Norilsk Nickel: the Soviet Legacy of Industrial Pollution Published by the Bellona Foundation

Bellona report 2010

Environmental Challenges in the Arctic

Norilsk Nickel: The Soviet Legacy of Industrial Pollution Published by the Bellona Foundation

Bellona Oslo Post: Boks 2141 Grünerløkka N-0505 Oslo Norway [email protected]

Bellona St. Petersburg pr. Suvorovsky, 59 191015 St. Petersburg Russia [email protected]

Bellona Murmansk P. O. Box 4310 183038 Murmansk Russia [email protected]

Bellona Europa Rue du Trône 61 1050 Brussels Belgium [email protected]

Bellona USA P.O. Box 42090 Washington D.C. 20015 USA

Translation from Russian to English Simon Patterson Copy editor Michelle Lanning Photo Thomas Nilsen Layout Alexandra Solokhina

Authors and contributors: Larisa Bronder Igor Kudrik Alexander Nikitin Kristin V. Jorgensen Vladislav Nikiforov

ISBN 978-82-993138-3-4 Environmental Challenges in the Arctic

Norilsk Nickel: The Soviet Legacy of Industrial Pollution

Contents

Introduction ...... 6 1. The structure of Norilsk Nickel MMC ...... 9 2. Technological cycle of copper and nickel production ...... 10 3. Human impact of copper and nickel production ...... 12 3.1. Pollution of the atmosphere ...... 13 3.2. Pollution of stream water ...... 14 3.3. Pollution of groundwater ...... 15 3.4. Human impact on the land ecosystem ...... 16 4. Polar division of Norilsk Nickel MMC ...... 17 4.1. Raw materials base of the Polar Division ...... 18 4.2. Technological cycle of the Polar Division ...... 19 4.3. Technogenic impact of the Polar Division of Norilsk Nickel MMC ...... 19 4.3.1. Pollution of the atmosphere ...... 19 4.3.2. Pollution of stream water ...... 20 4.3.3. Pollution of groundwater by Polar Division ...... 25 4.3.4. Impact on ecosystem ...... 26 5. Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company (KMMC) ...... 28 5.1. Raw materials base of KMMC...... 28 5.2. Technological cycle of KMMC ...... 29 5.3. Technogenic impact of the Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company ...... 29 5.3.1. Pollution of the atmosphere...... 30 5.3.2. Pollution of the atmosphere by heavy metals ...... 33 5.3.3. Pollution of stream water ...... 34 5.3.4. Pollution of groundwater ...... 38 5.3.5. Impact of industrial activity of KMMC on the land ecosystem ...... 40 6. Industrial activity of Norilsk Nickel MMC and human health ...... 42 6.1. Respiratory illnesses 6.2. Increase in number of oncological diseases ...... 43 6.3. Weakening of the immune system: increase in number of diseases and chronic pathology ...... 44 6.4. Negative impact on the reproductive system ...... 46 6.5. Increase in children’s disease rate ...... 47 6.6. Emergence and increase of occupational diseases ...... 47 6.7. Reduction in life expectancy ...... 48 7. Norilsk Nickel MMC and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ...... 49 7.1. The ecological responsibility of Norilsk Nickel MMC ...... 49 7.1.1. Reducing emissions of harmful substances, introducing new technologies ...... 50 7.1.2. Measures for rehabilitation of territories and recultivation of vegetation ...... 52 7.1.3. Observance of environmental legislation ...... 52 7.1.4. Ecological management system (EMS), presentation of non-ﬁ nancial report ...... 54 7.1.5. Environmental initiatives of Norilsk Nickel MMC ...... 55 Conclusion ...... 56 References ...... 69

4 Preface

The present report is an update of many years A group of authors from the international en- of work by the international environmental foun- vironmental foundation Bellona worked on the dation Bellona to prevent the negative impacts report. Bellona used materials that were open to the environment and public health caused by sources available for the public (the offi cial report plants from Norilsk Nickel Mining and Metallurgical of the Russian and Norwegian authorities and re- Company (MMC). search institutions and centers, the Norilsk Nikel Since the end of the 1980s, the environmental MMC website, Russian and Norwegian Newspa- foundation Bellona has actively worked to search for pers, magazines, internet, etc.). a solution to problems relating to the degradation The authors of the report express their grati- of Arctic ecosystems and transboundary pollution, tude to everyone who took part in this work, and with the intent of drawing the attention of the public who provided materials for studies. and authorities in hopes for a successful solution. Bellona plans that this report will be the fi rst The environmental problems that arose in the early step in a major program directed towards prevent- 2000s were linked to international agreements on ing the pollution of the Arctic region with industrial fi nancing mechanisms with the goal of modernizing emissions and waste. the Norilsk Nickel enterprise on the Kola Peninsula. Bellona hopes to use its experience to draw the Unfortunately, these hopes were not justifi ed. attention of the international community, primar- Today, the environmental situation in regions ily Arctic nations, to environmental problems con- affected by Norilsk Nickel plants is as bad as it was nected with the activity of Norilsk Nickel MMC. at the end of last century. For this reason, Bellona A large number of studies required for prepar- believes it necessary to renew efforts to draw the ing this report were carried out with the fi nancial attention from society and the authorities, to solve support the Norwegian Ministry of the Environ- issues caused by industrial pollution from Norilsk ment. At the same time, it must be stressed that Nickel MMC. the contents and conclusions made in this report The mining and metallurgical plants that are are independent of the ministry’s position, and do currently part of Norilsk Nickel MMC have been not refl ect its views. emitting millions of tons of toxic substances into Information about Bellona’s work and blogs on the atmosphere for almost 75 years, thus impos- topics of interest can be found at the site of the ing unacceptable damage to the environment, and organization, at the address www.bellona.org. most importantly to the health of people who live The industrial pollution caused by Norilsk Nick- in these regions. el MMC is not a well known issue with the people In order to understand the necessary course of of Russia. To avoid any public interest or concern, action to reduce emissions of toxic pollution from the company willingly forgoes disclosure of impor- Norilsk Nickel plants, it is necessary to know the tant safety information regarding toxic substanc- processes of production, what is disrupting the es, understating the environmental threat caused environment and what the plausible goals and by the emissions from its plants. Due to a lack plans of Norilsk Nickel are for introducing help- of coverage in the media and publicly disclosed ful environmental programs and technologies to documents, the public is discouraged to make counteract their negative effects. Reporting this any informed decisions, allowing the company to information is a complex task, as reliable informa- continue generating wealth at the cost of people’s tion about the activity of plants of Norilsk Nickel health and the environment. MMC concerning harmful emissions and waste, is To make this issue more transparent to the classifi ed. Offi cial information is not easily attain- Russian public, better coverage is needed. For able and usually cannot be trusted. Unfortunately, this reason, Bellona has initiated efforts to inform in cities where Norilsk Nickel plants are located, the public and stop the pollution by compiling this the environmental and human rights movement report: “Environmental challenges in the Arctic. is weak. People depend completely on employees Norilsk Nickel: The Soviet Legacy of the Industrial from Norilsk Nickel whom are afraid of speaking Pollution”. This is the English translation of the openly or providing information. Russian report.

5 Introduction

The purpose of writing this report is to of international documents. One of the most study the anthropogenic impact Norilsk infl uential regulations stems from the Con- Nickel MMC plants have on the environ- vention on Environmental Impact Assess- ment and public health. The report’s goal is ment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo, to provide objective information about the 1991) and the Convention on Long-Range present state of the environment in regions Transboundary Air Pollution (1979). The affected by the industrial activity of Norilsk Russian Federation has signed the Espoo Nickel MMC plants. The aim is to involve the Convention, but unfortunately has not rati- public, the administration and representa- fi ed it. tives from the industry in a discussion to In accordance with the Convention (1979) reach new achievements of improved envi- the present conditions require a review of ronmental standards. The ultimate goal is to the Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidifi - reduce the negative anthropogenic impact cation, Eutrophication and Ground-Level of Norilsk Nickel MMC plants felt in the envi- Ozone (1999) and the inclusion of a large ronment and public health. number of pollutants on the list. The activities of both Norilsk Nickel MMC In 2011, it is expected that Russia will join in production facilities, located on the Kola this Protocol which will be instrumental in Peninsula (Kola mining and metallurgic solving the transboundary pollution issue. company) and Taymyr (the Arctic branch of Problems connected with the increase Norilsk Nickel), have an enormous anthropo- of negative effects of Norilsk Nickel MMC genic impact on the environment. This leads plants on the environment and people’s to a disruption in the balance of ecosystems health primarily depend on environmental within the Arctic region. Norilsk Nickel MMC, policy and economy of the Russian state. which emits up to ¼ of all Russian emis- The present economic state of the Russian sions of sulfur dioxide, is one of the largest Federation and the lack of infl uential envi- polluters in the country. ronmental policies are currently at fault for Norilsk Nickel MMC’s pollution is also re- the environmental and public health prob- sponsible for the transboundary pollution lems caused by Norilsk Nickel MMC plants. problems. This is because the economy has not allowed The border territories of Norway and Fin- the company to invest in new technologies land have been regularly subjected to the and there has been no steady enforcement technogenic impact of the industrial activity of environmental regulations due to a lack of the Pechenganickel plant (located on the of national environmental policies. The in- Kola Peninsula near the Russian-Norwegian- adequate presence of environmental policy Finnish border). Previous attempts from Scan- is precisely characterized by Russian Presi- dinavian authorities to secure a reduction of dent Dmitry Medvedev at the Presidium of emissions produced by the Pechenganickel the State Council on ecology, May 27, 2010. plant have not been met with an appropriate Describing Russian achievements in envi- response from either Russian authorities or ronmental policy, he said: “If one compares the management of the plant. One method us with other countries, here things are on on part of the Scandinavian authorities was ice at the moment, so to speak”. to suggest introducing new technologies and At this meeting, important decisions were equipment to achieve signifi cant reductions. made that would directly affect the activity The issue of solving transboundary pollution of Norilsk Nickel. It was decided that com- is a diffi cult topic in Norwegian-Russian ne- panies would abandon temporary norms gociations. (limits) of emissions and waste for existing Issues of transboundary pollution within enterprises, and also begin a transition to international law are regulated by a series a new system of norms based on the best

6 available technology. Now the question is norms for emissions and waste, enables how these decisions will be implemented. corruption to fl ourish and offi cials to abuse Norilsk Nickel MMC is an important tax- their power. payer to the state budget. The company’s Recently, Norisk Nickel has been at the capitalization comes to $32.2 billion. The center of scandals linked with the non-regu- company’s turnover for 2009 was $10.2 bil- lated relations with the main shareholders. lion, and pure profi t was $2.7 billion. The Furthermore, recent accusations have company accounts for 1.9% of the Russian been increasingly made against Norilsk Federation’s entire GDP and 4.3% of all Rus- Nickel that the company does not have a sian exports. The present government is long-term strategy of ecological moderniza- interested in immediate growth in GDP at tion of plants.2 At the end of 2008, an open any price. This includes the price of the well- letter was published from the main share- being of the present and future generations holders to the general director of Norilsk of Russian citizens. The entire economy of Nickel MMC, expressing serious concern Russia today is primarily built on the merci- about the environmental situation connect- less use of natural resources. Therefore, an ed with the industrial activity of enterprises ecological modernization of enterprises such that are a part of Norilsk Nickel. The let- as Norilsk Nickel and throughout the country ter noted that the state of the environment as a whole could solve the many health and in Norilsk was on the verge of catastrophe, environmental issues for people of Russia. and a proposal was made to improve the However, it has been made apparent that situation by implementing a large-scale this is of little interest to the government. ecological program of modernization of en- The escalation of problems linked to the terprises. In response to this letter, Norilsk activity of Norilsk Nickel is also assisted by Nickel replied that it already had an eco- the environmental conformism of the popu- logical program that had been developed lation and corruption in society. and approved, and was working on its im- Poverty and socio-economic problems plementation. However, this program is not have presided importance in Russia, thus re- available to the public. On Norilsk Nickel’s ducing the urgency of attending to environ- offi cial site, the section ”Ecological policy” mental problems. According to sociological (2004) does not contain information about studies, only 13% of the population of Russia a specifi c program. There are only vague calls environmental problem the most signifi - phrases such as: ”... priority areas of real- cant issue of the moderen society the most izing the ecological policy of the company signifi cant problem of modern society. In a Norilsk Nickel are: list of the 25 most important problems of the • step-by-step reduction of pollutant modern age, Russian public opinion put envi- emissions into the atmosphere, above ronmental concern in 18th place.1 The lack of all sulfur dioxide and solid matter reputable, readily accessible information re- (heavy metals); garding the state of the environment lead to • gradual reduction of polluted waste an inadvertent ecologically ignorant popula- water being discharged into bodies of tion contributing passive and poorly informed water; judgments on urgent issues. • Improving places of waste storage in The existing inadequate environmental order to reduce the technogenic burden legislation, based on a system of temporary on the environment.3

1 http://www.earthcharter.ru/upload/File/Eco_prob_2008.pdf. 2 http://www.zerich.ru/comments/gmknornikel/109722. 3 http://www.nornik.ru/development/environmental_policy.

7 And also, “for the purposes of realizing reputable ﬁ gures about waste and emissions obligations of the present ecological policy, reductions etc. are given. Norilsk Nickel MMC follows the principles The analysis and materials of the stud- and requirements of international standard ies given in our report do not conﬁ rm that ISO 14001:2004”. Norilsk Nickel is currently implementing an In the company’s CSR report 2009 “Pro- ecological program at its plants. Perhaps tection of the environment” fails to make subsequent studies will focus on present- any mention about the progression or imple- ing to society an actual strategy that will be mentation on the company’s own developed used as an example for successful ecological and approved ecological program. Only dis- modernization of company’s productions.

8 1. The structure of Norilsk Nickel MMC

Norilsk Nickel is responsible for the search, by the company is around 96% of all nickel prospecting, production, reﬁ nement and produced in the country, 55% of copper and processing of minerals, and the production, 95% of cobalt.2 marketing and realization of non-ferrous and Russian mining and metallurgical divisions precious metals. The group has an extensive of Norilsk Nickel are organized according to a production network of branches and afﬁ liated vertically integrated principle, and include the enterprises both in Russia and abroad. Polar Division (PD) and the Kola mining and Norilsk Nickel MMC is the largest producer metallurgical company (KMMC). of nickel and palladium in the world. Norilsk Nickel accounts for over 20% of world production of nickel and 50% of palladium. Fur- thermore, the company produces platinum, Table 1. Share of Norilsk Nickel MMC in world and Russian copper, cobalt, rhodium, silver, tellurium, production selenium, iridium and ruthenium. The share Norilsk Nickel MMC of Norilsk Nickel in world production of these Nickel 20% metals is shown in table 1. Norilsk Nickel MMC is among the leading Palladium 50% industrial companies of Russia. The company Share of Norilsk Nickel in world production Platinum 20% accounts for 1.9% of the GDP of the Russian Cobalt 10% Federation, and 4.3% of all Russian exports. Copper 3% The total share of Norilsk Nickel in the volume Nickel 96% of Russian industrial production is 2.8%, and Share of Norilsk Nickel in Russian production Cobalt 95% 1 27.9% of non-ferrous metallurgy (2003) . In Copper 55% the production of non-ferrous metals, Noril- Share of Norilsk Nickel in Russian GDP 1.9% sk Nickel MMC also plays a leading role on Share in Russian export 4.3% the Russian market. The share of production

1 http://www.metalltorg.ru/analytics/color/?id=132. 2 http://www.metalltorg.ru/analytics/color/?id=132.

9 2. Technological cycle of copper and nickel production

Сhart 1. Pyrometallurgical method of copper production Norilsk Nickel plants use raw materials characterized by a low content of commercial components (metals). Due to this, an obliga- ORE ENRICHMENT tory stage of the technological process is By fl otation method refi nement of ore and production of concen- Goal: increase of copper content Result: copper content in concentrate increases up to 11- 35%. trates, where the content of metals reaches Percentage of sulfur (S) comes to 45%. several dozen percent. The technological cycle of production of nickel from ores includes several stages of processing of raw materials, with a corre- BURNING OF CONCENTRATE sponding sub-product received from each of Goal: removal of sulfur. The gases that form during burning contain 4-7% sulfurous them (nickel concentrate, high-grade nickel 3 anhydride, which after passing through an electrical fi lter are used matte): to obtain sulfuric acid The composition of Ni-Cu sulphide ores varies. Usially sufi de ores contains sulfi de ores contain from 3 to 5.5% nickel, and the con-

tents of copper (Cu) in rich sulfi de ores (СuFеS2 MELTING OF CONCENTRATE chalcopyrite, Сu2S chalcosine) reaches 3-5%. Result: intermediate product – liquid matte: and slag, which is what The ores mined by the Polar division are part- waste rock and a large amount of iron become. Matte is a liquid alloy consisting 80-90% of copper sulfi des, also ly extremely Cu rich >20%, but the average containing small percentages of zinc, lead and nickel sulfi des, grades are 1.63% Ni, 2.79% Cu.4 The ores and up to 5% slag. mined by KMMC contains < 1% Ni and <0.5% Cu. Accordingly to International Mining (2006) the ore composition of underground mining fa- AIR BLOWING IN CONVERTER cilities on the Kola Peninsular is 0.67% Ni and 5 Result: sulfur burns. Blister copper forms containing 98.5-99.5% 0.31% Cu respectively. Therefore, in order to Cu and 1.5% various mixtures of metals and sulfur. obtain a fi nished product, the ore must fi rst be refi ned. Today, the production process at Norilsk REFINING PROCESS Nickel MMC involves two main technological By electrolytic method cycles: hydro-metallurgic production and py- Goal: purifi cation of blister copper rometallurgic production. Result: increase of copper contents to not less than 99.99%.

3 http://www.geoteka.ru/text.html?page=ecol. 4 Emissions from the copper–nickel industry on the Kola Peninsula and at Noril’sk, Russia Rognvald Boyd a,*, Sarah-Jane Barnes b, Patrice De Caritat c, Victor A. Chekushin d, Victor A. Melezhik a, Clemens Reimann a, Michael L. Zientek e 5 Emissions from the copper–nickel industry on the Kola Peninsula and at Noril’sk, Russia Rognvald Boyd a,*, Sarah-Jane Barnes b, Patrice De Caritat c, Victor A. Chekushin d, Victor A. Melezhik a, Clemens Reimann a, Michael L. Zientek e

10 Hydrometallurgic production is de- Сhart 2. Pyrometallurgical method of copper production signed for processing pyrrhotite concentrate and obtaining sulfi de concentrate and technical sulfur. The hydrometallurgic method is ORE ENRICHMENT used only for processing oxidized ores, pri- Goal: increase of nickel content in concentrate Before melting, ores must be oxidized marily with poor copper content, and for na- Existing technology: burning of copper-nickel pellets tive ores. In the hydrometallurgic method of Introduced technology: briquetting processing, precious metals are usually not extracted from the ore.6 Pyrometallurgical production processes nickel concentrates of enrichment plants, MELTING OF NICKEL sulfi de concentrates of hydrometallurgical in refl ective electrical furnaces production and copper concentrates. 80% of Goal: increase of nickel content Result: 10—15% matte obtained with nickel content of 10—15% world production of copper is carried out by and increased content of cobalt and slag the pyrometallurgical method. The pyrometallurgical method of production of copper involves the following technological cycles.7 MATTE BLOWING Production of non-ferrous metallurgy in in oxygen convectors general, and copper and nickel production in Result: obtaining of matte To obtain cobalt, it is separated from nickel by chemical means from a particular, is distinguished by high fuel con- solution at the matte or matte stage. Almost all the nickel remains in sumption (for 1 ton of production, 50 tons of the solution, and the black sediment of cobalt compounds is extracted standard fuel is used) and energy consump- and incinerated to remove water. tion (3,000 kWt/h for refi ning 1 ton8 of production). Furthermore, production of non-ferrous metals has a very high material consumption. For production of 1 ton of nickel, 200 tons of GRINDING OF HIGH-GRADE MATTE after its cooling ore is used; and for production of 1 ton of Goal: separate nickel and copper concentrate by fl otation 9 copper, around 100 tons of ore is used. method. It should be noted that non-ferrous metal- Result: nickel and copper concentrates with mixture of lurgy is among the industries with the highest nickel and copper sulfi des. Half of the sulfur from the copper amount of industrial waste per unit of produc- concentrate of high-grade matte fl otation is separated in the form of SO with a mixture of copper-containing dust. tion. 2

Сhart 3. Characteristics of copper and nickel production METAL RESTORATION PROCESS Goal: obtaining black nickel by restoring metal in electric High energy consumption (up to 3,000 kWt/h furnaces for reﬁ ning 1 ton of production) High fuel consumption (up to 50 tons of standard fuel per 1 ton of production) ВHigh material consumption (200 tons of ore per REFINING PROCESS 1 ton of nickel; 100 tons of ore per 1 ton of copper) by electrolysis High water consumption (4000 m3 per 1 ton Result: obtaining of pure nickel of nickel; 500 m3 per 1 ton of copper) Large amount of waste per unit of production Human impact on environment

6 Большая энциклопедия нефти и газа (http://www.ngpedia.ru/id469390p1.html). 7 http://www.geoteka.ru/text.html?page=ecol. 8 http://www.geoteka.ru/text.html?page=ecol. 9 Юркова Т. И. Экономика цветной металлургии (http://yurkovs.narod.ru/Ec_otr/ch21.htm).

11 3. Human impact of copper and nickel production

The production process of non-ferrous land ecosystems are polluted by chemical metallurgy is characterized by emissions of substances. harmful and extremely harmful substances, The most negative impact on the environ- which are indicated in chart 4. ment is made by SO2 sulfur dioxide and heavy As a result of these emissions, the atmo- metals. sphere, surface, underground waters, and

Сhart 4. Human impact of copper and nickel production

Sulfur dioxide Phenol SO2, SO3 (C6H5OH), Nitrogen

formaldehyde oxides NOx

(CH2O)

Nickel Carbon Tetracarbons oxides

Ni(СО)4 C02,C03

Aerosols of Copper

chlorides NiCI2 and Heavy and nickel nickel metals: sulfates Ni, Cu production NiSO4

Selenium (Se), Hydrogen Tellurium (Te), sulﬁ de Cobalt (Co), H S 2 Arsenic (As) Vanadium (V), Benzapyrene Manganese (C H ) (Mn) 20 12

12 3.1. Pollution of the atmosphere

Setting norms for emissions and environmental state bodies in the ﬁ eld In Russia, protection of the atmosphere is of environmental conservation. The daily ac- regulated by the Federal Law of the Russian ceptable concentration for sulfur dioxide in Federation “On protection of the atmosphere” the Russian Federation is 0,05 mg/m³.13 (1999), which sets the legal foundations for Main emissions of metallurgical pro- protection of the atmosphere. Furthermore, duction norms of air quality are established in the Copper and nickel production is character- form of maximum allowable concentrations ized by large quantities of emissions of sulfur

(MAC) for a certain period of time. dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere, or as it It should be noted that in different coun- is also called, sulfurous gas, and particles of tries, maximum allowable concentrations of heavy metals. emissions of sulfur dioxide differ. Sulfurous gas is an instable compound that For example, in Finland the content of spreads in the atmosphere. Sulfur in this com- sulfur dioxide in the air should not exceed pound is in a tetravalent form and remains 125 µg/m³ over the course of 24 hours. It is in this state in the atmosphere from several considered that this limit should not be ex- hours to several days. Compounds of tetrava- ceeded more than 3 times over the course lent sulfur are harmful for foliage, especially of a year. This corresponds to the norms for coniferous species. established by directive of the European Compounds of sulfur are among the worst Union 96/62/ЕС10 on air quality, and the pollutants for their negative impact on the en- subsequent Council directive 19999/30/ЕС9 vironment. Around 96% of sulfur enters the on limit values for pollutants in ambient air atmosphere in the form of SO2, while the re- that are safe for human health. Furthermore, maining amount is made up of sulfates, H2S, 14 in EU countries, safe boundaries of contents of CS2, COS and other compounds. sulfur dioxide are determined for ecosystems, Norilsk Nickel MMC accounts for 25% of 15 which should not be more than 20 µg/m³ Russian industrial emissions of SO2 . In 2009, on average for one calendar year and one Norilsk Nickel emitted around 975,000 tons of winter (1 October – 31 March).12 sulfur into the atmosphere. In Norway, which is not a member of the Eu- Besides sulfur dioxide, in the process of ropean Union, the maximum allowable concen- industrial activity by Norilsk Nickel MMC, a trations of pollutants are also determined in ac- whole range of heavy metals enter the atmo- cordance with European directives and national sphere, such as Nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), co- legislation. The national level of average daily balt (Co) and arsenic (As). The main pollution emissions in Norway is established at 90 µg/m³. comes from nickel and copper. In the Russian Federation, the norms of Heavy metals are present in the atmo- maximum allowable concentration of emis- sphere in the form of dusts and aerosols, and sions are developed and approved by bodies also in gas-like form. At the same time, lead, of the sanitary and epidemiological service cadmium, copper and zinc aerosols mainly

10 Сouncil Directive 96/62/EC of 27 September 1996on ambient air quality assessment and management (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/consleg/1996/L/01996L0062-20031120-en.pdf). 11 Council Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air. Директива ЕС 1999/30/ЕС (http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28098_en.htm). 12 Council Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April (http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28098_en.htm). 13 http://www.sgu.ru/faculties/geological/departments/geoecology/Reference/sanpin_air.php. 14 http://www.megaresearch.ru/ﬁ les/demo_ﬁ le/1766.pdf. 15 Норильский проект // Наука в России. 2005. № 4 (http://www.ras.ru/publishing/issues.aspx).

13 consist of submicron particles of 0.5 – 1 mcm, impact on human health.16 As directive EC and nickel and cobalt aerosols consist of large 2004/107 notes, so far a threshold has yet dispersive particles (over 1 mcm). Particles to be established below which the level of larger than two microns constantly settle on contents of heavy metals in the air does not soil, water and vegetation. present a threat to the environment or the Heavy metals and their compounds pre- person.17 serve their harmful qualities constantly, re- Pollution by heavy metals is a serious threat gardless of the form of their state. Tiny hard for the natural environment of the Arctic. particles of heavy metals have a negative

3.2. Pollution of surface waters

Non-ferrous metallurgy has one of the high- jority of it is discharged into bodies of water est water consumptions in industry. Water use in the form of waste water that is polluted by for 1 ton of nickel production reaches 4000 m³, waste production (direct pollution of the wa- and 500 m³ per 1 ton of copper production.18 ter environment). During the production process, a small per- When the capability of eco-systems for centage of water used returns to the natural neutralization is weakened, which is caused environment in distilled form, while the ma- by human impact, an acidifi cation of land and water systems takes place. Acidifi cation takes place as a result of the impact of aerosols, precipitation and dust, imposing a negative Сhart 5. Paths of pollution of the water system impact on all living organisms. Acidifi cation of surface waters is a global problem at present. Norilsk Nickel MMC The water systems of the Arctic region, due to their special nature, are the most sensitive to acidifi cation. Norilsk Nickel plants discharge thousands of tons of sulfur dioxide, Waste Direct Indirect which as a result of chemical reactions trans- water acidifi cation acidifi cation form into acids and fall to the ground in the form of “acid rains”. Discharge of Emissions of sulfur In the acidic waste water dioxide into the environment, “Acid rains” are the name given to all forms concentrations atmosphere, acid and movement of meteorological precipitations – rain, snow, directly in bodies rains (precipitations of ions of toxic hail, fog and rain with snow – which have a of water: metals with pH < 5.6) In increases lower pH than the average pH value of rain pollution by heavy the Norilsk region metals pH = 3.1-3.2 water (the average pH for rain water is equal to 5.6).19 Acid rain is formed as a result of a

16 Директива ЕС 2004/107/ЕС о предельной величине концентрации мышьяка, кадмия, ртути, никеля и по- лициклических ароматических углеводородов (http://www.epa.ie/downloads/legislation/air/quality/EU_Directive_Air_04-107-EC.pdf). 17 Директива ЕС 2004/107/ЕС о предельной величине концентрации мышьяка, кадмия, ртути, никеля и по- лициклических ароматических углеводородов (http://www.epa.ie/downloads/legislation/air/quality/EU_Directive_Air_04-107-EC.pdf). 18 Девяткин П. Н. Природные водные ресурсы района г. Мончегорска в условиях функционирования ОАО «Кольская горно-металлургическая компания» // Вестник МГТУ. Т. 11. 2008. № 3 (http://vestnik.mstu.edu.ru/v11_3_n32/articles/04_devya.pdf). 19 http://www.chemistry.narod.ru/razdeli/eco/5.htm.

14 reaction between water and such pollutants loidal particles and dissolved compounds. Dis- as sulfur dioxide (SO2). These substances are solved compounds are free ions and dissolved emitted into the atmosphere as a result of ac- complex compounds are with organic (humic tivity by metallurgical enterprises. Pollutants and fulvic acids) and inorganic (halogenides, transform into acidic solutions upon contact sulfates, phosphates, carbonates) ligands. with atmospheric moisture. Together with rain Hydrolysis has a major impact on the content or snow they fall to the ground. The aquatic of these elements. Hydrolysis is an exchange environment is particularly sensitive to acidi- reaction between a substance and water that fi cation. leads to a decay of the molecule of the sub- The impact of acidifi cation on aquatic or- stance into smaller molecules20. Hydrolysis in ganisms may be direct, i.e. it may take place many ways determines the form of the ele- as a result of an interaction with the acidifi ed ment’s presence in aquatic environments. aquatic environment and indirectly, i.e. the The problem of the toxifi cation of bodies concentration and mov ement of ions of toxic of water with heavy metals even arises when metals in the acidic environment increases. the concentrations of heavy metals in the This exacerbates the negative impacts on liv- water do not exceed established MAC. One ing organisms. of the causes of this is the high accumulative Negative impacts on bodies of water are ability of living water organisms. This feature caused by waste water and smoke emissions makes living water organisms toxically dan- of copper and nickel production plants. The gerous. degree of this impact is manifested depend- This overall negative impact leads to a dis- ing on the amount of pollutants and the prox- ruption in processes of reproduction, a drop imity of the water body to sources of wastes in biological diversity, the disappearance of and emissions. species sensitive to acid etc., which ultimately In aquatic environments, metals are pres- leads to a decrease in the durability of eco- ent in three forms: suspended particles, col- systems.

3.3. Pollution of underground waters

In the process of the activity of metallurgi- tation falls on a very porous surface, which cal companies, pollution of underground wa- has a good ﬂ ow capacity. ters takes place. The chemical composition of Indirect pollution of underground waters polluters of underground water depends on takes place as a result of leached pollutants many factors, including human factors, such from an already polluted surface environment. as air pollution, acidic precipitation, leaching The leaching process of heavy metals into of heavy metals and pollution of surface wa- underground waters accumulated in the soil ters, which may impact the quality of under- may take quite a long time. So an important ground water. role is played by long-term and constant mon- Direct pollution of underground waters itoring of the state of underground waters.21 arises when toxic substances enter the water- Puriﬁ cation of polluted underground waters is bearing horizon. This happens when precipi- a laborious and expensive task.

20 http://www.xumuk.ru/biospravochnik/504.html. 21 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html.

15 3.4. Human impact on the land ecosystem

Soil is not only important for nourishing The presence in the atmosphere of high

plants with water and minerals, but also an concentrations of SO2 may cause serious important indicator of the health of the eco- damage to leaves after just several hours (lo- system. calized destruction of tissue (necroses)), and As a result of the activity of mining plants in sensitive plants, chronic damage may arise and the metallurgical complex, a large amount in minimum concentrations.24 of heavy metal compounds enter the soil, pre- Exceeding the allowable concentrations of sented mainly as oxides. As a result of the in- sulfur dioxide in air, degradation of soil caused teraction of compounds of heavy metals with by its acidiﬁ cation and the presence of heavy the soil, oxides of non-ferrous metals are sub- metals in the soil lead to damage of forest ar- ject to change, and begin to differ signiﬁ cantly eas around plants of Norilsk Nickel MMC. in their stability. The level of pollution of soils Enterprises of the copper and nickel in- determines their degradation, which is caused dustry as a whole, Norilsk Nickel in particular, by the presence of chemical substances in soils are a source of technogenic pollution, which exceeding the natural (background) level. leads to pollution of the atmosphere, surface Transformation of heavy metals entering and underground waters and degradation of the soil passes the following stages indicated the soil. As a consequence to the destruction in chart 622. of the plant cover. As any elements in the soil are present in the form of various compounds, it is not easy to determine the stage of pollution of soils by heavy metals. These compounds are unstable and may move from certain forms to other forms.23

Сhart 6. Transformation of oxides of heavy metals Table 2. Damage to forest covering in regions of activity of Norilsk Nickel MMC

Transformation of oxides of heavy metals into Subdivision hydroxides (carbonates, hydrocarbonates)

Damaged Severo- Pechenga- Polar Dissolving of hydroxides (carbonates, hydroxocarbonates) forests nickel nickel Division by heavy metals and absorption of the corresponding cations of these metals by solid bodies of soils. Total 47,382 Precise data 537,100 damaged hectares lacking hectares Formation of phosphates of heavy metals and their areas compounds with organic substances of the soil. Including 8,924 3,971 283,200 perished areas hectares hectares hectares

22 http://www.p0d.ru/news/data_html/aaaaacaad.html. 23 http://www.p0d.ru/news/data_html/aaaaacaad.html. 24 http://test.vozdyx.ru/index.php?m=12&a=102.

16 4. Polar Division of Norilsk Nickel

The Polar Division is located on the Taimyr pyrrhotite concentrates. The concentrates peninsula (Krasnoyarskiy Krai), and is situ- obtained are then processed at three metal- ated completely beyond the Arctic circle. lurgical plants: the Nickel Plant, Copper Plant, The history of the creation of the Polar divi- and Nadezhda. sion of Norilsk Nickel MMC began on 23 June In 2009, the volume of ore production 1935. Today, enterprises of the Polar Division of at the Polar Division came to 15 298 million Norilsk Nickel employ around 56,000 people. tons. The volume of nickel production at the The Mining and Metallurgical Complex of division reached 124 000 tons, and copper the Polar division of Norilsk Nickel includes reached 324 000 tons.25 By 2025, the Polar ﬁ ve mines where rich, disseminated and Division of the company plans to increase cuprous ore is produced. Ores are then en- annual ore production by nearly two times riched at two enrichment plants, where they as much– from 16 million tons to 30 million are processed to produce nickel, copper and tons.26

4.1. Raw materials base of the Polar Division

The raw materials base of the Polar Divi- vide raw materials for enterprises of the Polar sion includes seven mines which produce sul- Division of Norilsk Nickel for 25 years.27 fi de copper and nickel ores. Ores of differing value contain nickel, copper, palladium, cobalt, gold and other rare components. Table 3. Fields of copper and nickel ores A characteristic feature of Norilsk fi elds is of the Polar Division the diffi cult washing ability of ores, as Norilsk ores have a thinner dissemination of sulfi des Field Mine Ores in comparison with foreign ores. Oktyarbsky – Rich, cuprous and The already developed raw materials base Oktyabrskoe (copper, underground disseminated nickel and sulfi de ores) of the Polar Division was added in 2009 by Taimyrsky – Copper and nickel underground sulfi des, rich the Maslovskoe fi eld of platinum, copper and Komsomolsky – Cuprous and nickel ores. The fi eld is located 15 km to the Talnakhskaya underground disseminated (copper, nickel south-south-west of the primary industrial Mayak – underground Disseminated and sulfi de ores) site of the Polar Division of Norilsk Nickel Skalisty – underground Rich MMC. The balance amount of ores is 217 mil- Norilsk-1 Medvezhy ruchei – open Disseminated lion tons. The Maslovskoe fi eld is considered (copper, nickel, sulfi de) Polar – closed Disseminated to be one of the largest platinum, copper and Only placed on the Maslovskoe nickel fi elds. Ore supplies of this fi eld will pro- balance in 2009

25 www.nornik.ru/our_products/polar_division 26 http://www.webground.su/tema/2010/05/19/noriljskij_nikelj. 27 Металлоснабжение и сбыт. 2010. № 3 (http://www.metalinfo.ru/ru/news/41208).

17 4.2. Technological cycle of the Polar Division

Enrichment of ore for the Polar Division of centrate of the Norilsk enrichment plant Norilsk Nickel MMC is carried out at the Tal- (around 15%), and the entire volume of nakhskaya and Norilsk enrichment plants. copper concentrate of the high-grade matte At the Talnakhskaya enrichment plant, rich separation area of the roasting shop of the ores from the Talnakhskaya and Oktyarbskoe Nickel plant, producing high-grade matte, fi elds are processed, and the fi nal product ob- copper anodes and elementary sulfur28.The tained is in the form of nickel, copper and pyr- plant has two production lines – hydromet- rhotite concentrates. allurgical, designed for processing of pyr- The Norilsk enrichment plant processes rhotite concentrate, and pyrometallurgical, the entire volume of disseminated ores and where nickel concentrate of hydrometal- cuprous ores of the Talnakhskaya and Ok- lurgical production and copper concentrate tyabrskoe fi elds, as well as aged pyrrhotite of high-grade matte separation area of the concentrate, producing nickel and copper nickel plant are processed. The main shops concentrate. are: smelter shop 1; smelter shop 2; shop The metallurgical facilities of the Polar for production of elemental sulfur; shop for Division include the Nadezhda metallurgical dehydration and storage of concentrates; plant, and the Nickel and Copper Plants. shop for preparation of sulfur and fusion The Nadezhda metallurgical plant pro- mixture; oxygen station. cesses the entire volume of nickel and pyr- The nickel smelter processes most of the rhotite concentrates of the Talnakhskaya nickel concentrate of the Norilsk enrichment enrichment plant, part of the nickel con- plant (around 85%), all the enriched stored

Сhar 7. The production and technological cycle of the Polar Division of Norilsk Nickel MMC

Raw materials

Talnakhskaya enrichment plant Norilsk enrichment factory Production: Production: nickel, copper, pyrrhotite nickel concentrate and copper concentrate.

Nadezhda metallurgical plant Copper plant Nickel plant Production: high-grade matte, Production: commercial copper, Production: commercial nickel copper anodes, elementary sulfur and cobalt. elementary sulfur and sulfuric acid.

28 http://www.nornik.ru/our_products/polar_divisions.

18 pyrrhotite concentrate, and some high-grade Main shops: drying shop; smelter shop; matte of the Nadezhda metallurgical plant, copper electrolysis shop. to produce commercial nickel and cobalt. Main areas of development – reconstruc- The fi nished product of the plant is: electro- tion of the smelter shop, liquidation of the lyte nickel; granulated nickel; metallic cobalt; converter production area and subsequent compounds on the basis of cobalt. reconstruction of the copper refi ning produc- Semi-fi nished product – sludge of precious tion area. metals. It is understood that all reconstruction Main shops: nickel electrolysis shop; smelt- works will help to reduce total expenses on er shop; roasting and restoring shop; chloric production, and improve the environmental and cobalt shop. situation in the region. Main area of reconstruction – move to a hy- The metallurgical shop of production of drometallurgical scheme of leaching of high- precious metal concentrate, which is a divi- grade matte, and an extraction and electroly- sion of the Copper plant, processes sludge sis technology for obtaining fi nished products from the copper electrolysis shop and the on the basis of nickel, cobalt and copper. nickel electrolysis shop, to produce precious The copper plant processes the entire vol- metal concentrate, metallic silver, selenium ume of copper concentrates of the Norilsk and and tellurium. Talnakhskaya enrichment plants, and copper Technological production areas: roasting anodes of the Nadezhda metallurgical plant, section; hydrometallurgical section; smelter to produce commercial copper, elementary section; selenium section; silver refi ning sec- sulfur and sulfuric acid. tion; dust extraction section.

4.3. Technical impact of Polar Division of Norilsk Nickel MMC

4.3.1. Pollution of the atmosphere

The production facilities of the copper ly 80% of the time the level exceeds MAC by smelting and nickel production of the Polar 5 times. 20% of the time the level exceeds Division are located at opposite ends of the MAC by 10 times, which means the level of outskirts of Norilsk. Regardless the wind di- pollution may be assessed as “severe” and rection the city will be covered with clouds of “very severe”30. gas emissions. The sulfur content in the atmospheric precipitation in Norilsk has the highest level not An analysis shows that the average annual only in the Siberia region, but of the entire emission (data of 2008) of sulfur at three plants territory of Russia. The average monthly con- of the Polar Division comes to around: tent of sulfur dioxide SO2 in Norilsk exceeds Cooper Plant (CP) 340-350,000 t/year; the background level of the region by 50-60 Nadezhda Metallurgical times.29 In Norilsk, for around 350 days per Plant (NMP) 420-430,000 t/year; year, an excessive level of atmospheric pollu- Nickel Plant (NP) 250-260,000 t/year.31 tion by harmful substances is recorded. Near-

29 Открытое письмо генеральному директору ГМК «Норильский никель» Стржалковскому В. И. (http://krsk.sibnovosti.ru). 30 Открытое письмо генеральному директору ГМК «Норильский никель» Стржалковскому В. И. (http://krsk.sibnovosti.ru/society/56359-otkrytoe-pismo-generalnomu-direktoru-gmk-norilskiy-nikel). 31 Leontyev. Norilsk Nickel’ ecological problems and practical ways to solve them. Moscow Russia March, 2007.

19 Around 50% of sulfur dioxide SO2 is formed At present, the issue of utilization of sulfur in the form of rich gases, and the same num- from technological gases that are emitted into ber in the form of poor gases. For gases with the atmosphere by the PD of Norilsk Nickel a poor sulfur content, the process of utiliza- MMC is of primary importance. tion into sulfuric acid is rather difﬁ cult and At an ecological conference held in October expensive. 2010, it was noted that 15 different projects One way to reduce sulfur dioxide emis- for utilization of sulfur are under consider- sions is utilization. ation, from the simplest – utilization of sulfur

The problem of SO2 utilization for the Polar into sulfuric acid – to the most ambitious –

Division plans can be explained by the low re- pumping SO2 into empty spaces formed af- quirement of the existing technological cycle ter the mining of ore. In the case of success- for sulfuric acid, and also the impossibility ful completion of the entire program for the of shipment it, owing to the lack of railway utilization of sulfur dioxide, by 2013, 82.0% communications with other regions. Further- of sulfur should be extracted from gases. An more, utilization of sulfur dioxide by obtain- emission of 202,000 t./year of sulfur is ex- ing elementary sulfur requires considerable pected.34 expenses32. The plant makes attempts to uti- Despite the data provided on reduction of lize sulfur dioxide, but these measures do not SO2 emissions, the dioxide sulfur levels in the give effective results. ambient air of the Norilsk industrial region still

In 2004, at the Polar Division, SO2 was uti- signiﬁ cantly exceed MAC. lized into elementary sulfur (for internal use), There is no precise data on pollution in and sodium bisulphate of a total of 84,000 t/ Norilsk by emissions of heavy metals. How- year, i.e. just 7.67% of the total annual emis- ever, their presence may be judged by the sion of sulfur dioxide. In 2005, the amount of concentration of heavy metals in mushrooms, sulfur dioxide utilized increased to 122,000 t/ moss and plants. In one resort zone (the loca- year and came to 10.6%. In the program of tion of the Valek preventative clinic) – resort the Polar Division of Norilsk Nickel MMC to uti- zones are usually located a long way from the lize sulfuric anhydride, it is planned to build industrial zone – the level of MAC of nickel in a storage facility with a capacity of 7 million honey mushrooms was exceeded by 8 times, tons.33 At present there is no use for sulfuric zinc and lead by 6 times, cadmium by 46 acid. times, and copper by 25 times.35

4.3.2. Pollution of surface waters

The main water bodies into which waste northern end of the river, the river Pyasina water from Norilsk Nickel fl ows are Pyasino issues, which fl ows to the north and fl ows Lake, located at the foot of the northwest- into the Pyasina gulf of the Karsk Sea. ern spurs of the Putorana Plateau, the riv- Within the industrial areas of Norilsk ers Ambarnaya, Koeva, Bucheko-Yurekh, Nickel, water pollution is seen everywhere Shchuchya, Samoedskaya Rechka and many with elements that are typical for copper and others that fl ow into the lake. nickel production: Na, Cl, SO4, Fe, Ni, Cu, Ti, The largest tributary is Norilskaya (Talaya) Ba, Sr, Mn. river, which gathers its waters from the ex- The enrichment and metallurgical pro- tensive mountain and lake region. From the duction includes a number of pits for waste,

32 http://www.nornik.ru/press/publications/1753. 33 http://www.nornik.ru/press/news/1171. 34 http://www.nornik.ru/development/environmental_performance. 35 http://www.lifenews.ru/news/26194.

20 concentrates, ponds of reverse water supply Calcium 136.8 39.3 and ash disposal areas. Magnesium 16.1 10.6 In 2007, the Polar Division of Norilsk Phosphates 0.09 0.016 Nickel MMC dumped 31.5 million m³ of Zinc 0.124 None waste water, including 28.9 million m³ without puriﬁ cation.36 In August 2007, on the basis of a letter From comparative data of results of analy- from residents of Norilsk on the unfavorable ses of samples of outlet № 40 of the Copper ecological situation in the city, the Federal Plant (waste water, domestic waste water), service for supervision in the sphere of natu- PAD was found to be exceeded for the fol- ral resource management (Rosprirodnazor lowing ingredients: iron, nickel, oil products, RF) carried out an unscheduled inspection of lead, copper, chlorides, nitrates, calcium, the natural resource activity of the Polar Di- magnesium, phosphates, zinc.37 vision of Norilsk Nickel. In the course of the inspection, an inde- Outlet № 39 pendent laboratory was involved in the col- (data for the period from 01.07 to 08.08. 2007) lection of samples from waste water emis- Water discharged into the Shchuchya river. 71,589 m³ sions. The inspection was recorded using of waste water discharged video and photo equipment. Actual data at Actual distance of 10 m Analyses of the tests showed that the Name of data mg/ PAD downstream from concentration of pollutants discharged at indicators dm³ control point of pollution sources (outlets) signiﬁ cantly ex- outlet 39 ceeded the norms of provisionally approved Synthetic Less than 0,90 Less than 0,025 discharges (PAD). surface-active 0.025 substances Results of inspections at Copper plant: Synthetic Less than 0,90 Less than 0,025 surface-active 0.025 substances Outlet № 40. (data for 1st, 2nd quarter and in the period from 01.07 Iron 0.17 0.54 0.43 to 08.08. 2007) Nickel 0.443 0.071 1.156 Water is discharged into Shchuchya river Oil products 0.09 0.17 0.04 258 890 m³ of waste water discharged. Nitrites Less than 0.16 0.02 Actual data, PAD, 0.001 Name of indicators , mg/dm³ mg/dm³ Sulfates 50.6 79.1 96.2 Synthetic surface-active 0.21 0.30 Lead Less than None Less than 0.005 substances (SSAS) 0.005 Iron 14.9 0.94 Copper 0.243 0.19 0.095 Nickel 4.044 0.67 Ammonium 0.2 0.68 0.18 Oil products 0.4 0.16 and ammonium Nitrites Less than 0.012 ions 0.001 Chlorides 14.3 22.6 40.2 Sulfates 66.7 168.5 Nitrates Less than 0.71 Less than 0.5 Lead 0.025 None. 0.5 Copper 5.813 0.76 Calcium 33.1 28.6 31.5 Ammonia and ammonia ions 0.48 0.59 Magnesium 8.0 6.9 5.9 Chlorides 47.5 16.5 Phosphates 0.1 0.59 0.01 Nitrates 19.8 0.73 Zinc 0.01 None 0.029

36 http://protown.ru/russia/obl/articles/2717.html. 37 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008: Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (ﬁ nnes i rådets arkiv)

21 From a comparative data of the analysis results In accordance with “Methods for calculat- of samples of outlet № 39 of the Copper Plant ing the extent of damage caused to bodies of (waste and domestic waste water), the presence water as a consequence of violation of wa- of the following metals was found to be excessive: ter legislation”, damage has been calculated nickel, copper, calcium, magnesium and zinc.38 to any body of water as a result of dumping From comparative data of analysis results pollutants that exceed established norms at of a test taken in an inspection at a distance outlets № 37, 38, 39, 40. of 10 m downstream from the control point of Damage done to any body of water will result outlet № 39, it was found that an additional in a violation of water legislation. The dumping outﬂ ow that is present 5 meters from the con- of pollutants, above the established norms for trol point of outlet № 39 increases the con- the current period of 2007 at outlets № 37, 38, centration in the total outﬂ ow of such ingredi- 39, 40 of the structural division of the Copper ents as nickel, sulfates, chlorides and zinc. Plant, comes to 40,422, 422.61 rubles.41 Results of the inspection showed that Data on the Nickel Plant: through this outlet, pollutants enter the water The plant is located in the southeast of unaccounted for by copper plant services, i.e. Norilsk in an industrial zone. unsanctioned dumping of waste water. The plan includes: – agglomerative shop (AS) Outlet № 38 – smelter shop (data for 1st and 2nd quarter of 2007) – roasting shop, including gas-generation Water is discharged into the Shchuchya river. station (GGS) 252,200 m³ of waste water is discharged. – nickel electrolysis shop (NES) Excess of norms of preliminarily approved discharges – chloric-cobalt shop (CCS). (PAD) came to: Domestic waste water and industrial Phosphates – 0.072 mg/l, which exceeds the norm waste water is discharged at seven outlets: by 1.34 times outlet № 29 industrial waste waster of CCS; Nitrates – 0.013 mg/l, which exceeds the norms outlet № 30 – domestic waste water of compressor by 1.16 times39 CCS; outlet № 31 – domestic waste water of NES Outlet № 37 outlet № 33 – domestic waste water of GGS, section (data for second quarter of 2007) for preparing main production and Water is discharged into the Shchuchya river. slag cars; 68,000m³ of waste water is discharged. outlet № 34 – domestic waste water of cafeteria of Excess of norms of preliminarily approved discharges NES and AS; (PAD) came to: outlet № 35 – domestic waste water of substation Suspended – 19.4 mg/l, which exceeds the norm № 92 of CCS; substances by 2.17 times outlet № 36 – domestic waste water of CCS sports Iron – 0.46 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by complex. 1.88 times Copper – 3.44 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by Calculations of discharged waste water 1.93 times volumes, due to the lack of accurate calcu- Solid residue – 0.39 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by lation devices, are determined by computa- 1.2 times40 tional methods.

38 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008: Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 39 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008: Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 40 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008: Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 41 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008: Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv)

22 Outlet № 29 Excess of established norms of preliminarily approved Water is discharged into the Novaya Nalednaya river. discharges (PAD) came to: In the period from 01.01 to 31.03. 2007 189,570 m³ Nitrite – 0.003 mg/l, which exceeds the norm of waste water was discharged. Excess of established by 10 times norms of preliminarily approved discharges (PAD) Chlorides – 7.4 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by came to: 46.5 times Iron – total. 0.08 mg/l, which exceeds the Nitrogen ammonium norm by 115.9 times compounds – 2.66 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by Cobalt – 0.041 mg/l, which exceeds the norm 201.5 times by 29.28 times Phosphates – 0.86 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by In the period from 05.04 to 18.06. 2007, 155,594 m³ 373.9 times43 of waste water was discharged. Excess of established In the period from 01.04 to 30.06.2007, 17,450 m³ of norms of preliminarily approved discharges (PAD) waste water was discharged. came to: Excess of established norms of preliminarily approved Iron total – 0.004 mg/l, which exceeds the norm discharges (PAD) came to: by 5.7 times Nitrite – 0,14 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by Sulfates – 12774,6 mg/l, which exceeds the 466.6 times norm by 48.59 times Pho- – 0,19 mg/l, which exceeds the norm Copper – 0.003 mg/l, which exceeds the norm sphates by 82.6 times by 18.75 times Sulfates – 13,5 mg/l, which exceeds the norm Solid residue – 18605,7 mg/l, which exceeds the by 28.6 times norm by 31.06 times In the period from 01.07 to 08.08.2007, 7,479 m³ of Sodium – 4006.1 mg/l, which exceeds the norm waste water was discharged. by 19.3 times Excess of established norms of preliminarily approved discharges (PAD) came to: In the period from 01.07 to 08.08. 2007 85,475m³ of Nitrite – 0,19 mg/l, which exceeds the norm waste water was discharged. Excess of established by 633.3 times norms of preliminarily approved discharges (PAD) Nitrogen ammonium came to: compounds – 0.17 mg/l, which exceeds the norm Iron – total. 0.081 mg/l, which exceeds the by 12.8 times44 norm by 117.39 times Outlet № 34 Oil products – 0.07 mg/l, which exceeds the MAC Water is discharged into the Shchuchya River norm by 140 times42 In the period from 01.01 to 31.01.2007 17,154 m³ of waste water was discharged. Outlet № 31 Excess of established norms of preliminarily approved Water is discharged into the Shchuchya River. discharges (PAD) came to: In the period from 01.01 to 31.01.2007, 5,900 m³ of Nitrate – 0,54 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by waste water was discharged. 112.5 times Excess of established norms of preliminarily approved Nitrite – 0,3 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by discharges (PAD) came to: 272.7 times Nitrite – 0.084 mg/l, which exceeds the norm Phosphate – 0,078 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by 280 times by 23.5 times In the period from 01.02 to 31.03.2007, 11,360 m³ of SSAS – 0,046 mg/l, which exceeds the norm waste water was discharged. by 30.6 times45

42 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 apport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 43 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 apport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 44 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 apport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 45 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 apport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv)

23 In the period from 01.02 to 31.03.2007, 32,528 m³ of of pollutants, above the established norms for waste water was discharged. the current period of 2007 at outlets № 29, Excess of established norms of preliminarily approved 31, 34 of the structural division of the Copper discharges (PAD) came to: Plant, comes to 1,961, 330,665.56 rubles.49 BOD LP – 24.4 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by Data on the Norilsk enrichment plant: 248.9 times The NEP is located in the area of Norilsk, Chlorides – 1.5 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by on the northwest slope of Rudnoi mountain, 9.7 times in the valley of Uglony river. The NEP man- Nitrogen ammonium ufactures copper and nickel concentrates, compounds – 3.82 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by from which non-ferrous metals are extract- 272.8 times ed: nickel, copper, cobalt and metals of the Phosphates – 0.078 mg/l, which exceeds the norm platinum group from crude ore. by 23.6 times The Norilsk enrichment plant contains 3 Solid residue – 2.5 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by main shops: 1.4 times crushing shop; SSAS – 0.095 mg/l, which exceeds the norm grinding-ﬂ otation shop; by 63.3 times46 shop of hydraulic structures and hydraulic In the period from 01.04 to 30.06.2007, 50,173 m³ of transport (Lebyazhe tailing dump). (SHSHT) waste water was discharged. Discharge of domestic and industrial Excess of established norms of preliminarily approved waste water is carried out at four outlets: discharges (PAD) came to: Nitrite – 0,04 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by outlet № 27 – domestic waste water from the 36,3 times administrative and amenity complex Nitrate – 0,17 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by of SHSHT); 35,4 times47 outlet № 28 – domestic waste water from pump In the period from 01.07 to 08.08.2007, 21,902 m³ of station 1 А; waste water was discharged. outlet № 25 – ndustrial waste water from the Excess of established norms of preliminarily approved sediment tank of nickel concentrate; discharges (PAD) came to: outlet № 26 – industrial waste water from the Oil products – 0.02 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by Lebyazhe tailing dump: 16.6 times Phosphates – 0.39 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by Calculation of the volume of dumped 118.18 times waste water, due to the lack of calculation Excess of MAC devices, is determined by computational Iron total – 0.22 mg/l, which exceeds the norm methods. by 16,6 times Nickel – 0.063 mg/l, which exceeds the norm Outlet № 26 by 630 times Water is discharged into the Shchuchya river. Copper – 0.024 mg/l, which exceeds the norm In the period from 01.01 to 31.01.2007, 250,000 m³ of by 2400 times waste water was discharged Zinc – 0.015 mg/l, which exceeds the norm Excess of established norms of preliminarily approved by 150 times48 discharges (PAD) came to: Damage done to the body of water as a re- Chlorides – 67.4 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by sult of violation of water legislation, dumping 12.7 times

46 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 47 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 48 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 49 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv).

24 Sulfates – 413.7 mg/l, which exceeds the norm The system of technological water rotation by 12.8 times has a discharge of unpurifi ed imbalanced wa- Balanced ters from the Lebyazhe tailing dump. substances – 22.1 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by Damage done to the body of water as a re- 171.3 times sult of violation of water legislation, dumping Solid residue – 1144.7 mg/l, which exceeds the norm of pollutants, above the established norms by 21.2 times for the current period of 2007 at outlets № Calcium – 219. 2 mg/l, which exceeds the norm 26 of the structural division of the Norilsk en- by 36.3 times richment plant comes to: 703, 859,274.37 Sodium – 265.4 mg/l, which exceeds the norm rubles.52 by 40.79 times According to offi cial data, in 2007 Norilsk Butyl xanthate – 1.44 mg/l, which exceeds the norm Nickel discharged a total of 37 million m³ of by 232.25 times waste water from its plants. The mass of pol- Dibutyldithio lutants discharged with waste water into bod- phosphate – 0.28 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by ies of water came to around 25,450 tons. 45.9 times50 The Pyasina River, especially its upper course (before it fl ows into Pyasino lake), is In the period from 01.04 to 01.08.2007, 524,400 m³ of located in the zone of maximum pollution of waste water was discharged. soils and vegetation of the Norilsk industrial Excess of established norms of preliminarily approved region. Pyasino Lake, which is the recipient discharges (PAD) came to: of polluted waste water, is almost completely Iron total – 0.63 mg/l, which exceeds the norm by devoid of fi sh. The lower course of the Pya- 128.57 times51 sina River is also heavily polluted, and fi sh In the process of enrichment, waste is supplies here are impoverished. Specialists formed – fi nal tailings consisting mainly of believe that living organisms and ecosystems barren rock, with a small amount of precious of the Pyasino-Yenisei interfl uvial area, in minerals which cannot be separated into con- connection with their proximity to Norilsk, are centrate. threatened by a complete transformation and Final tailings of enrichment are sent to the the extinction of many species of plants and Lebyazhe tailing dump, which is operated by animals.53 the NEP shop of hydraulic structures and hy- Inspectors of the Yenisei basin department draulic transport. for conservation, reproduction of fi sh supplies The main structures of the tailing dump in- and regulation of fi shing have recognized this clude a pioneer levee and hydraulic-fi ll dam, fact and noted in a document that the river settling ponds, distribute sludge pipes, siphon of Nalednaya and Shchuchya have lost their intakes, and a riverside pump station of re- commercial fi shing importance as a conse- cycled water (stationary). quence of pollution.

4.3.3. Pollution of groundwater

Data and information about pollution of Studies carried out in the region of Norilsk groundwater from the Polar Division are in- industrial zones have shown that near the sufﬁ cient. Smelter shop and Nickel electrolysis shop,

50 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 51 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 52 Data from documents of an inspection by Rosprirodnazor RF Bellona 2008 Rapport om Norilsk nikkel, utført på oppdrag fra Etikkrådet (fi nnes i rådets arkiv) 53 http://oopt.info/index.php?oopt=222

25 pollution of stream water and groundwater is polluted, i.e. pollution of groundwater in this observed. region is of a chronic nature.

This territory is characterized by a lack of Samples show an excess of MAC for SO4. permafrost as a consequence of the warm- Results from chemical analyses in recent years ing effect the production cycle from the show a decrease in mineralization in the ﬁ ltration Nickel plant has in the region. According to period of groundwater due to inﬁ ltration from the data taken from samples, the composition of surface. For the same period there is an increase groundwater is characterized as continuously in content of micro-components (Mn, Sr).

4.3.4. Impact on the ecosystem

An assessment on the present state of ration, and the 16-25 km zone to level 3 of soils in the region where the Polar Division of environmental deterioration. Norilsk Nickel MCC resides revealed different Soils in the 16-25 km zone are characterized levels of pollution from heavy metals (HM), by an excessive content of acid-soluble and mo- the state of vegetation and biological activ- bile compounds of metal without exceeding MAC ity, showed that the territory up to 4 km from for water-soluble compounds, as well as by a nor- the city is characterized by a high content of malization of the microbiological activity of soils. heavy metals, lack of tree vegetation and dis- At the distance of 25 km from Norilsk, ruption of mineralization of organic matter, the state of the environment is measured which corresponds to level 5 of deterioration to level 2. The percentage of Cu, Ni, and Co of the natural environment.54 compounds in the soil that are mobile and The zone 4-16 km from the city corre- connected with amorphous oxides and hy- sponds to level 4 of environmental deterio- droxides increases55.

Сhart 8. Damage to forests by emissions from the Polar Division of Norilsk Nickel MMC

Areas of damage

Total area of damaged Of this area, dead Area of forest by level of forest, hectares trees, hectares damage, hectares Severe Medium 537 100 283 200 164 200 89 700

The boundaries of dead forests spread in the southeast direction over a territory of up to 180 km.

Test area

Complete damage

Severe impact

Medium impact

54 Оценка и нормирование экологического состояния почв в зоне деятельности предприятий металлургиче- ской компании “Норильский никель”А. С. Яковлев, И. О. Плеханова, С. В. Кудряшов, Р. А. Аймалетдинов. Факультет почвоведения МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова. 55 Оценка и нормирование экологического состояния почв в зоне деятельности предприятий металлургиче- ской компании “Норильский никель”А. С. Яковлев, И. О. Плеханова, С. В. Кудряшов, Р. А. Аймалетдинов. Факультет почвоведения МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова.

26 Studies of the soil have shown a high con- myr are classiﬁ ed in the specially protected tent of heavy metals which decreases the fur- 1st group, as technology has yet to be invent- ther it is from the source of pollution. How- ed for restoring forests in permafrost condi- ever, in the direction of prevailing winds, the tions.60 nickel content does not reach normal indica- Studies held in the Norilsk industrial zone tors even at a distance of 200-250 km. enabled scientists to single out several levels Mushrooms and berries that grow in these of pollution. In the southern and southeast soils act as indicators of pollution by the abil- directions from the industrial center (in accor- ity to accumulate the metals present (up to dance with the prevalence of the northeast 100-300 mg/kg of dry weight). Due to their wind), and within the boundaries of a 70-km physiological qualities, berries are polluted zone, tree vegetation had perished complete- less (15 mg/kg of dry weight) than mush- ly. Data from the studies showed that the rooms.56 High levels of heavy metal pollution sulfur content in plants exceeded the back- have been found in the soil of local gardens ground level by 3 – 4 times, copper by 4 – 9.5 and greenhouses. More speciﬁ cally, heavy times and nickel content by 18 – 26 times. metals with an emphasis on nickel have been Some areas were discovered where the back- found in produce such as radishes, spring on- ground level for copper was exceeded by 17 – ions, parsley and lettuce.57 156 times, and for nickel by 31 – 470 times.61 Snow cover has served as an indicator to Only at a distance of over 70 km from the presence of harmful mixtures in the en- the city, the percentage of dead tree trunks vironment. Studies of snow on city lawns in (deadwood) in the tree layer drops, and juni- Norilsk showed the presence of a wide spec- per appears. At the 80-100 km mark, features trum of metals such as nickel, copper, cobalt, begin to be seen that are characteristic of the zinc, cadmium, lead, iron and manganese.58 given bioclimatic zone: around 50% of trees According to data for the early 1990s, the are dead, and undergrowth and moss and pollution zone from the industrial activity from grass vegetation are not suppressed.62 the Polar Division of Norilsk Nickel included to Scientists detect a zone of low pollution at around 300,000 hectares of land covered by a distance of 100 – 140 km from Norilsk. The trees. The land consisted almost completely sulfur content in plants there exceeds back- of dead trees. Nearly half of all the grass and ground indicators by 1.2 – 1.7 times, copper shrub cover lies damaged in an area of around by 1.3 times and nickel content by 1.5 – 2.7 380,000 hectares. Lichen cover here exceeds times63. At a distance of over 200 km from no more than 5%.59 Norilsk, degradation of vegetation is not ob- Tendencies for a worsened state of the en- served. vironment on the Taymyr Peninsula continue Within the boundaries of the Norilsk re- up to the present. Annually, Norilsk destroys gion, the acidity from atmospheric precipita- 30,000 hectares of forest, and the boundar- tion is 3.1 – 3.2 pH, which is destructive for ies of dead forests are spreading further and plants. This low pH is caused by the high con- further across the peninsula. The situation is tent of sulfur anhydride in the air. worsened by the fact that the forests of Tay-

56 Христенко П.П. Пути решения снижения уровня загрязнения атмосферного воздуха г.Норильска выброса- ми горно-металлургической компании «Норильский никель», 2003 // Здоровье населения и среда обита- ния, 2003. — № 3. http://www.nrk.cross-ipk.ru/body/pie/body/8/acclim/pollution.HTM. 57 Христенко П.П. Пути решения снижения уровня загрязнения атмосферного воздуха г.Норильска выброса- ми горно-металлургической компании «Норильский никель», 2003 // Здоровье населения и среда обита- ния, 2003. — № 3. http://www.nrk.cross-ipk.ru/body/pie/body/8/acclim/pollution.HTM 58 http://www.nrk.cross-ipk.ru/body/pie/body/8%5Cacclim%5Cpollution.htm. 59 http://2001.vernadsky.info/h1/w01348.htm. 60 http://2001.vernadsky.info/h1/w01348.htm. 61 Норильский проект. - Наука в России, 2005, N 4 http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/10327939 62 Норильский проект. - Наука в России, 2005, N 4 http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/10327939 63 Норильский проект. - Наука в России, 2005, N 4 http://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/10327939

27 5. Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company (KMMC)

The open, joint-stock company Kola Min- of the Norilsk Nickel mining and metallurgi- ing and Metallurgical Company (KMMC) is an cal company situated on the Kola peninsula: affi liated enterprise of the Norilsk Nickel Min- Pechenganickel mining and metallurgical ing and Metallurgical Company, and is a uni- plant, and Severonickel plant. fi ed mining and metallurgical production plant The Pechenganickel and Severonickel plants, for the mining of copper, nickel ores and the as well as plants of the Polar Division of Noril- manufacturing of non-ferrous metals. KMMC sk Nickel are town-forming for the population is the leading industrial complex of the Mur- centers of Nickel, Zapolyarny, Monchegorsk mansk Oblast. and Norilsk. Today over 13,000 people work The copper-nickel plants on the Kola Pen- at Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company. insular began working in the 1930s. The In 2010, the total volume of production Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company was of commercial nickel at KMMC plants was formed on November 16, 1998. The found- 111,318 tons, 56,378 tons of copper and Co – ers of the company were two affi liated groups 2,458 tonn.64

5.1. Raw materials base of KMMC

The Kola Mining and Metallurgical Compa- of Zhdanovskoe, Zapolyarnoe, Kotselvaara ny carries out works at the four major fi elds and Semiletka. At three mines, KMMC mines sulfi de disseminated ores containing nickel, copper and other commercial minerals. Addi- Сhart 9. Raw materials base of KMMC tionally, KMMC has the fi elds of Bystrinskoe, Tundrovoe, Sputnuk and Verkhnee on its bal- Field Mine Ores ance.65 Central – open Disseminated Zhdanovskoe At present, the main area in the develop- (copper and nickel Severny-Gluboky – Disseminated ment of the mineral raw materials base of the sulfi de ores) underground Kola Peninsula is the additional exploration Zapolyarnoe (copper and Severny – Disseminated of deep levels of the functioning Zhdanovs- nickel sulfi de ores) underground koe fi eld, and development of the Severny- Kotselvaara and Semiletka Kaula-Kotselvaara Disseminated (copper and nickel sulfi de) Gluboky mine on the basis of this fi eld.

64 http://www.kolagmk.ru/ﬁ les/uploads/KN4449.pdf. 65 Козырев А. А., Жабин С. В., Чуркин О. Е. Состояние и потенциал горно-промышленного комплекса Мур- манской области // Вестник МГТУ. Т. 12. 2009. № 4 (http://www.vestnik.mstu.edu.ru).

28 5.2. Technical cycle of KMMS

The production facilities of Kola MMC are Сhart 10. Production and technological cycle of the Kola mining located at three sites in Nickel, Zapolyarny and metallurgical company and Monchegorsk. Enrichment plant № 1, which is part of the Raw materials Pechenganickel (Zapolyarny) processes disseminated ores mined at mines of the Kola Peninsula, to produce copper and nickel concentrate. The production of the plant is rich Pechenganickel Enrichment plant № 1 ores and products from processing the poor (Zapolyarny) ores (in the form of roasted pellets) which are sent to the smelter shop located in Nickel. At Production: copper and nickel concentrate present at the industrial site in Zapolyarny, roasting technology is being replaced with briquetting technology. The smelter shop in Nickel consists of a Severonickel: roasting shop and smelter shop of the Pech- Refi nement shop, enganickel plant. Here, concentrate of enrich- nickel electrolysis shop, ment plant № 1 is processed. Production of metallurgical shop the smelter shop is in the form of high-grade Pechenganickel Production: electrolyte nickel matte, which is sent for further processing to Smelter shop and copper, nickel carbonyl, the Severonickel plant. (Nickel) cobalt concentrate, precious metal concentrates Production: Severonickel processes both KMMC high- and sulfuric acid grade matte and high-grade matte of the Polar high-grade matte Division. The production shops of Severonickel are: refi nement shop, nickel electrolysis shop, metallurgical shop (Monchegorsk). Production of the plant is electrolytic nickel and copper, nickel carbonyl, cobalt concentrate, precious metal concentrates and sulfuric acid. The production and technological cycle of KMMC is represented in simplifi ed form in chart 10.

5.3. Technogenic impact of the Kola mining and metallurgical company

KMMC is an afﬁ liated enterprise of Norilsk nomic activity of KMMC spreads to the border Nickel MMC, situated in direct territorial prox- territories of these neighboring countries, and imity to the borders of Norway and Finland. causes serious concerns among them. Therefore, the negative impact of the eco-

29 5.3.1. Pollution of the atmosphere

Specialists in Norway and Finland constantly ickel plant is lower than in the 1980s, but the carry out observations of air quality and mea- concentration of SO2 in the air near Nickel is sure impacts the emissions from KMMC have still higher than the critical level. Sulfur dioxide on the environment. The fi rst measurements emissions by the Pechenganickel plant alone in of average daily SO2 emissions were made at 2005 came to around 106,800 tons (according Norwegian measuring stations in Kirkenes and to offi cial data of Kola MMC), which is 23,300 Svanvik in 1974. tons higher than sulfur dioxide emissions for In 1992, Finland joined the Norwegian the whole of Finland (83,500 tons) in 200468 monitoring efforts. Finland carries out the and approximately 5-6 times higher than the 69 main observations of atmospheric pollutions total SO2 emissions of Norway. In 2009 the from Nickel at a measuring station that is lo- emmision of sulfur dioxid was around 102,670 cated in Sevettijärvi. tonn.70 On the Russian side, regular measurements Since 2005, a joint project of natural re- have been carried out since 1980 at stations source administrative bodies and scientifi c located in Nikel and Zapolyarny. research institutions called set out to take

Metallurgical shops in Nikel and Zapolyarny regular observations of SO2, heavy metal and were put into operation in the 1930s. For sev- aerosol content emitted into the atmosphere eral decades, they emitted to 100,000 tons by the plant. Three countries, Norway, Rus- 66 of sulfur dioxide (SO2) annually. Until the sia and Finland, took part in the project’s re- 1970s, local ore was used for processing with search efforts. a sulfur content of approximately 6.5%, but The goal of the project was monitoring the since 1971 Siberian ore began to be delivered environment, and obtaining reliable informa- to KMMC plants from Norilsk, with a sulfur tion about the present state of the environ- content of almost 30%. This led to a drastic ment within the transboundary territory. increase in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Observations were carried out by the Nor- 71 In 1979, the annual emission of SO2 came to wegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), the around 400,000 tons.67 Finnish Meteorological Institute72(FMI) and In the mid-1990s, the volume of sulfur di- the Murmansk Meteorological Ofﬁ ce73. oxide emissions dropped. The cause of this Measurements were carried out at differ- was the economic slump in Russia, and also ent locations with varying distances around the increase of use of ore with lower sulfur the Pechenganickel plant. The Norwegian content in production. measuring station in Svanvik was located at Therefore, it is obvious that the reason for a distance of 9.2 km to the northwest of Ni- the signiﬁ cant in sulfur dioxide emissions in kel. 300 km to the southwest of Nikel was the comparison with the 1980s is not an improve- Finnish measuring station Matorova (Pallas). ment due to improved technological process- Two stations were located in Nikel, one oper- es or the observance of environmental legisla- ated by the Murmansk Meteorological Center tion, but rather due to the economic slump and the second by the NILU. and the use of ore with lower sulfur content. The territory located northeast of the plant, At present, the level of emissions in the due to meteorological conditions, is subject to area of industrial activity of the Pechengan- the most negative effects of harmful emis-

66 http://fi nnmark.miljostatus.no/msf_themepage.aspx?m=1240) 67 Pasviprogrammet Oppsummeringsrapport (http://fi nnmark.miljostatus.no/msf_themepage.aspx?m=1240). 68 http://www.ymparisto.fi . 69 Grenseområdene Norge-Russland. Luft og nedbørkvalitet, april 2008-mars 2009. Rapport 1054/2009. 70 http://www.kolagmk.ru/ecology/monitoring 71 http://www.nilu.no. 72 http://www.fmi.fi . 73 http://www.kolgimet.ru.

30 74 Diagram 1. Annual concentration of SO2 in the region of Nikel and Svanvik

sions from the Pechenganickel plant (see Dia- from the east, the SO2 content regularly exceeds gram 1). the background level by 10 times.75 The diagram shows the annual concentra- Along with studies as part of the Pasvik tion of SO2 in the area of Nikel and Svanvik. Program, the NILU carry out regular measure- The red line is the maximum indicator of ments of the air quality and atmospheric pre- sulfur dioxide (20 µg/m3), which should not be cipitation for the Norwegian-Russian border exceeded in the course of the calendar year. zone. This monitoring is carried out as part

The color blue shows SO2 emissions in Svan- of a State program responsible for monitoring vik, yellow shows emissions of sulfur dioxide pollution. In the last NILU report published on registered in Nikel by the Russian measuring November 23, 2010, an analysis was given station, and dark red shows the amount of from results obtained for the period from April sulfur dioxide emissions in Nikel registered by 2009 to March 2010. Monitoring for the pres- the NILU measuring station. ence of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere was According to data of observations by NILU carried out at measuring stations situated in and the Murmansk Meteorological Center, it Karpdalen and Svanvik. is clear that in Nikel the SO2 content is unac- According to data from monitoring con- ceptably high. The monitoring data of both ducted at the measuring station in Karpdalen, the Russian and the Norwegian side show a high content of sulfur dioxide in the air is similar tendencies. observed when the south wind blows. Karp- As a result of the direction of prevailing winds, dalen is located to the north of Nikel, therefor

Svanvik is able to escape most of the harmful a high content of SO2 is recorded there when impacts from emissions, at times only exposed the south wind is blowing. At the same time, to pollution for short period of time. Considering it is also noted that Karpdalen also receives this knowledge, the average indicators of sulfur a share of pollution from production facilities dioxide content in the air are lower. However, in Zapolyarny, which is located further to the during those short periods when winds blow in east.

74 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 75 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html.

31 Svanvik is mainly subject to the negative im- tivity of plants of the Pechenganickel, an excess pact of the operations of the Nikel industrial site. of hourly MAC takes place much more often. Careful analysis showed one excess of the In the period from January 2008 to 31 Au- acceptable hourly concentration of sulfur di- gust 2008, 414 instances of exceeding daily oxide (350 µg/m3) in Svanvik for the report MAC were recorded, while the norms for ex- period. The hourly MAC was also exceeded by ceeding MAC established by the European 19 times in Karpdalen, where the maximum Union are not more than 24 times a year (see concentration came to 579 µg/m3. The ma- diagram 2).

jority of times that hourly MAC was exceeded The maximum indicator of SO2 for the were recorded during the winter.76 period from January 1, 2008 to August 31, On the Russian territory, in the region of ac- 2008 was recorded at the level of 5071 µg/m3 (21.03.2008 at 7 a.m. Moscow time).77 Last year, exceeding daily MACs were not Diagram 2. Number of times hourly MAC of sulfur dioxide was recorded in Svanvik, according to MAC estab- exceeded, with MAC of 350 µg/m3 78 lished by the European Union (125 µg/m3), while the national MAC for Norway of 90 µg/ m3 was exceeded 2 times, and the maximum excess came to 113 µg/m3.79 In Karpdalen, an excess of daily MAC established by the European Union (125 µg/m3) was recorded 5 times80 for the period of April 2009 – March 2010. Maximum daily indicators for sulfur dioxide in Karpdalen came to 204 µg/m3.81 In diagram 3 it is clearly visible that in Nikel, excesses of daily MAC occurs sig- niﬁ cantly more often. In 2008 this excess was observed around 60 times. Data on this for 2009 is not available to the Norwegian side.

Regular measurements of SO2 levels and their comparison with the wind direction shows that the main sources of sulfur dioxide Diagram 3. Number of times daily MAC of sulfur dioxide was are the Pechenganickel plants located in Nikel exceeded with MAC of 125 µg/m3 82 and Zapolyarny.83

76 http://www/klif.no/45333 Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking Rapport 1082/2010. 77 http://www/klif.no/45333 Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking Rapport 1082/2010.. 78 http://www/klif.no/45333 Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking Rapport 1082/2010. 79 http://www/klif.no/45333 Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking Rapport 1082/2010. 80 http://www/klif.no/45333 Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking Rapport 1082/2010. 81 http://www/klif.no/45333 Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking Rapport 1082/2010. 82 www/klif.no/45333 Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking Rapport 1082/2010. 83 www/klif.no/45333 Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking Rapport 1082/2010

32 5.3.2.Atmospheric pollution by heavy metals

In 1977, the annual emission of nickel at 2009 demonstrated an increase in the amount the plant came to 539 tons and 232 tons of of heavy metals present in atmospheric pre- emissions from copper. In 1990 the annual cipitation in Svanvik, compared with summer emission of Ni was registered at level 301 2008: Ni (nickel) by 30%, Cu (copper) by tons and Cu 180 tons. In 2009, nickel emis- 40%, Co (cobalt) by 87%, and As (arsenic) by sions came to 330 tons, and copper emissions 93%. During the winter period, over the last to 157,6 tons.84 (according to offi cial data pro- year an increase of heavy metals was also ob- vided by the Kola MMC). served in precipitation by the following ratios: A report by Norilsk Nickel MMC on Corpo- Ni by 44%, Cu by 52%, Co by 43%, and As by rate Social Responsibility (CSR) notes that 30%.86 The content of heavy metals present emissions of metals (nickel, copper, cobalt) at in precipitation from 2009-2010 increased in the Zapolyarny and Nikel site dropped by 24.9 comparison with the period until 2004.87 tons (by 4.8%) compared to 200885. This was On the whole, the data obtained as a result caused by changes in the technological cycle of monitoring at the station in Svanvik shows at the roasting and pelletizing section, and at the presence of heavy metals in emissions the smelter shop. which exceed indicators by 50-100 times of According to monitoring data carried out the presence of solid matter recorded at sta- by NILU, which is part of bilateral Norwegian- tions located at Spitzbergen and in Birkenes Russian cooperation in the fi eld of environ- (southern Norway).88 mental protection, as part of the state moni- Observations showed that the zone of toring program, it was found that the heavy maximum concentrations of metals in the air metals nickel, copper, cobalt and arsenic are spread up to 2 km from the source. In this emitted by the smelter factory in Nikel. zone, the content of metals in the bottom The Norwegian side carries out an analysis layer of the atmosphere exceeded the local of air samples and sampling for the presence geochemical background by 100-1000 times, of heavy metals in precipitation. and in snow they exceed this background by The NILU report emphasizes the fact that 500-1000 times.89 pollution by heavy metals, despite a signifi - At a distance of 2-4 km, a second zone is cant reduction in emissions of solid matter located, where the content of metals in the air is compared with the 1980s, remains a serious approximately 10 times lower than in the fi rst.90 problem of border territories. In the third zone of 4-10 km, only a hand- An analysis of samples showed that high ful of samples show an excessive content of concentrations of heavy metals – nickel, cop- metals.91 per and arsenic – are observed in the region An analysis of monitoring data also showed of Svanvik in Norway. The summer period of that the content of heavy metals in the Svan-

84 http://www.kolagmk.ru/ecology/monitoring. 85 По материалам отчета по КСО ГМК «Норильский никель» (http://www.nornik.ru/_upload/editor_ﬁ les/ﬁ le1381.pdf). 86 Grenseområdene Norge-Russland. Luft og nedbørkvalitet, april 2009-mars 2010. Rapport 1082/2010 (www.klif.no). 87 Grenseområdene Norge-Russland. Luft og nedbørkvalitet, april 2009-mars 2010. Rapport 1054/2009. 88 Grenseområdene Norge-Russland. Luft og nedbørkvalitet, april 2009-mars 2010.Rapport 1082/2010. 89 Беспамятнов Г. П., Кротов Ю. А. Предельно допустимые концентрации химических веществ в окружающей среде. Справочник. Л.: Химия, 1985. 90 Беспамятнов Г. П., Кротов Ю. А. Предельно допустимые концентрации химических веществ в окружающей среде. Справочник. Л.: Химия, 1985. 91 Беспамятнов Г. П., Кротов Ю. А. Предельно допустимые концентрации химических веществ в окружающей среде. Справочник. Л.: Химия, 1985. 92 Grenseområdene Norge-Russland. Luft og nedbørkvalitet, april 2009-mars 2010. Rapport 1054/2009.

33 vik region in 2008 was approximately the heavy metals (4-10 km).93 Data on the con- same as in 1990-199192, i.e. the data of this tent of heavy metals directly in the region of monitoring does not conﬁ rm the information the Pechenganickel zone and to the northeast of KMMC about a reduction of emissions in of it (the most frequent wind direction) is not recent years. available to the Norwegian side. It should also be kept in mind that Svan- In general, the picture of emissions of toxic vik is located at a distance of 9.2 km from substances produced by the plants of Norilsk the Pechenganickel plant, which is classiﬁ ed Nickel MMC in 2009 looks as follows: as the third distance zone of concentration of

Diagram 4. Emissions into the atmosphere of pollutants by plants of Norilsk Nickel MMC

Thousands of tons

Polar Division KMMC

According to this diagram, which was compiled on the basis of ofﬁ cial data from Norilsk Nickel, it is clear that in the time frame from 2008 to 2009, Norilsk Nickel industrial sites reduced emissions by only 2,000 tons. And this reduction took place because of a reduction of emissions at plants in the Polar Division (6,900 tons, of this 2,548.0 94 tons of it SO2 ), while KMMC plants, according to this diagram, increased emissions in 2009 by 4,900 tons.

5.3.3. Pollution of stream water

Regular monitoring of water quality in fresh- both to direct pollution from waste water of water bodies present amongst border territo- the Pechenganickel plant and negative impact ries was carried out as part of the realization of that takes place as a result of acid rain. the Pasvik Program. The water system that is not linked with the Observations showed the following: the Pasvik river valley is only subject to negative ecosystem of the Pasvik river basin is subject atmospheric impact. The consequences of in-

93 Беспамятнов Г.П., Кротов Ю.А. Предельно допустимые концентрации химических веществ в окружающей среде. Справочник.-- Л.: «Химия»,1985. 94 По материалам отчета по КСО ГМК «Норильский никель» (http://www.nornik.ru/_upload/editor_ﬁ les/ﬁ le1381.pdf).

34 dustrial pollution are observed most clearly in As a result of the discharge of waste wa- direct proximity to the source of pollution, the ter by KMMC, signiﬁ cance pollution of bod- Pechenganickel plant. ies of water with heavy metals takes place. For conducting studies, the method of the The consequences of sedimentation of heavy acid-neutralizing capacity of the water was metals are most serious near sources of emis- used. sions.98

Pechanganickel industrial site (Nikel) Method for determining buffer capacity Waste water and smoke emissions from of water. the Kola MMC plant (Nikel site) have a negative impact on bodies of water nearby. To determine the buffer capability of the The degree of this impact depends on the water system, or its capability of neutralizing amount of pollutants discharged and the acid, the acid-neutralizing capacity indicator, proximity of the water body to the source of ANC, is used. the pollution. The most polluted zone is in the Kolosioki Acid is gradually added to water in small river basin, where water from the plant is dis- portions, and the difference in the pH value charged directly into the water. In all sam- is observed. The amount of acid required to ples taken at the river mouth (Nikel indus- reduce the pH value to a certain level is the trial site), nickel content reached a level of buffer capacity indicator. From the viewpoint high pollution (HP). In fi ve samples of water of acidifi cation of the body of water, a level of taken during the autumn and winter periods, ANC of 0.05 mmol/l is considered critically. If a level of extremely high pollution (EHP) was the ANC level is lower than this level, the buf- recorded.99 fer capacity is very weak. Nickel pollution in water from regions ef- Data from the Pasvik Program95 fected by the industrial activity of KMMC is of a chronic nature. This was the conclusion made on the basis of monitoring held at vari- The feature of the majority of the territory ous times, which did not detect a seasonal on which monitoring was carried out is the dynamic in the distribution of nickel. presence of alkaline materials in geological A comparative analysis of content of cop- rocks, which makes it possible to cope with per and nickel ions in sediments both from acid burdens. It was discovered that acidifi ca- the riverbed and suspended in the water tion happens most frequently during rain and shows that nickel compounds predominate, melting of snow. In this period, a change is while at waters near the Zapolyarny industrial observed in the ratios of the main ions in the site have predominantly copper compounds chemical composition of water, and the total present.100 buffer capacity of stream water dropped.96 Elevations and waterside territories of the In the bottom sediments of the back and region are represented by acidic geological mouth locations, nickel content is higher than rocks (mainly granitic gneiss), and so the re- copper, showing the chronic nature of pollu- sistance of their ecosystems to the impact of tion of the river as a whole. This creates a acids is very low.97 threat of secondary water pollution of the riv-

95 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 96 «Пасвик-программа» (http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.htm). 97 «Пасвик-программа» (http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.htm). 98 «Пасвик-программа» (http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.htm). 99 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009. Committee of Natural Resources Management and Ecology of the Murmansk Oblast. http://www.gov-murman.ru/envcond/2009.pdf. 100 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009

35 Diagram 5. Seasonal dynamic of nickel and copper content in er when heavy metals are washed away from water and bottom sediments at the mouth of Kolosioki River the river bottom (see diagram 5, 6).101 From an analysis of a diagram it is visible that in the waters of the Kolosioki River throughout the entire calendar year, a signifi cant presence of copper and nickel is observed. The concentration of these metals in river bottoms is even higher. The Kolosioki River, at the mouth of which Nikel is located, is the most polluted river of the Patsoioki basin, where the average annual concentrations of copper compounds exceeds MAC (maximum allowable concentration) by several times.103 In the tributary between Salmijarvi and Kuetsjarvi lakes, which are linked with the basin of the Barents Sea by the River Paz, an excess of MAC of copper and nickel was recorded in all samples taken. Diagram 6. Seasonal dynamic of nickel and copper contents in In 2009, 11 cases of a high level of water the water and river bottom of Kolosioki River at 14,7 km from pollution with nickel were registered. In in- 102 Nickel site dividual tests, an excess of maximum allowable concentration was observed for content of manganese, total iron, molybdenum, mercury and organic substances for biochemical oxygen consumption and chemical oxygen consumption.104 The quality of water of the tributary is signifi cantly affected by the Kolosioki River fl ow, which is polluted by emissions of the plant. Observations were held regularly at fi ve locations on the River Patsoioki. The location above the Kaitakoski hydroelectric station is the backmost, and the location below the village of Borisoglebsky is the last on the river. Samples showed that for the river an increased content of copper ions is characteristic, the concentrations of which varies from 1 to 6 MAC. Content of nickel in 3 of the 30 samples was signifi cantly higher than the minimum determined values.105

101 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2008. Committee of Natural Resources Management and Ecology of the Murmansk Oblast. 102 Materials of the Committee of Natural Resources Management and Ecology of the Murmansk Oblast. Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2008. 103 http://www.arctictoday.ru/region/ecology/713.html. 104 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009. Committee of Natural Resources Management and Ecology of the Murmansk Oblast. 105 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009. Committee of Natural Resources Management and Ecology of the Murmansk Oblast.

36 Pechenganickel industrial site of dithiophosphate from 9 to 5 MAC has been (Zapolyarny) noted.109 The Pechenga river basin is located in the Observations on the Pechenga River were zone of activity of the Kola MMC plant (Zapol- carried out at two locations: 0.5 km below the yarny site). The most polluted river in this infl ux of the Namaioki River and 0.35 km to basin is Khaukilampiioki River, as it receives the west of the Pechenga station. Monitoring quarry water from the central mine, and mine data showed that along the entire stretch of drainage water from the Severny mine. Spe- the river, the water was polluted by metals: cifi c pollutants in the basin are nickel, copper, nickel, copper, iron and manganese. At the lo- manganese, sulfates, nitrite nitrogen, iron cation of the Pechenga River below the infl ux and zinc. In 2009, 12 cases were recorded in of the Namaioki River, one case was recorded Khaukilampiioki river (in all 100% of samples) in April 2009 of an extremely high content of of HP of water with nickel, 4 cases of HP of dithiophosphate, with a concentration of 60 nitrite nitrogen, 3 cases if HP and EHP of river MAC, and at the two locations, there were waters with mercury, and 3 cases of EHP of cases of high nickel content – 12 MAC.110 waters with dithiophosphate.106 The average concentration of copper in the Severonickel industrial site river was 10 MAC, nickel 22 MAC and nitrite The Travyanaya and Kumuzhya Rivers are nitrogen 7 MAC.107 also located in the zone of negative impact The quality of water of Luottnioki River is from the Kola MMC plant (Monchegorsk site), negatively affected by the Khaukilampiioki and are characterized by a high content of River fl ow, as well as mine drainage water copper and nickel combines at the HP and from the Bystraya River fl ow from the Cen- EHP level.111 tral and Severny mines of the Kola MMC plant The most polluted body of water of the ba- (Zapolyarny site). sin is the Nyuduai River. Consistent pollution In 2009, in samples taken from Luottnio- for a whole range of indicators is observed in ki River, six cases of HP of water with nickel the river. Over the course of 2009, six cases of were recorded and 2 cases of EHP of water EHP and 22 cases of HP were recorded, char- with dithiophosphate, and the average con- acterized by the pollutants: copper, nickel, centration of dithiophosphate for the year sulfates, molybdenum, xanthogenate and by came to 17 MAC. The average annual content pH value. The average copper content for the of metals compared with 2008 showed practi- year, 30 MAC, was extremely high, nickel con- cally no change.108 tent was 25 MAC, content of sulfates exceeded During the period of spring fl ooding and MAC by 6 times, and sodium by 3 times.112 rainwater fl oods, polluted water enters Na- Moncheozero is a source for drinking wa- maioki River from the tailing pit of the enrich- ter. It is located in a zone of technogenic im- ment plant of Kola MMC plant (Zapolyarny pact of emissions into the atmosphere by Kola site). In 2009, 2 cases were recorded of ex- MMC (Severonickel). In 2009, cases of HP tremely high content of dithiophosphate in (high pollution) and EHP were not recorded. Namaioki River, and two cases of high nickel The average annual concentration of copper content. However, compared to 2008, a re- exceeded MAC by 12 times, and nickel was duction in the average annual concentration higher than the established MAC.113

106 Materials of the Committee of Natural Resources Management and Ecology of the Murmansk Oblast. Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009. 107 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009. Committee of Natural Resources Management and Ecology of the Murmansk Oblast. 108 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009. 109 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009. 110 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009. 111 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009. 112 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009. 113 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009.

37 The majority of pollutants that enter bod- ent in an amount which could have industrial ies of water accumulate in river bottoms. A signifi cance.117 large number of pollutants emitted by the The most toxic substances for ichthyofau- Severonickel plant enter Imandra Lake and na and fl ora, as the inspection by A.G. Gusev accumulate in river bottoms. Silts have an conducted together with Severonickel plant extremely high intensity of accumulation of showed, are cations of copper, nickel and metals.114 cobalt. The maximum concentration of cop- In Monche-guba, gray-black silts accumu- per ions in the study was determined at 0.01 late plant waste. The highest concentrations mg/l, and cobalt at 0.01-0.02 mg/l118, and it is of heavy metals in Monche-guba have been primarily the kidneys, liver and blood of fi sh found in silts near the mouth of the Nyuduai that are damaged.119 It was also discovered river. It is waters of this river that carry waste that nickel and copper content in the organ- water from the Severonickel plant to Imandra isms of fi sh increases closer to the sources of Lake. pollution. In 1990, the joint Soviet-Canadian enter- The highest concentrations of toxins were prise Line carried out a chemical inspection of observed in fi sh in Kuyetsyarvi River, which the water and bottom sediments of the south- is located near copper and nickel plants. The ern part of the Moncha Lake. Water samples fi sh that live in this lake were found to have were taken from three levels – at 0.5 m, from a number of pathological changes in organs the middle depth of the body of water, and and tissues (cirrhosis of the liver, hemor- around the bottom. The data of the studies rhages of the spleen and gills, depigmenta- showed that at the bottom, concentrations tion of the skin). Scientists concluded that the of all elements were tens and hundreds of widespread nature and high degree of these times higher than at the top.115 A similar study problems show a clear correlation with the was repeated again in 1992. In this study, it proximity of the plant.120 was found that in the water of Moncha Lake, Data obtained on the state of bodies the Cd2 concentration exceeded MAC by 20 of water make it possible to conclude that times, Ni by 1-2 times, and lead (Pb) by 1-8 the ecosystems of rivers and lakes, located times.116 near KMMC plants, are subject to constant In the mid-1990s, the head hydrogeolo- anthropogenic impact. This is manifested gist of the Central Kola geological surveying in the acidifi cation and the chronic nature expedition, V.N. Ananiev, carried out an in- of pollution of these bodies of water with spection of the bottom sediments over the heavy metals. All living organisms are great- entire area of Nyudyarv Lake, confi rming the ly affected. amounts of non-ferrous metals were pres-

5.3.4. Pollution of groundwater

With the participation of Norwegian re- tion carried through the air from copper and searchers in the mid 1990s, studies were car- nickel factories. In a study on the quality of ried out on the quality of groundwater, with groundwater, four stations took part: one in the aim of determining the impact of pollu- the northern part of the Monchegorsk region

114 Семенович, 1975; Кондратова, Горшков, 1980; Fornster, 1982; Нахшина, 1985 (http://www.lapland-nature. info/ru/7.html). 115 Каширин и др., 1991 (http://www.lapland-nature.info/ru/7.html). 116 Берман и др., 1993 (http://www.lapland-nature.info/ru/7.html). 117 http://www.lapland-nature.info/ru/7.html. 118 http://www.lapland-nature.info/ru/7.html. 119 Моисеенко Т. И., Яковлев В. А. Антропогенные преобразования водных экосистем Кольского Севера. Л.: Наука, 1990. 120 Моисеенко Т. И., Яковлев В. А. Антропогенные преобразования водных экосистем Кольского Севера. Л.: Наука, 1990.

38 and three stations in the southern part of the Diagram 7. Concentration of nickel in groundwater Shelbbeken region.121 in Shelbekken 123 As a result of the study, it was discovered that groundwater in the Monchegorsk region is acidifi ed under the impact of industrial emissions containing sulfur. However, it was proven that their acid-neutralizing capacity is not exhausted, due to the mafi c nature of minerals in the soil and sediment rocks.122 In Shelbekken, groundwater is not acidifi ed and has a very high neutralizing capacity. The concentration of Ni (nickel) in Shelbek- ken shows that the maximum negative impact Nickel in groundwater of heavy metals on groundwater arises during the snow melting period. For groundwater, Nickel in stream water this peak period begins approximately one and a half months after the peak for surface currents.124 This conclusion partially served as the basis for carrying out monitoring of the quality of groundwater at border territories as Samples of snow showed a high amount part of the Pasvik project (2003-2006). of copper (Cu) in Karpdalen (Norway), but Monitoring was conducted by the Norwe- groundwater at this station contains very little gian geological institute (NGU) and the Lap- Cu. The highest concentration of Ni and Cu land regional Center for the environment in in groundwater is observed in Svanvik, which Finland, and was carried out without the par- was perhaps caused by the proximity of the ticipation from the Russian side. station to factories or the entry of these sub- In Norway, as part of the project the qual- stances from fl uvioglacial sediments.126 ity of ground water was monitored at three The high Cu concentration in Svanik (al- sections in quaternary deposits at various most 10 times higher than background indi- distances from the Pechenganickel copper cators) may be a sign of the anthropogenic and nickel plant. The monitoring did not fi nd impact on groundwater on the territory of this particular acidifi cation of groundwater on the station.127 territory of Norway. At all the stations, signifi - As the process of pollutants entering cant variations in concentrations of Ni were groundwater is spread out over time, it is not found. Nevertheless, a tendency is ob- necessary to conduct regular studies of the served for an increased concentration of Cu in chemical composition of soil moisture at vari- groundwater in Svanvik (Norway) during the ous levels. The composition of soil moisture period of active snow-melting (from April to may serve as an indicator for a timely deter- October 2005).125 mination of pollution of groundwater.128

121 Caritat, P. Groundwater composition near the nickel – copper smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula, central Barents Region, 1998. 122 Based on monitoring materials http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 123 Based on monitoring materials http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 124 Based on monitoring materials http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 125 Based on monitoring materials http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 126 Based on monitoring materials http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 127 Based on monitoring materials http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 128 Based on monitoring materials http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html.

39 5.3.5. Impact of industrial activity of KMMC on the land ecosystem

For Russian border regions on the Kola to pollution were chosen for monitoring, be- Peninsula a soil horizon with a thin layer of cause of their high sensitivity to sulfur dioxide 129 131 organic matter on top is characteristic. Soils (SO2). in regions of industrial activity of KMMC are Forest mosses and lichens live for many heavily polluted by heavy metals, as heavy years. They nourish themselves with rainwa- metals are closely linked with organic sub- ter and melting snows. Due to these features, stances. So a falling of heavy metals is pre- lichens and mosses accumulate heavy metals served at present, they stay and accumulate extremely effectively. An analysis of the pres- in organic substances. ence heavy metals have on lichens and moss- This is one of the main problems of the es, and the presence of compounds of heavy border territory – even if emissions drop or metals in the soil, is an effective method for stop altogether, heavy metals will remain in monitoring pollution. the soil and take part in the circulation of sub- Studies held as part of the Pasvik Program stances in the ecosystem for tens and hun- showed that the territory in the region of the dreds of years.130 Pechenganickel plant is a complete lichen As part of the Pasvik program to determine wasteland, i.e. there is a complete absence of the level of negative impact industrial emis- epiphytic lichens growing on tree trunks here. sions have on land ecosystems, monitoring However, in regions that are further away and was carried out by a work group of research- less subject to pollution, birch tree trunks are ers from Norway (NINA and Skogforsk, the abundantly covered in epiphytic lichens.132 Svanhovd ecological center), Russia, (Priroda During monitoring it was established that the scientifi c research institute in Moscow and concentration of heavy metals decreases as the Institute of Problems of Industrial Ecol- the distance from non-ferrous metallurgical ogy of the North of the Kola Scientifi c Cen- plant increases.133 ter of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and The diagram shows the quantitative de- Finland (METLA). Epiphytic lichen sensitive pendency on the concentration of copper and nickel in mosses in relation to distance from the smelters. Diagram 8. Concentration of metals in mosses, mg/kg134 The report “On the state and on conservation of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009” notes that 72.2% of soil samples studied in the region of Monchegorsk (Severonickel industrial site), an excess of MAC for nickel and copper was observed. In the Pechenga region, this excess for copper and nickel came to 83.3%.135 Plants that receive water and nourishing substances from the soil refl ect the level of pollutants in the soil. During the course of the studies, in some areas of the border territories, visible damage to leaf tissue was found, which was caused by

129 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 130 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 131 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia. 132 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org. 133 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org. 134 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org. 135 Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast in 2009.

40 a high sulfur dioxide content. Sulfur dioxide Picture 1. Birch tree leaves damaged by sulfur dioxide also affects photosynthesis of plants. (photo by D. Aamlid)137 During the course of the project as part of the Pasvik Program, it was discovered that the level of photosynthesis of leaves of birch trees and blueberry plants near plants was anomalously low.136 As the report “On the state and protection of the environment of the Murmansk Oblast” for 2008 states, areas that are damaged by the industrial emissions of the Severonickel and Pechenganickel plants cause a serious environmental problem. Restoring and creating new vegetation on affected and polluted lands is a difﬁ cult task, as these lands are located in a zone of active economic activity. In the northern climate, the task is further complicated by difﬁ culties of a natural and biological order. In the course of the study conducted by the forestry management of the Monchegorsk forestry board on 2002, 47,382 hectares of Сhart 11. State of forest and tundra ecosystems on the areas were found which were damaged by territory around the copper and nickel complexes in Nikel and 139 industrial emissions of Severonickel plant, in- Monchegorsk cluding 8,924 hectares of dead trees, 2,834 Forest death hectares of severe damage, 5,796 hectares area of medium damage, and 29,828 hectares of Inner visible low damage. At the Pechenga forestry board, damage zone the area of dead forest, a result of emissions from the Pechenganickel plant, came to 3,971 Outer visible hectares in total.138 damage zone The zone of harmful impact as a result of Inner non-visible emissions from the Pechenganickel plant also damage zone spreads to the territory of neighboring countries, Norway and Finland, where damage to Outer non-visible vegetation cover was also observed. damage zone

(Институт исследования леса Финляндии (METLA)

136 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html. 137 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org. 138 Доклад «О состоянии и об охране окружающей среды Мурманской области в 2008 году». Комитет приро- допользования и экологии Мурманской области (http://www.gov-murman.ru/envcond/2008.pdf). 139 http://www.pasvikmonitoring.org/russia/index_en.html.

41 6. Industrial activity of Norilsk Nickel MMC and human health

A human is an integral expression on the 1. high percentage and frequency of respi- state of the environment. As can be seen from ratory illnesses the chart,140 a person is the ﬁ nal link in the bio- 2. growth in number of oncological dis- geochemical chain. Eco-toxins accumulate in the eases body when they are present in the environment 3. weakening of immune system: growth as a result of technogenic pollution. A worsening in number of diseases and chronic pa- in the ecological situation leads to an increase in thologies the disease rate. 4. negative impact on the reproductive High concentrations of sulfur dioxide and system heavy metals have a negative impact on the 5. growth in disease rate among children health of people living in direct proximity to 6. appearance of professional illnesses Norilsk Nickel MMC plants. 7. reduction in life expectancy According to data of the studies, the following areas of the negative impact of the industrial activity of Norilsk Nickel MMC on human health may be singled out:

Сhart 12. Simpliﬁ ed diagram of the bio-geochemical food chain in land ecosystems

Domestic Human Plants animals beings

Soil Soil Land Soil micro- solution animals organisms

Environment Ground water Receptor

140 http://vsesnip.com/Data1/45/45877/index.htm.

42 6.1. Respiratory illnesses

The high percentage and frequency of the appearance and development of chronic illnesses of the upper respiratory tract are diseases of the lungs, irritates the mucous caused by emissions and high concentrations membranes of the eyes and the respiratory of sulfur dioxide in the air. tract, and assists and aggravates the course The population of Norilsk, which is near of chronic gastritis, bronchitis, laryngitis, 200,000 people, lives in a region surrounded and may lead to lung cancer. Tiny drops of on three sides by factories. No matter the sulfuric acid are formed when it reacts with direction of the wind, the city is consistently atmospheric moisture, which burns our shrouded in toxic smog. An increase in the lungs every day, and the rain kills plants. It number of diseases and pathologies among has become common practice to cancel chil- the people who live here is a direct result of dren’s walks at pre-school institutions be- this toxic pollution in the air. cause of the severe gas pollution of the air… An analysis of indicators of illness in Noril- we are falling sick and dying…”142 sk and Dudinka (control region of observation with identical climate and geographical fac- The data from the study also confi rmed tors of habitation) showed that data for the that the increases in sickness rates near growth of illness in the Norilsk industrial zone KMMC activity were directly connected with was 27.6% higher than this data for Dudinka the high level of pollution of atmospheric aid. and 42.1% higher than for the Taymyr au- In Monchegorsk, where the production tonomous district.141 facilities of Severonickel plant are located, a In 2007, residents of the Norilsk industrial relationship was found between sulfur dioxide zone, in a letter to deputies of the Russian air pollution and the development of diseases State Duma and supervisory conservation in the upper respiratory tract. The results of departments, which was signed by 15,000 studies showed that the rates of respiratory people, expressed their concern over the eco- organ diseases among children was 1.5 times logical situation in the region and the state of higher than the average level among 80 Rus- people’s health: sian cities.143 In a comparative analysis on children’s “The presence in atmospheric pollu- health in Monchegorsk and children in Olene- tion of heavy metals leads to a drop in the gorsk, it was found in Monchegorsk the illness immunity of city residents, which is so vi- rate of children with bronchial asthma, asthmat- tal in our climactic conditions. The main ic bronchitis, anemia, gastritis and also rickets manifestations of immune insuffi ciency are was considerably higher in Monchegorsk.144 children’s proneness to frequent ARVI, re- B.A Revich concludes in his studies that peated ailments of pneumonia, bronchitis with an increased amount of SO2 in the at- and considerable prevalence of allergic dis- mosphere of 10 mkg/m3, a corresponding eases. Sulfur dioxide, which is the most sig- increase in the mortality level from diseased nifi cant polluting factor, when its content in respiratory organs and cardiovascular system the atmosphere is excessive, gives rise to of 0.9% was possible.145

141 http://www.nrk.cross-ipk.ru/body/pie/body/8%5Cacclim%5Cpollution.htm. 142 http://www.osanor.ru/?id=154. 143 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t). 144 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t). 145 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t).

43 The consequences of the impact of sul- mospheric air of Russia cities are clearly fur dioxide on the health of the population underestimated, and require clariﬁ cation, in Russian cities is hard to assess, as the or an improvement of analytical methods levels of sulfur dioxide content in the at- of control.146

6.2. Increase in number of Oncological diseases

The development of oncological tumors development of lung cancer among nickel in the human body is caused by heavy metal refi nement workers, as the latent period for emissions and particles created from the in- cancer varies from 9 to 27 years.150 Workers in dustrial activity by Norilsk Nickel MMC. Nickel the nickel refi nement industry, a high level of and its compounds are especially toxic. cancer of the respiratory organs is observed, Nickel and its compounds have the sec- including cancer of the epipharhynx.151 On the ond highest impact on living organisms, af- whole, oncological diseases among residents ter sulfur dioxide. The World Health Orga- of Norilsk 1.65 times greater than the aver- nization calls this element an eco-toxicant, age for Russia, and 2.7 times greater among an extremely dangerous pollutant to the people who live in the center of the Norilsk environment. The mutagenic, allergenic and industrial zone.152 carcinogenic effects of the impact of nickel Studies carried out in Monchegorsk showed differ. The international agency for cancer that the frequency of oncological diseases research classifi es nickel in the 1st group of among people working at the plant were substances that are undoubtedly carcino- three times higher than average for Monche- genic for humans. It is thought that the car- gorsk residents.153 cinogenic effect of Ni is connected with its Nickel compounds are carcinogenic. Nickel entry into the cells, where it causes disrup- sulfate and chloride cause skin disease and tions to enzymatic and metabolic processes, respiratory system disease. Damage to the as a result of which carcinogenic products mucous membranes of the nose, formation may form.147 of ulcers and destruction of the nasal septum For example, studies have shown the fre- are also commonly experienced side effects. quency of lung cancer among men in Norilsk is Aerosols, tiny particles of nickel salts in the signifi cantly higher than the fi gures for Kras- air, are an especially active form of these com- noyarskiy Krai.148 There are not any equivalent pounds.154 The impact of nickel from aerosols fi ndings in any other regions of Russia.149 Ad- is 25 times more toxic than the impact nickel ditionally, it is frequently diffi cult to diagnose has when it enters the body through inges-

146 Ревич Б. А. Загрязнение окружающей среды химическими веществами и экологически обусловленные из- менения состояния здоровья населения в городах России (http://erh.ru/n_pub/n_pub01.php). 147 Юревич Е. А. Никель и его токсические соединения (http://www.vitaeauct.narod.ru/005/tcs/0300.htm). 148 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t). 149 Писарева Л. Ф., Пешкова Е. А., Горячев С. М., Детцель А. Е. Особенности онкологической заболеваемости в Заполярье // Эпидемиология, профилактика и ранняя диагностика злокачественных новообразований. Томск, 1987. 150 Соленова Л. Г., Дымова Е. Г., Каспаров А. А. Онкологическая заболеваемость работающих (http://www.medkit.ru/therapya/onkology/fragment_gl_6_nkologicheskaya_zabolevaemost_rabotayushchih). 151 Соленова Л. Г., Дымова Е. Г., Каспаров А. А. Онкологическая заболеваемость работающих (http://www.medkit.ru/therapya/onkology/fragment_gl_6_nkologicheskaya_zabolevaemost_rabotayushchih). 152 http:/www.osanor.ru/?id=154. 153 Последствия загрязнения природной среды // Бюллетени Центра Госсанэпиднадзора в Мурманской об- ласти за 1980-2000 гг. (http://www.lapland-nature.info/ru/5.html). 154 Сидоренко Г. И., Ицкова А. И. Никель. М.: Медицина, 1980.

44 tion of food and water.155 Nickel sulfate and Between 1994 and1995, studies were chloride aerosols are emitted from ventilation carried out in the following locations: the systems in nickel electrolysis shops. Further- town of Nikel, the town of Zapolyarny and at more, they form in the atmosphere as a result the border of Norway and Russia. The goal to a reaction of oxides and sulfi des coming of these studies was to detect a presence into contact with sulfuric acid.156 of nickel in people there. It was found that The average annual concentrations of nickel levels were higher in urine samples non-soluble nickel compounds detected in taken from people living on the Russian side the air above or near Nikel and Zapolyarny of the border than in towns across the bor- can sometimes reach 12-20 mkg/m3. This is der in Norway. The highest nickel content 12-20 higher than MAC. was found in the urine of people living in Nickel has cytotoxic and genotoxic quali- the town of Nikel, which shows a serious lo- ties. A study to detect cytogenetic indicators cal effect atmospheric pollution has in this was conducted out among workers employed area.158 in the town of Nikel who are involved in pro- In addition to studies responsible for fi nd- cessing pyrometallurgically sulfi de copper ing toxic levels of copper and nickel in the bod- and nickel ores. An inspection of the nickel ies of local residents, a number of oncological workers revealed genotoxic consequences and epidemiological studies were carried out from exposure to this industrial environment. as well. It was documented that death rates These fi ndings include high levels of micronu- from malignant tumors among workers was clei and inhibition to repair DNA synthesis in signifi cantly higher than among management lymphocytes. Furthermore, nickel was found personnel of the hydrometallurgical and pyro- in the hair of smelter shop workers in excess metallurgical industries.159 by 2.3 times, equal to 15.1 mkg/g, when com- The results of the studies also showed pared with a group of workers from auxiliary that risks to develop oncological respiratory professional backgrounds.157 diseases among workers of the nickel indus- In recent decades, the issues of Pechen- try depended on the technology used. It is ganickel emissions and their negative impacts thought that pyrometallurgical smelter de- on the environment and the health of people partments processing sulfi de ores are most at living in the border regions of have been very risk.160 serious.

155 Сидоренко Г. И., Ицкова А. И. Никель. М.: Медицина, 1980. 156 http://www.lapland-nature.info/ru/3.html. 157 Перминова Е. В. Эколого-генетическое обоснование защиты генома при профессиональном воздействии никеля с помощью аскорбиновой кислоты: Дисс. канд. биол. наук. Апатиты, 2003. 158 Ревич Б. А. Экологически зависимые изменения состояния здоровья населения, связанные с загрязнением окружающей среды городов Европейской части России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich/05). 159 Нибур Э., Томассен И., Чащин В., Одланд Й. Ю. Оценка профессиональной вредности металлов. Barents Newsletter on Occup Health and Safety 2006; 9:12-16 (http://www.ttl.ﬁ /en/publications/electronic_journals/barents_newsletter/pages/default.aspx). 160 Нибур Э., Томассен И., Чащин В., Одланд Й. Ю. Оценка профессиональной вредности металлов. Barents Newsletter on Occup Health and Safety 2006; 9:12-16 (http://www.ttl.ﬁ /en/publications/electronic_journals/barents_newsletter/pages/default.aspx).

45 6.3. Weakening of the immune system: increase in number of diseases and chronic pathology

The poor environmental conditions cre- A letter from residents of the Norilsk industrial ate harmful effects on the immune system on zone states that every year they “increasingly people living in direct proximity to the industrial seek aid from doctors for various reasons. sites of Norilsk Nickel MMC. In response to this For every 1,000 people, the number of visits situation, there is an immense number of peo- to the doctor came to 1,369.8 times in 1995, ple seeking medical assistance. Data from the 1,591.8 times in 1999, and 1,668.5 times in Norilsk Center of the State Sanitary and Epide- 2001. And this tendency continues”.162 miological Inspection Service shows a tendency of disease in the Norilsk industrial zone.161

Increase in number of diseases in 2002. General disease rate increase of 1.7% compared to 2001 Primary disease rate increase of 2.3% compared to 2001 Children’s disease rate increase of 5.1% compared to 2001 General disease rate increase of 19.9% compared to 1996 Primary disease rate increase of 3.3% compared to 1996 Diseases of the endocrinal system three times the level for 1996 Diseases of the circulation system 83% of the level for 1996 Number of tumors 63.8% of the level for 1996 Number of congenital abnormalities 58.8% of the level for 1996

According to assessments of recent years, The increase in the growth of the general pollution of the atmospheric air causes up to disease rate shows the weakening of the im- 37% of newly diagnosed diseases of children mune system, and an increase in the percent- and 21.6% of the adult population of the age of chronic pathologies in the Norilsk re- town.163 gion.164

6.4. Negative impact on the reproductive system

A polluted environment is a serious threat more frequent cases of toxicosis of the second to the health of pregnant women and new- half of pregnancy and premature births.165 born babies. Anthropometric indicators of newborn babies Statistics show that the threat of interrupted in the Norilsk industrial zone are lower than indi- pregnancy among women in Norilsk is higher cates for the average group of newborn babies than among woman in Dudinka. There are also which were born to a lesser polluted zone:166

161 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t). 162 http://www.osanor.ru/?id=154. 163 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t). 164 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t). 165 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t). 166 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t).

46 Average Polluted Less Dudinka Kola polar region are in the risk group for dis- weight of zone turbance of menstrual function, dysmenorrhea, newborn babies 3000g 3250g 3430g and also high frequency of somatic disease: iron deﬁ ciency anemia, pathology of the thyroid gland, diseases of the ear nose and throat, and In 2009 G.F. Yankovskaya conducted a study the gastro-intestinal tract”.167 on the “Reproductive health of women from dif- In her study, Yankovskaya proves that in- ferent age groups living in the conditions of the dustrial factors have a signiﬁ cant impact on the Kola Polar region”. In her work, Yankovskaya, a risk of various complications during pregnancy PhD in medical science, concludes on the ba- among women working with non-ferrous met- sis of her data that “teenage girls living in the allurgy.168

6.5. Increase in children’s disease rate

Emissions by non-ferrous metallurgy plants Studies conducted in Monchegorsk and a have strong negative impacts on children. comparative analysis showed that skin dis- Health indicatorions of children living with- eases among children in Monchegorsk exceed in the Norilsk industrial zone were analyzed the average level for Russia by two times.170 and compared with children’s health from a In the Murmansk Oblast in general, a high different polar town, Dudinka. Dudinka does frequency of developmental defects among not have any major sources of pollution. The children is registered. The child mortality results showed that more children in Norilsk rate from oncological diseases in this region have chronic tonsillitis, diseases of the gas- exceeds the general Russian rate by 1.9 tro-intestinal tract, bile passages etc.169 times.171

6.6. Emergence and increase of occupational diseases

The particular dangers employees from of for health and social development of the Mur- non-ferrous metallurgy plants face coming mansk Oblast notes in its report that the growth into contact with toxic substances are occupa- of newly diagnosed occupational diseases in tional diseases and loss of ability to work. 2009, is mainly accounted for by workers of According to data of ofﬁ cial state statistics, Kola MMC. They have worked under harmful la- the Murmansk Oblast holds 4th place for level of bor conditions simply due to the nature of their occupational disease in the Russian Federation. work. The average age of these people suffer- Indicators of occupational disease for the Mur- ing from occupational disease is 45-55, and the mansk Oblast are higher than equivalent ﬁ g- average record of their work activity in harmful ures for the Russian Federation.172 The ministry conditions is 10-20 years or more.173

167 Янковская Г. Ф. Репродуктивное здоровье женщин различных возрастных групп, проживающих в услови- ях Кольского Заполярья: Диссертация, 2001 / Российский университет дружбы народов. М., 2009. 168 Янковская Г. Ф. Репродуктивное здоровье женщин различных возрастных групп, проживающих в услови- ях Кольского Заполярья: Диссертация, 2001 / Российский университет дружбы народов. М., 2009. 169 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t). 170 Ревич Б. А. «Горячие точки» химического загрязнения окружающей среды и здоровье населения России (http://www.ecfor.ru/pdf.php?id=books/revich02/gor_t). 171 http://www.nestor.minsk.by/sn/2007/48/sn74825.html. 172 О состоянии тяжелого производственного травматизма и профессиональной заболеваемости в Мурман- ской области в 2009 году (http://minzsr.gov-murman.ru/plan/ﬁ les/20100208_1537.pdf 08.02.2010). 173 О состоянии тяжелого производственного травматизма и профессиональной заболеваемости в Мурман- ской области в 2009 году (http://minzsr.gov-murman.ru/plan/ﬁ les/20100208_1537.pdf 08.02.2010).

47 Along with primary occupational disease, the number of occupational diseases at once. there is also a growth in the total number of Even if productions are modernized, many occupational diseases. people will remain working harmful labor con- Occupational disease, as the report notes, ditions, potentially leading to a surge of occu- is formed over a long period of time, and so it pational disease.174 is not possible to bring about a drastic drop in

6.7. Reduction in life expectancy

Living and working in poor environmental pact on human health is caused by a polluted conditions not only causes an increased fre- environment. quency of disease, but it also leads to a sig- The World Health Organization (WHO) con- nifi cant reduction of life expectancy. fi rms the relationship of disease and death The life expectancy of workers of Norilsk rates in relation to the state the environment Nickel plants is 10 years less than the average is in. According to WHO data, the death rate in for Russia.175 cities with high levels of air pollution is 15-20% The situation is aggravated by the climatic higher than the death rate for people living in features of the region. cities with a favorable environmental situa- Drinking water on the Kola Peninsula is tion.177 characterized as ultra-soft, which may raise All of this allows us to conclude that de- the absorptive capacity and toxic impact of spite the improvement of offi cial indicators of chemical elements, including nickel. Further- pollution of the environment, the negative im- more, people living in northern latitudes often pact on living organisms does not decrease. suffer from disruption of metabolism, which This is explained by the duration of impacts manifests itself in a defi cit of iron. The quali- pollutants have on the environment, the rate ties of erythrocyte red blood cells are charac- of heavy metals decaying in soil and water, as terized by a short lifespan, greater size and well as the inadequate assessment of calcu- more intensive formation process, which ag- lating the MAC’s impact on human health. gravate the metabolism process.176 The increased frequency of disease and low life expectancy among people working at It has been proved that the causes for a Norilsk Nickel MMC plants and living near the worsened state of health, reproductive func- industrial activity are indicators of poor envi- tions in particular, extending to the entire ronmental conditions. These fi ndings are the population, are unfavorable social, economic direct consequence of the industrial activity and environmental factors. The greatest im- from Norilsk Nickel MMC.

174 О состоянии тяжелого производственного травматизма и профессиональной заболеваемости в Мурман- ской области в 2009 году (http://minzsr.gov-murman.ru/plan/ﬁ les/20100208_1537.pdf 08.02.2010). 175 Голубчиков С. (http://www.ng.ru/science/2009-02-11/11_ecoimage.html). 176 Янковская Г. Ф. Репродуктивное здоровье женщин различных возрастных групп, проживающих в услови- ях Кольского Заполярья: Диссертация, 2001 / Российский университет дружбы народов. М., 2009. 177 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/index.html.

48 7. Norilsk Nickel MMC and corporate social responsibility (CSR)

Corporate social responsibility is the social with the company’s reputation for increasing responsibility of business, according to which its investment attractiveness. companies take into account the interests of When selecting the company’s strategy society. They must take responsibility for the within the sphere of CSR, the company must inﬂ uence their activities impose not only on take into account the opinions of all interested workers and shareholders of their company, sides, i.e. not only take into account the point but on the environment and people living of views and requirements of company heads within areas affected by its industrial activ- and representatives of bodies of power, but ity.178 also the local community – representatives of CSR is the voluntary decision by compa- civil society. nies to take part in improving the life of soci- In forming a CSR strategy, three foci are ety and protecting the environment. Correct singled out: economic, social and ecological. policy in the CSR sphere is closely connected

7.1. Ecological responsibility of Norilsk Nickel MMC

The management of Norilsk Nickel MMC technologies, reduction of emission of green- views environmental conservation activity house gases, control of emission of pollutants as an integral part of business. The company into the atmosphere, rational use of fresh strives to make a contribution to the stable water, initiatives to reduce the impact of the development of Russia by observing require- company’s industrial activity on the environments of environmental legislation, rational ment, and other measures directed towards use of natural resources and constant im- protecting the environment.180 provement of environmental conservation.179 Environmentally responsible companies From the Report on corporate social carry out audits, monitor their industrial ac- responsibility of Norilsk Nickel MMC tivity for impacts to reduce the occurrence of harmful complications, and compensate all The ecological responsibility of the com- affected by damages. pany is characterized by the amount of sec- The concept of ecological responsibility ondary raw materials used, energy-saving must under no circumstance be replaced by

178 http://ru.wikipedia.org. 179 Отчет о корпоративной социальной ответственности ОАО ГМК «Норильский никель» (http://www.nornik.ru/_upload/editor_fi les/fi le1381.pdf). 180 Материалы семинара «Предупреждение чрезвычайных ситуаций в Арктике и координация работы по их ликвидации, включая экологические последствия» (http://www.nornik.ru/_upload/news_lang/fi lename_document1_107.pdf).

49 “greenwashing” – otherwise known as “cheap” responsibility. This in fact leads to even great- tricks that create the illusion of environmental er problems and additional risks.181

7.1.1. Reducing emissions of harmful substances, introducing new technologies

Measures carried out by Norilsk Nickel At the same time, the data of Norilsk Nick- make it possible to gradually reduce the level el MMC on CSR also indicates an increase in of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. emissions of pollutants from KMMC plants: In 2009, compared to 2008, the level of emis- 143,500 tons in 2008 to 148,400 tons in sions at the Polar Division dropped to almost 2009.185 7,000 tons. Over the last ten years, emissions Norilsk Nickel MMC announces that it is dropped by 10%, including solid matter by al- making efforts to modernize the industrial most double. process, with the goal of reducing emissions. From a report on the results of work by the general director of Norilsk Nickel MMC Vladimir Strzhalkovsky182 A comprehensive program of measures has been developed that are directed towards a At the same time, we can see a huge cardinal reduction of emissions (sulfur dioxide) amount of harmful substances which the in Zapolyarny and Nikel. Modernization of the Polar Division annually emits into the atmo- enrichment and metallurgical plants will make sphere. According to offi cial data alone that it possible to reduce the level of emissions of is contained in the Norilsk Nickel MMC report sulfur anhydrate signifi cantly. By 2014, SO2 on CSR, plants of the Polar Division emitted emissions in Nikel will be reduced to 78,000 1,949,800 tons into the atmosphere.183 Com- tons a year (at present emissions come to pared with this fi gure, reducing emissions by 110,000 tons). only 7,000 tons seems quite insignifi cant. Sergei Selyandin, general director of Kola MMC

At industrial sites of Norilsk Nickel located According to experts’ assessment, a reduc- on the Kola peninsula, sulfur dioxide emissions tion in sulfur dioxide emissions after mod- dropped by 2.5 times over the period from ernization of the roasting shop in Zapolyarny 1997. will be achieved by increasing emissions in Из отчета по итогам работы генерального Nikel. During roasting, sulfur used to burn директора ОАО «ГМК «Норильский никель» and enter the atmosphere in the form of sul- Владимира Стржалковского184 fur dioxide with emissions from the industrial site in Zapolyarny. With the introduction of a However, this comparison of emission renew briquetting technology, it will remain as ductions from 2009 with those from 1997 is a concentrate of ore. Because of this physi- not accurate. As we noted earlier, reductions cal nature, at this stage of the manufactur- of emissions from KMMC plants took place ing process, a reduction of SO2 emissions will because of the increase since the mid-90s in indeed be achieved. At the industrial smelting local ore used in production with lower sulfur site in Nikel, this sulfur will continue to enter content, and not because of new technolo- the atmosphere in the form of sulfur dioxide, gies or environmental protection measures. SO2.

181 http://www.ecowiki.ru/index.php?title. 182 http://www.krasrab.com/archive/2010/06/17/11/view_article. 183 Отчет о корпоративной социальной ответственности ОАО ГМК «Норильский никель» (http://www.nornik.ru/_upload/editor_fi les/fi le1381.pdf). 184 http://www.krasrab.com/archive/2010/06/17/11/view_article. 185 По материалам отчета по КСО ГМК «Норильский никель» (http://www.nornik.ru/_upload/editor_fi les/fi le1381.pdf).

50 KMMC management states that “the major- upon modernization at the time. After re- ity of gases will be processed into sulfuric acid ceiving the grant, Norilsk Nickel MMC turned at the sulfuric acid production facility”, and down the loan, violating the conditions of the additionally it is planned to “reconstruct the agreement that had been previously reached. smelter section”186 at the Nikel industrial site. Modernization of the briquetting section in Utilization of sulfur at the industrial site in Zapolyarny began much later. Modernization Nikel plays an important role in ensuring envi- of the Nickel industrial site was limited only ronmental safety for the region. With the aim to overhaul repairs and replacement of old of preparing smelter production for process- parts. ing copper and nickel bricks with high sulfur It seems doubtful that in the brief period content, KMMC has started renovations at given for overhaul of equipment, KMMC will the section for the production of sulfuric acid. be able to solve the task of utilization of sulfur, According to KMMC management, the reno- which will be delivered in even greater quan- vations will help to increase the volume of tities with production from the briquetting utilized sulfur gases to 7000 nm3/hour with- shop, or to reduce emissions of sulfur gas. out a reduction in the degree of utilization.187 A vague answer to this question was given Renovations works include cleaning the tower by Alexei Tolstykh, deputy general director of equipment, the gas ducts and pipes, works Kola MMC on technical issues: “as far as emis- on restoring the chemical protection of equip- sions of pollutants into the atmosphere in Ni- ment, and replacing the nozzles of Raschig kel are concerned, we will keep strictly within rings, which have not been replaced for 23 the limits of Russian legislation.”189 years, and also a complete replacement of Does this mean that at present KMMC does the contact mass at contact apparatus № 1 of not regard the signifi cant emissions of sulfur the fi rst stage, and partial replacement of the dioxide, which at the Nikel site alone exceed mass of contact apparatus № 2. the annual SO2 emissions for the whole of In 2001, with the aim of modernizing pro- Norway190, as a violation of Russian legislation duction and reducing emissions at Pechen- on emissions of toxic substances? ganickel, an intergovernmental agreement The sum of 11,229.2 million rubles spent was signed between Norway and Russia. The by Norilsk Nickel MMC on environmental mea- key stages of modernization were supposed sures in 2009 comes to over $376 million US to be the introduction of three new technolo- dollars. During this period, the reduction of gies: emissions from all industrial sites of Norilsk 1. enrichment of ore by briquetting instead Nickel MMC was just 2,000 tons. In 2009 in of roasting of copper and nickel pellets (Polar comparison with 2008, the mass of pollutants industrial site) discharged into bodies of water dropped by 2. autogenic smelting in the smelter shop, 1.2% for the group in total.191 making it possible to separate and strip slag Carrying out environmental protection in the smelting process measures is impossible without technological 3. bringing the concentration of sulfur gas overhaul of equipment, and using new tech- to a level that allows it to be utilized into sul- nologies. The expenses on scientifi c research, furic acid.188 design of experiments, and technological Although Pechenganickel received a target works and studies in 2009 came to 126.0 mil- grant and signed a loan agreement for the lion rubles, which was just a tiny part of the sum of $30 million, it did not start the agreed combine’s turnover (0.06% of turnover).192

186 Pechenga newspaper http://pechenga-gazeta.ru/?view=article&id=3421. 187 http://pechenga-gazeta.ru/?view=article&id=3540. 188 Ministry of economic development and trade of the Russian Federation http://bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=21141. 189 Pechenga newspaper http://pechenga-gazeta.ru/?view=article&id=3421. 190 http://www.bellona.ru/articles_ru/articles_2009/1261564898.17. 191 По материалам отчета по КСО ГМК «Норильский никель» (http://www.nornik.ru/_upload/editor_ﬁ les/ﬁ le1381.pdf). 192 Кричевский Н. (http://www.novayagazeta.ru/data/2010/110/19.html).

51 During this report period, the general di- account salary and bonuses, which was ap- rector of Norilsk Nickel Vladimir Strzhalkovsky proximately 7% of the sum that the company earned $24.8 million in 2009193, taking into spent on solving ecological problems.

7.1.2. Measures for rehabilitation of territories and recultivation of vegetation

Since the start of the 2000s, KMMC has Nikel. The peak of recultivation came in 2009, been restoring lands which have suffered for when works were carried out to plant 21 hect- several decades from the negative impact of ares of technogenic wasteland. However, the combines in Monchegorsk, Zapolyarny and amount of planting for 2010 was much more modest. On the whole, as the KMMC reports Table 4. Area of killed and damaged forests, note, over 100 hectares were planted – a tiny and recultivated areas ﬁ gure compared with the total area of plant Plant life killed and damaged by industrial emissions from the plant.194 Damaged forests Severonickel Pechenganickel Polar division As it is widely known, in Arctic conditions Total damaged areas 47 382 Precise data 537 100 the biological productivity of ﬂ ora and fauna hectares lacking hectares is very low, and so to restore the balance of Including killed areas 8 924 283 200 3 971 hectares hectares hectares the environment of the polar region that was violated by industrial production, it may take Recultivated areas 81.5 18.5 hectares Data lacking hectares decades, if not centuries.

7.1.3. Observance of environmental legislation

In August 2010, a large-scale inspection ing out checks, a conclusion of independent of observance of ecological legislation at the experts is required. Kola mining and metallurgical company was “As a result of the checks, violations were completed. Emissions into the atmospheric air found, in accordance with which 16 adminis- were checked, and also observance of norms in trative cases were opened under individual ar- storage of waste of production and consump- ticles of the Administrative violations code)”.195 tion – so-called tailings, scrap metal and mer- An analysis of water samples showed that for cury-containing materials. Inspectors from the a number of substances, such as nickel and regional offi ce of Rosprirodnadzor carried out fl uorides, the indicators were exceeded. an inspection at all three of the KMMC sites – For control over emissions by plants, there in Monchegorsk, Nikel and Zapolyarny. are maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) In an inspection of fi ve waste water outlets and norms for acceptable emission. from industrial sites of KMMC, the Center of Controlling bodies that see that a plant laboratory analyses and technical measure- cannot reduce its emissions/discharges to ments for the Murmansk Oblast was brought established norms introduce so-called norms in, the only center of independent analysis. for provisionally approved discharged (PAD). Although KMMC has its own laboratory with Provisionally approved discharges/emissions fi ve sections that is accredited and certifi ed allow a greater content of harmful substances at the federal agency of metrology, in carry- in the waste water and emissions of plants.

193 Based on materials of the site http://www.pbwm.ru/articles. 194 Доклад «О состоянии и об охране окружающей среды Мурманской области в 2008 году». Комитет приро- допользования и экологии Мурманской области (http://www.gov-murman.ru/envcond/2008.pdf). 195 http://nord-news.ru/main_topic/?mtopicid=119

52 Valentin Khachin, the deputy head of the the entire history of Norilsk Nickel, there was department for supervision of water and land an offi cial calculation of their damages ren- resources at Rosprirodnadzor for the Mur- dered to bodies of water alone. This came to mansk Oblast, explains this as follows: “But 2,705,612,362.54 rubles.199 At the same time, still, a plant that receives these norms devel- the damage was calculated for certain short ops a plan to reduce concentration of harmful periods indicated above in 2007, and only at substances to MAC. In Russia, the maximum seven emission outlets of a total number of allowable concentrations are very high com- 86. One is forced to conclude that if the dam- pared with international experience. This is age for the entire year from all emissions of primarily due to the fact that the documents Norilsk Nickel were calculated, the damage were developed 50 years ago, and have yet to would come to hundreds of billions of rubles. be reviewed”.196 A calculation of damage caused by Noril- Based on the results from fi ve different sk Nickel as a consequence of emissions of outlets of three different sites in KMMC, an harmful substances into the atmosphere was excess of MAC was found, and 10 adminis- not made; there are no precise methods for trative cases were opened under article 8.13 these calculations. of the administrative violations code (5 for a Based on the results of the inspection, the legal person and 5 for an offi cial). The legal deputy head state inspector of the Russian person was charged a fi ne of 140,000 rubles, Federation called for for control and super- and the offi cial was charged 15,000 rubles.197 vision of the use and conservation of water KMMC, as the main source of anthropo- bodies. In early 2008, and on behalf of the genic pollution of the Kola Peninsula, does not Federal service for supervision in the sphere observe environmental legislation strictly. It of natural resource management (Rosprirod- has successfully made use of the legislation’s nadzor) to the Arbitration Court of Krasno- weak points to avoid paying ecological fi nes. yarskiy Krai, Oleg Mitvol fi led a law suit on After 2000, an initiative from KMMC sought to compensation for damage done to the envi- make Russian companies exempt from sev- ronment. eral years of payments owed for environmen- In June 2008, the Arbitration Court of the tal pollution. The Kola MMC was able to lobby Krasnoyarskiy Krai placed an administrative this decision by bringing in a group of special- fi ne on the division of Norilsk Nickel for dis- ists from the liquidated Federal environmen- charging waste waters into rivers on the ba- tal foundation. This disregard for the law and sis that it was illegal, and rejected the lawsuit non-observance of environmental require- from Rosprirodnadzor. The arbitration court, ments was called “envirnmental dumping” by without disputing the fact that waste water the director for environmental policy of the and pollutants were discharged into bodies Russia World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Yevgeny of water, found the inspection conducted by Shvarts.198 Rosprirodnadzor to be illegal, as Rosprirod- Environmental inspections are conducted nadzor violated the terms and periodicity of periodically, or can be prompted from com- inspections. plaints by city residents. After an open letter Oleg Mitvol, who initiated the inspection of from residents of Norilsk in 2007, Rosprirod- Norilsk Nickel, was dismissed from Rosprirod- nadzor carried out an inspection on the indus- nadzor. trial activity from the Polar Division of Norilsk It should be mentioned that the governor Nickel from 02.08 to 31.08. The results and of the Krasnoyarskiy Krai, A. Kholoponin, at inspection documents are given in point 4.3.2 the time was the former involved with Norilsk of the present report. Nickel productions. He is the presently the The importance of this inspection is dif- presidential representative in the North Cau- fi cult to overestimate – for the fi rst time in casian federal district.

196 http://nord-news.ru/main_topic/?mtopicid=119 197 http://nord-news.ru/main_topic/?mtopicid=119 198 http://www.ecoindustry.ru/news/view/25639.html. 199 Data from materials from Rosprirodnadzor inspection

53 During investigations, it was also discov- pressure. It is quite problematic for Russian ered that not all the permissions for emissions courts to make fair decisions. of harmful substances were received legally. A system of ecological payments does ex- The deputy head of the Yenisei inter-regional ist in Russia. This norm was established by department of technological and ecological the Law “On protection of the environment”201 supervision at Rostekhnazdor illegally issued Payment for negative impact on the environ- Norilsk Nickel MMC with permissions to emit ment is made by organizations and persons pollutants into the atmosphere. The offi cial whose actions cause negative impacts to the was charged with responsibility for damages environment. This is a kind of compensation to an extent of around 1 billion rubles. The for damage done by pollution to the environ- investigative bodies of the prosecutor’s offi ce ment. However, the size of fi nes are miniscule and investigative committee for the Krasno- and do not justly correspond to the scale of yarskiy Krai opened a criminal case under the damage done. For example, a ton of car- article 286 p.1 of the Russian Criminal Code bon sulfur emitted costs a business 410 ru- (abuse of offi ce).200 bles, a ton of mercury costs 6,833 rubles, and Representatives of Norilsk Nickel were not for a ton of ammonia that enters the environ- charged, although Norilsk Nickel MMC was in- ment, a company pays just 52 rubles.202 volved in a corruption scandal based on the For this reason, it is more advantageous illegal issue of permissions for the emission of for big business to pay ecological fi nes and harmful substances. taxes than invest in real modernization of The decision by the Krasnoyarsk Court is a technological processes and construction of clear demonstration of the fact that Russian new treatment plants. courts are subject to strong administrative

7.1.4. Ecological management system (EMS), presentation of non-financial report

Proper policy in CSR not only leads to a achievements of Norilsk Nickel MMC in CSR rise in the company’s rating, but also its in- shows an ambiguous picture. vestment attractiveness. In response to the In November 2009, the State pension fund demands of the international sales market, of Norway (also known as the Norwegian Norilsk Nickel MMC introduced an ecological sovereign fund) announced the exclusion of management system (EMS), in accordance Norilsk Nickel from its investment portfolio, with the requirements of international stan- as the Norilsk Nickel mining and metallurgi- dard ISO14001:2004. This establishes re- cal company neglects environmental activity quirements for the environmental manage- and damages the environment, which goes ment system, but it does not establish criteria against the fund’s principles. Following this, for ecological performance.203 the Norwegian Foreign Ministry confi rmed Norilsk Nickel MMC was one of the fi rst this decision on the basis of the fact that the Russian companies to deliver annual Social re- company’s activity involves emissions of an ports, or in other words non-fi nancial reports, unacceptable amount of sulfur dioxide and and have been doing so for several years. heavy metals, which irrep arably damages the However, an expert assessment on the environment and threatens human health.

200 http://www.bcs-express.ru/digest/?article_id=3658. 201 Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On protection of the environment” http://www.ecoline.ru/mc/legis/zoos2002.html. 202 http://infosud.ru/legislation_publication/20100529/250176526.html. 203 http://www.ecoindastry.ru/news/view/22048-html.

54 7.1.5. Environmental initiatives of Norilsk Nickel MMC

Recently (since Vladimir Putin visited Noril- been acquired for this (note: equipment was sk at the end of August 2010), Norilsk Nickel acquired in 2006). MMC has announced increased activity in the Thus, by 2014, the Polar Division hopes to environmental sphere. In October 2010, on reduce the anthropogenic load on the envi- the initiative of Norilsk Nickel MMC, the re- ronment by 10 times.205 gional conference “Conservation of the envi- They are planning to create a sanitary pro- ronment and industrial activity in the North” tective zone of the nickel plant. was organized, where regional and municipal Attempting to measure up to the require- bodies of power, scientifi c research, educa- ments of the time, Norilsk Nickel MMC has de- tional institutions of Russia and public ecologi- veloped a program that would help modernize cal organizations took part. the company. After coordination with the Kras- At the conference, the director of the Polar noyarskiy Krai administration it will be sent for Division of the company, Yevgeny Muravev, an- approval to the Russian ministry of regional nounced that Norilsk Nickel MMC would spend development. The program was supposed to 27 billion rubles, almost 1 billion dollars, over be approved by 30 October 2010. the next fi ve years on implementing environ- On 31 August 2010 in Norilsk, an agree- mental projects on the Taymyr peninsula. ment was signed on cooperation between Measures have been announced in the en- the Federal supervisory service for natural re- vironmental sphere at plants of the Polar Divi- source management and Norilsk Nickel MMC. sion. The agreement prescribed in detail the obliga- Over 50% of all investments in the eco- tions of the company to reduce emissions of logical program are planned to be directed to pollutants over the next three years. It also utilization of sulfur dioxide.204 Problems that included plans to modernize specifi c shops currently involve the utilization of sulfur and of the combine. According to the agreement, sulfuric acid along with its removal are to be controlling functions over the implementa- solved by introducing new technology. One tion of agreements should be carried out by such strategy would be to pump sulfur instead Rosprirodnadzor.206 of cement (the existing practice) into rock The policy of Norilsk Nickel MMC in the cavities after extracting ore. conservation sphere today looks as follows: Testing the new method of utilization of Ideally, the company implies that it has an in- sulfur was planned before the end of 2010. terest into solve environmental issues caused Norilsk Nickel is also examining the issue by their industrial activities(offi cial statistics of of introducing the hydrometallurgical technol- Norilsk Nickel MMC). However, the reality of ogy ActivOx, which makes it possible to ob- the situation and objective data show the neg- tain metal with the use of chemical processes atively affected environmental conditions and instead of fi ring, which accordingly also re- the health threats on people that result direct- duces the impact on the environment. The ly from the actions of Norilsk Nickel MMC. equipment that costs $100 million has already

204 http://www.ecoindustry.ru/news/company/view/26140.html. 205 http://www.ecoindustry.ru/news/company/view/26140.html. 206 Соглашение о взаимодействии между Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере природопользования и ОАО «ГМК «Норильский никель» по сопровождению плана мероприятий по снижению негативного воз- действия выбросов загрязняющих веществ в атмосферу города на ЗФ ОАО «ГМК «Норильский никель» (http://rpn.gov.ru/node/1857).

55 Conclusion

Plants of the Norilsk Nickel company group, from Norilsk Nickel MMC plants exists, envi- with their outdated technologies, are another ronmental conditions remain unfavorable. severely detrimental ecological legacy that According to the company’s CSR report, Noril- Russia inherited from the Soviet Union. sk Nickel pays a great deal of attention to de- According to information from the Russian veloping a proper environmental management Ministry of Natural Resources, for two decades system in accordance to international standards Norilsk Nickel has been among the most seri- and requirements of the market. However, judg- ous ecological polluters in Russia as well as the ing from Bellona’s environmental assessment greater Northern Eurasia area. Not only is the results, the main goal of developing this area air harmed by the activity from Norilsk Nickel is not one that reduces negative effects in the MMC, but the nickel mining also harms the Arc- environment, but rather company’s interest in tic seas. The activity of the Kola branch harms raising their competitive ability in the domes- the environment of the neighboring territories tic and more importantly foreign markets. The in the countries of Norway and Finland. extent of the company’s “environmental man- In the past, during the time of industrial- agement” scheme only goes so far as to appear ization and the late Soviet period, damage to environmentally concerned in order to increase the environment was not assessed and little investment attractiveness and receive additional money was spent to clean technologies. opportunities, i.e. proﬁ ts. The history of Norilsk Nickel and the man- The ecological transparency of the com- ufacturing non-ferrous metals shows a company is low. The public has little to no access plete lack of environmental concern, proving to reports or ﬁ ndings from inspections carried that they were never an environmentally or out for domestic and international auditing socially responsible enterprise. They always purposes. The public also does not have ac- had another agenda, which lacked the re- cess to documents relating to the environmen- sponsibility of protecting the environment and tal protection activity of Norilsk Nickel MMC, public health. Norilsk Nickel, the heir and suc- through which monitoring of implementation cessor of NorilLag (a plant built by the former of ecological tasks is carried out. Norilsk labor camp prisoners under Stalin’s Norilsk Nickel claims that it spends large ruling), retained their predecessor’s historic sums of money on ecological training of per- attitude towards people and nature – one of sonnel, corporate seminars, programs and exploitation. courses to educate employees and improve Human or environmental exploitation is no production methods. While Norilsk Nickel at- longer an acceptable means of production by tempts to improve the quality of their work any standards. Companies like Norilsk Nickel through educational trainings and programs, should take a responsibility and behave ethi- they fail to resolve the pollution problem at cally. the source of the issue. The company contin- The Russian Federation should introduсe ues the use outdated technology, mainly old new environmental protection standards. industrial equipment for its productions. It is Since Norilsk Nickel is active in the interna- useless to train personnel in “clean produc- tional market, it must comply with the in- tion” if old, dirty technology and equipment is ternational standard ISO 14001: 2004. This used in production. standard regulates environmental protection The company management has announced activity. In the section of the report about on several occasions that it is implement- corporate social responsibility (2009), “On ing an “ecological program of modernization protection of the environment”, Norilsk Nickel of the enterprise”, and at the end of 2010 a announces that it “…aspires to observe re- completely new program of modernization for quirements of environmental legislation and the Norilsk Nickel enterprise was supposed to international agreements…” However, it is ev- have been approved. However, the plans, pro- ident from this report where industrial activity cesses and results of action from the above-

56 mentioned programs are not available to the decrease. This is explained by the constant public, thus making it impossible to assess exposure to these pollutants, the decay pe- the effectiveness of results. riod of heavy metals that pollute the soil and The biggest problem which the company water, and also perhaps the inadequate as- has so far been unable to solve is emissions sessment of impact of maximum allowed con- of such pollutants into the atmosphere as centrations on people’s health. sulfur dioxide and multiple heavy metals. Al- Due to the climate, the Arctic fl ora and though Norilsk Nickel announces an annual fauna have naturally low biological productiv- reduction of these emissions, they still signifi - ity. For this reason, the Polar region may take cantly exceed acceptable levels amongst the decades, if not centuries, to restore a natu- Russia Federation and neighboring countries. ral balance back to many environmental pro- In 2009, Norilsk Nickel limited itself to carry- cesses as a result of many years of disruption ing out project and scientifi c research works from industrial pollution. directed towards a step-by-step process to Degradation of the ecosystem, high in- achieve acceptable emissions. At the same crease of illnesses and a low life expectancy time Norilsk Nickel MMC deployed harmful among people working and living within the emissions of pollution and toxic substances zone of industrial activity from Norilsk Nickel into the atmosphere, which were carried out in MMC are all environmentally conditioned in- accordance with provisionally approved emis- dicators that nickel mining is harmful to the sions even though the amount signifi cantly environment and the people’s health. These exceeded maximum allowable levels. existing conditions indicate that productions The amount of pollution also concerns the from nickel mining are not being properly reg- waste which Norilsk Nickel discharges in vari- ulated and are having devastating effects on ous local bodies of water. The volume of this the surrounding regions. waste is nearly impossible to assess because Taking into account the calculated supplies it is commonly undocumented. of ore and the current level of production of In reports, Norilsk Nickel provides compar- industrial metals, the company has supplies ative fi gures usually from the previous year, of ore to last for over 25 years.207 Taking into documenting only short-term progress on re- even further account, the indication of fi eld ductions of harmful emissions and waste. This developments that have yet to be begun, the documentation does not make it possible to period may be even longer. assess overall long-term trends of the emis- This means that if production methods sions and waste Norilsk Nickel discharges into are not modernized, then the current rate of the atmosphere and bodies of water. In order harmful substances entering into the atmo- to assess the environmental impacts properly sphere will continue and their harmful effects and understand of the precise amount of pol- to the environment and public health will only lution that is being discharged by the com- increase in the future. There needs to be an pany, longer time frames and comparisons instated policy implementing preventative are more important for assessment of overall regulations and enforcing environmental pro- trends than are short-term comparative re- tection upon the Norilsk Nickel MMC. sults. On account of the fi ndings set forth in the Pollution from metals are mobile and per- report, the authors come to the following sistant in the environment, especially in the conclusions: Arctic region. Their harmful effects persist as 1. Plants of the Norilsk Nickel company they continue to reside in the environment, group do not measure up to the status as an exposing the public in contact with these environmentally or socially responsible com- toxic pollutants to illnesses and other health pany as they infl ict harm to nature and peo- related issues. ple’s health. This was what the Russian Prime Results from scientifi c studies prove that Minister had in mind when he called upon the negative impacts of the heavy metals the company to “become greener” at the last have on ecosystems and public health do not meeting in Norilsk.

207 Based on materials of the Independent Information Agency http://www.24rus.ru.

57 2. Norilsk, from which the company Norilsk the most serious environmental polluters not Nickel acquired its name, remains one of the only in Russia, but in all of Northern Eurasia. dirtiest cities in the world208. Although Nikel, For a solution, or at least a reduction in the Zapolyarny and Monchegorsk are not globally number of problems raised in the report, it is recognized as cities troubled by unacceptable necessary to change the state’s approaches levels of pollution, the ecological situation in order to act responsibly with regards to en- there is not much better than in Norilsk. vironmental policy in the following areas: 3. Norilsk Nickel is a company that oper- ● changes in existing environmental leg- ates behind closed doors. They do not dis- islation which would balance approaches to close to the public the harms they impose on issues relating to the use of natural resources public health and into the environment. Public and protection of the environment; reports are of a declaratory nature and are ● separation of the functions of natural intended more as propaganda, creating an resourse management from the functions of ideal image, one which does not correspond natural resourse use; to the reality of the situation. ● a balanced policy in issues of social wel- 4. Norilsk Nickel does not aspire to coop- fare and protection of the health of the popu- erate internationally with the the intent to lation; modernize its company’s technologies. This is ● ecological modernization of industry, shown by the rejection of cooperation with the which would help to make the economic ac- Norwegian authorities on the Kola peninsula. tivity of industrial enterprises less environ- For a constructive solution of the transbound- mentally detrimental, without stopping pro- ary pollution issue, it is necessary above all duction; to receive accessible and open information ● liberalization of legislation on NGOs, for- about the state the environment is in. To do mation of a developed civil society, and raising this, the Norwegian monitoring station in the the ecological awareness of the population. Nikel region must start working again. For decades, the Soviet state emphasized 5. Norilsk Nickel uses administrative re- obtaining the greatest amount of production sources in order to preserve the status quo possible, including strategic production; at in applying temporary norms (limits) on emis- any cost to the environment or public health. sions and waste for functioning plants. Noril- Russia is also following along the same path sk Nickel is the most active lobbyist against today. adopting European system of norms and Based on the objective need for improve- specifi cations in Russia. ments of environmental conservation, today 6. Norilsk Nickel is part of the group of it is necessary to unite efforts and take new lobbyists which are opposed to Russia ratify- measures to create change within the activity ing the Convention on Environmental Impact of industrial enterprises. This can be done by Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Es- creating conditions in which clean production poo, 1991) and Protocols to the Convention will ultimately become benefi cial to the envi- on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution ronment as well as economically benefi cial to (1979). the company. 7. Both the state and the government share Only a balanced approach will make it pos- the majority of the blame for the fact that one sible to secure sustainable economic develop- of the largest enterprises in Russia is among ment which is environmentally responsible.

208 Based on materials of the Blacksmith Institute, www.worstpolluted.org.

58 Afterword

After the presentation of the Bellona re- http://www.kolagmk.ru/ecology/monitoring port in Murmansk on 14.12.2010, Kola MMC The graphs of emissions of harmful sub- placed information on the company site about stances presented below are ofﬁ cial materials monitoring of the environment in regions of from monitoring of the environment provided operations of Kola MMC enterprises. by Kola MMC.

SO2 emissions into the atmosphere (1,000 t./year)

Monchegorsk site (Severonikel combine) Zapolyarny and Nikel sites (Pechenganikel combine) Kola MMC

Commentary by Bellona The Norwegian monitoring station in Nikel Emission of sulfur dioxide from the Pech- was closed by the Russian side on 31 August enganikel industrial site in 2009 came to 2008, so data on MAC of sulfur dioxide are 102,670 tons, 5,000 tons more than in 2008. not accessible to the Norwegian side.

59 Emissions of solid matter into the atmosphere (tons/year)

Monchegorsk site (Severonikel combine) Zapolyarny and Nikel sites (Pechenganikel combine) Kola MMC

Emission of Ni into the atmosphere (tons/year)

Monchegorsk site (Severonikel combine) Zapolyarny and Nikel sites (Pechenganikel combine) Kola MMC

Increase of nickel emissions into the at- compared with 1990: 330 tons against 301 mosphere from Pechenganikel industrial site tons in 1990.

60 Emission of Cu into the atmosphere (tons / year)

Monchegorsk site (Severonikel combine) Zapolyarny and Nikel sites (Pechenganikel combine) Kola MMC

Reduction of emissions of heavy copper particles by Pechenganikel combines by 22.4 tons in comparison with 1990.

Commentary by Bellona metals in atmospheric precipitation (see Re- The conclusions made on the basis of port page). studies conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Air Research that emissions of heavy met- Representatives of Kola MMC do not admit als by Pechenganikel combines are practically the obvious negative impact of their plants on the same as they were in the 1990s are not Norwegian territory. In monitoring materials, at variance with ofﬁ cial data from Kola MMC. they present conclusions made by NII Atmos- Furthermore, the Norwegian side registers fera. Studies by NII Atmosfera were carried the increasing presence of particles of heavy out by the order of Kola MMC.

Assessment of the impact of sources of Kola MMC atmospheric pollution on the environment of Norway

In March 2010, NII Atmosfera (an insti- the Russian-Norwegian border, using analysis tute subordinate to the Ministry of natural equipment with all necessary meteorological resources and ecology of the Russian Fed- certiﬁ cations. The measurement data did not eration), by order of Kola MMC, carried out detect an excess of existing Russian norms experimental works to determine the level of for quality of atmospheric air. According to the atmospheric pollution in the region between data of NII Atmosfera, in the period from 15 industrial sites (Nikel and Zapolyarny) and to 30 March 2010, the concentration of sulfur

61 dioxide determined at measurement points the unifi ed model EMEP was used, which has by instruments was from 0 to 0.00513 mg/ been offi cially recognized as an instrument of m3, which is signifi cantly lower than Russian the UN EEC Convention on transboundary air hygienic norms of quality of atmospheric air, pollution over large distances, of which Nor- which comes to 0.05 mg/m3 (average daily way and Russia are members. These calcula- MAC) and the level determined as accept- tions found an excess of critical loads in just able by the Norwegian side in general for the one cell of the analysis grid, which did not ex- entire ecological community (fauna, fl ora), ceed the size of a territory of 50 by 50 kilome- which comes to 0.04 mg/m3. ters around plants of Kola MMC. This zone of The device installed in the village of Raya- excess indeed covers an insignifi cant part of koski, which constantly recorded the average the territory of Norway, which can under no daily concentrations of sulfur dioxide over circumstances be interpreted as a case of the the course of 11 days (from 20 to 30 March dominant negative impact of the Russian Fed- 2010), recorded an average daily concentra- eration on the environment of all of Norway. tion of 0.004 to 0.007 mg/m3, and only on In accordance with the fi nding of NII Atmos- 28 March recorded an average daily concen- fera, in an assessment of the infl uence of tration of 0.024 mg/m3 under unfavorable Russian sources of atmospheric pollution on meteorological conditions, and the direction the environment of Norway, it is necessary of emissions from the smelter plant in Nikel to take into account that exceeding criti- towards Rayakoski. cal loads takes place as the consequence of NII Atmosfera also carried out modeling the summary impact of all sources located of pollutants moving into and falling on to in the transboundary regions of Russia and the territory of Norway, which were caused Norway and other EU countries, and not just by emissions of Kola MMC. For calculations, emissions from Kola MMC.

Commentary by Bellona for the negative impact on the eco-system In other words, representatives of Kola of transboundary territories to neighboring MMC are trying to shift the responsibility countries.

62 63

Open joint-stock society SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF PROTECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR (OAO NII Atmosfera)

APPROVED BY

Gen. director OAO NII Atmosfera PhD

______A.Yu. Nedre

«_____» ______2010

REPORT on agreement № 23/9-10 of 10.03.2010

for services provided on the topic

“Carrying out experimental and calculation assessments of the inﬂ uence of emissions of sulfur dioxide from sources of Kola MMC on the territory of Norway” (model section)

Executive agent: Head of department

______N.A. Morozova

«_____» ______2010

St. Petersburg 2010

64 Expansion of the mining complex and the PS. future of transboundary territories Norilsk Nickel is not only increasing its profi t, Bellona Oslo sent several offi cial requests to but also plans expansion into the central part the management of Kola MMC to be given the of Russia, the Voronezh Oblast, where the two data of studies carried out by NII Atmosfera. latest major copper and oil fi elds are located. If Norilsk Nickel wins the tender for devel- After not receiving a reply, Bellona St. Pe- opment of the fi elds in the Voronezh Oblast, it tersburg sent an offi cial request on the basis may report on the production of the fi rst ton of article 29 of the Russian Constitution, ar- of ore by 2018. It is proposed to process the ticles 3 and 8 of the Russian Federal Law “On copper and nickel oil at the industrial sites of information, information technologies and the Kola mining and metallurgical company, protection of information”, and also articles an affi liated enterprise of Norilsk Nickel MMC. 38, 39 and 40 of the Law of the Russian Fed- It is planned to supply pellets for smelting to eration “On the media”. the smelting shop of Pechenganikel, which is located near the Russian-Norwegian border. The reply from Kola MMC received within Data on the percentage of sulfur contained the indicated period, with a reference to Rus- in the ore of these fi elds is not in public ac- sian legislation, states that the information cess. If the percentage content of sulfur in this constitutes a commercial secret, and that the ore is identical to the content of sulfur in the company itself has the right to determine ac- cooper and nickel ore on the Kola peninsula, cess to disclosure of this information. and if the status quo is preserved at industrial sites, the emission of sulfur dioxide from industrial sites of Pechenganikel will increase.

65 № 34930-69 of 26.01.2011 Editor-in-chief to № 006 of 18.01.2011 Bellona.ru N.I. Rybakov

Suvorovsky pr. 59, lit. A St. Petersburg, 19015

Dear Nikolai Igorevich,

In response to № 006, I may inform you: Current regulatory control (the Civil code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 27.07.2006 № 149-FZ “On information, information technologies and protection of information”) does not unconditionally oblige the holder of information received as part of a civil transaction to impart this information to third parties. Only bodies of power may oblige a holder of according information to impart it, in cases stipulated by law, and if there is a reasonable necessity to do so. Information on the nature and results of according studies and works carried out in the interests of Kola MMC constitutes a commercial secret, and accordingly, the company has the right to determine the procedure and conditions of access to it independently (the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 27.07.2006 № 149-FZ “On information, information technologies and protection of information”, and the Law of the Russian Federation of 27.12.1991 № 2124-1 “On the media”). Furthermore, the indicated regulatory documents determine the possibility of receiving according information (the form of imparting the information is determined by its holder), and not the speciﬁ c document (in this case, a copy of the report “Conducting of experimental and calculated assessments of the inﬂ uence of emissions…” prepared by NII Atmosfera as part of the agreement of 10.03.2010 № 23/9-10 is not subject to unconditional implementation). I should bring to your attention the fact that the information contained in the report was reported to interested persons at a conference held by Bellona in Murmansk on 14.12.2010, at a coordination council of heads of municipal bodies of the Pechenga region held on 20.01.2011 in the town of Nikel, and was also published on the Kola MMC website (http:/ www.Kolagmk.ru/ecology/monitoring).

Yours faithfully, General director S.V. Selyandin

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