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An Analysis of EU Norm Promotion in the Central Asian Context

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An Analysis of EU Norm Promotion in the Central Asian Context Who needs goodwill? An analysis of EU norm promotion in the Central Asian context Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln 2015 vorgelegt von Magister Artium (M.A) Vanessa Boas aus Duisburg Referent: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels Korreferent: Dr. Jiri Vykoukal Tag der Promotion: 08.06.2015 ii Abstract This Ph.D. thesis analyses three EU norm promotion endeavours in the field of security, human rights and education. In doing so, it compares implementation levels in three Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan), which allows it to draw comparisons on norm adoption rates. The objective of this analysis is to identify the factors influencing norm adoption rates and to test Levitsky and Way’s linkage, leverage and organisational power model in the Central Asian context. This thesis sheds light on the forces behind norm adoption, thereby reflecting on the Europeanisation of countries beyond the direct neighbourhood. Such a study is important as Levitsky and Way originally omitted Central Asia from their analysis and thus no data was available for a region which has largely been neglected by Western scholarship. This research endeavour has remedied this shortcoming by carrying out an in-depth analysis of the case studies. The findings support the main premise of Levitsky and Way’s model but stress the importance of organisational power in the norm implementation process. It discovers that while norm adoption rates correlate with high linkage and leverage levels, these factors alone cannot account for the implementation of norms. It is organisational power that shapes a state’s ability to carry out norm adoption processes and ultimately determines implementation rates. It can thus be stated that in order to ensure greater norm adoption beyond the accession states, weak countries should be supported in the strengthening of their organisational power, provided that they have shown themselves to be of a liberal nature. This will make it possible to achieve better norm adoption rates across a spectrum of norms. In contrast, the EU should focus on raising linkage rates with authoritarian regimes so as to pave the way for greater goodwill and openness to normative cooperation. iii Hе спешите, постарайтесь выделить на Центральную Азию побольше времени - кто знает, когда вернетесь сюда в следующий раз? Anton Krotov and Andrej Sapunov “Central Asia. A practical travel guide to Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan” iv Table of Contents List of Boxes .......................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ x Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ xiii PART ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ....................................................... 1 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The EU and Central Asia ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Central Asian Region as an Area of Geopolitical Interest ...................................... 2 1.3 State of Scholarship on the Region to Date ................................................................... 5 1.4 Thrust of Research ......................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Relevance of the Topic .................................................................................................. 8 1.6 Structure of the Ph.D. Thesis ......................................................................................... 9 2. Conceptual Background ................................................................................................. 12 2.1 An Overview of the Norms Debate .............................................................................. 12 2.2 Combining Norms and Interests .................................................................................. 15 PART TWO: ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................... 18 3. Norm Promotion ............................................................................................................ 18 3.1 Norm Adoption in the Former Communist Space ....................................................... 18 3.2 Levitksy and Way’s research findings ......................................................................... 21 3.3 Levitsky and Way and Central Asia ............................................................................ 24 4. Designing a Framework for Central Asia .................................................................. 26 4.1 Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 26 4.2 Theoretical Background: Rational Institutionalism ..................................................... 27 4.3 Main Variables ............................................................................................................. 36 4.4 Linkage and Leverage beyond the Enlargement Process: Central Asia ....................... 36 4.5 Variation ...................................................................................................................... 37 5. Operationalising Norm Adoption ....................................................................................... 40 5.1 Defining and Operationalising the Concepts in the Sub-question ............................... 40 5.2 Defining and Operationalising the Main Research Question ....................................... 44 6. Methodological Tools ........................................................................................................ 54 6.1 Sources of Evidence ..................................................................................................... 54 v 6.2 Case Study Method ...................................................................................................... 59 6.3 Norm selection ............................................................................................................. 66 6.4 Period of Study ............................................................................................................ 68 PART THREE: EMPIRICAL RESULTS .............................................................................. 69 7. Norm Promotion in Central Asia ....................................................................................... 69 7.1 Political Culture in Central Asia .................................................................................. 70 7.2 Political Context ........................................................................................................... 75 7.3. Economic Models of Central Asian States.................................................................. 78 8. Answering the Sub-Question ............................................................................................. 81 8.1. Education Norms ........................................................................................................ 81 8.2. Education in Central Asia ........................................................................................... 86 8.3. Evaluation of Education Projects ................................................................................ 94 8.4. Human Rights Norms ................................................................................................. 98 8.5. Human Rights in Central Asia .................................................................................. 102 8.6. Evaluation of Human Rights Projects ....................................................................... 103 8.7 Security Norms .......................................................................................................... 114 8.8 Drug use in Central Asia ............................................................................................ 117 8.9 Evaluation of the Project ............................................................................................ 121 8.10 Evaluation of EU Norm Promotion Success ............................................................ 126 9. Answering the Main Question ......................................................................................... 131 9.1 Linkage ...................................................................................................................... 131 9.2 Linkage Evaluation .................................................................................................... 141 9.2 Leverage ..................................................................................................................... 142 9.4 Evaluation of Leverage .............................................................................................. 169 9.5 Organisational Power ................................................................................................
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