. Barnes, Death and Redemption: The Gulag and the Shaping of Soviet Society (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, forthcoming).
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  • Building Norilsk
    Hoover Press : Gregory/Gulag DP0 HGRESG0700 rev1 page 127 Building 7 Norilsk Simon Ertz NORILSK IS TODAY a city of some two hundred thousand residents located in the Krasnoiarsk Territory of Northern Siberia on the Taimyr Peninsula. It is the northernmost major city of Russia and the world’s second largest city, after Mur- mansk, above the Arctic Circle. It is linked by rail to the Kara Sea, and its mineral products can be shipped by the Northern Sea route. In winter the temperature drops to minus 45 degrees Fahrenheit, and Norilsk is without sun for months at a time. The Norilsk region contains more than a third of the world’s nickel reserves, and 40 percent of the world’s reserves of platinum as well as significant amounts of cobalt and copper.1 Between 1935 and 1953, Norilsk housed one-third of a million prisoners of the Soviet Gulag, who constructed its facilities and then mined and processed its minerals. This chapter describes the building of this remote and gigantic industrial complex by Gulag prisoners. The Gulag economy can be studied through its history, its 1. http://econ.1a.psu.edu/ϳbickes/norilsk.htm. Hoover Press : Gregory/Gulag DP0 HGRESG0700 rev1 page 128 128 Simon Ertz administrative structure, or its economic functions.2 Yet if we focus on the working arrangements of the Gulag, we may learn more about them by studying the parts of the Gulag than by studying the whole. This chapter provides a case study of a Gulag camp and its associated industrial complexes, located in Norilsk and its environs.
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