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Home , Baku Process, Culture of Kyrgyzstan, Gagauz people, Irina Bokova, Magtymguly Pyragy, Turkic Council

Cultural Diplomacy Initiatives of Turkic Republics

Fırat PURTAŞ* Abstract Introduction

This paper’s aim is to shed light on cultural TURKSOY, the International cooperation activities carried out among the Organization of Turkic Turkic republics over 25 years of independence (Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Teşkilatı), and to analyse initiatives of cultural diplomacy was founded in 1993 by the Republic which they have undertaken on a global level. The main argument put forward in this of , , , article is that the newly independent Turkic , and republics determined a culture-based policy for . Referred to as the their state building. While this culture-based policy has contributed to the establishment UNESCO of the Turkic World, of the nation-state and national identity on TURKSOY is an international the domestic level, it has also contributed to organization of cultural cooperation the recognition of these republics as esteemed members of the international community. between its member countries, having This paper is an attempt to disclose that as a been established on the basis of their regional cultural cooperation organization, common , history and cultural TURKSOY has been a common platform values. Its main aims are to strengthen which has played a key role in the revival of the national culture of the Turkic republics as common bonds of heritage among well as in the promotion thereof on a global and to transmit and scale. promote this heritage around the world. Since it is the first multilateral Key Words cooperation platform of the Turkic World, TURKSOY’s name retains a TURKSOY, Turkic Republics, Cultural symbolic value. Diplomacy, UNESCO, Turkic World. In 2016, TURKSOY’s founding * Prof. Dr.; Deputy Head of the International members celebrated the 25th Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY), , Turkey and Gazi University, Department anniversary of their independence from of International Relations, Ankara, Turkey. the former . Over this E-mail: [email protected] 25-year period, these countries have

91 PERCEPTIONS, Spring 2017, Volume XXII, Number 1, pp. 91-114. Fırat Purtaş

gone through a major transformation are clear traces of Turkic peoples’ deep process, overcoming many political, desire and struggle for independence economic and social issues, and even which they obtained in the beginning in the midst of this process, have made of the 20th century. In the 19th century, comprehensive reforms to policies educational reforms carried out by regarding their national and the Jadidist intellectual movement identities. The main aim of these planted the first seeds of policy reforms was the revival of their among Turkic peoples. Roots of traditions and cultural heritages, along independence can also be found in the with the restoration of their individual ideas expressed by representatives of national and moral values. These, along two Jadidist organizations: the “All- with TURKSOY’s establishment could Russian Muslim Congress” (convened be considered a result of the new cultural three times between 1905-1907) and and foreign policies of Turkic republics the “All-Russian Congress of Muslims” after the collapse of the U.S.S.R. 1 (convened twice in 1917). It could The dissolution of the former Soviet be claimed that the philosophy of Union and the emergence of five new the Jadidist intellectuals played a independent Turkic republics opened foundational role in TURKSOY’s up a unique communication channel establishment, which embraces the between Turkey and the Turkic peoples motto published in Ismail Gaspirali’s of the former USSR. The willingness of these new republics’ heads of states “Tercuman” newspaper: “Unity in to strengthen their mutual cooperation language, ideas and actions.” by promoting a deepened cultural revival, integration and awareness, and to create a platform of multilateral cooperation, laid the groundwork for Culture-based policy the establishment of TURKSOY. At has contributed to the the end of 1992, immediately following establishment of the nation- the first summit of Turkic republics’ state and national identity on leaders, TURKSOY’s establishment the domestic level, it has also process was launched and its founding contributed to the recognition agreement was signed on 12 July 1993. of these republics as esteemed It is claimed that Turkic republics members of the international gained independence unexpectedly community. and without any effort. However, there

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When compared to the fall of other Having overcome the numerous pressing empires, the dismantling of the Soviet challenges of new independence in the Union did not cause much bloodshed. 1990s, Turkic republics pressed onwards But while their toll may be less than with cultural policies and initiated others’ throughout history, the Turkic cultural diplomacy on a global scale in republics paid a heavy price for their the mid-2000s. All along the past 25 bids for independence. The “Urkun” years of these republics’ independence, TURKSOY has been a key supporter of 1916, a revolt against Soviet forces, of these nations’ cultural renaissance resulted in the massive migration and and diplomacy. deaths of the . In the early 1930s, in Kazakhstan and other The aim of this paper is to give insight Central Asian countries, “famine” into the achievements of Turkic was caused by an intensification republics in reviving their cultures of collectivization, and resulted in and to draw attention to their global the deaths of millions of people. In initiatives through TURKSOY for 1937 and 1938, the Stalinist regime cultural diplomacy. Each Turkic republic has built its future upon its systematically repressed intellectuals. own unique and extremely precious The effects of these traumas are still cultural heritage, and under the felt. auspices of TURKSOY, has worked As the new Turkic republics emerged towards strengthening cultural ties as sovereign states, social and with the other Turkic republics and economic issues took priority over the world. Through initiatives they cultural affairs, however significant take on a global scale, Turkic republics introduce themselves to the world and efforts to restore traditional identities actively support the development of were made. Commemorative events alliances between nations. were organized to pay tribute to the memories of illustrious personalities of Turkic culture and history including As the new Turkic republics Abay, Manas, Magtymguly, Ali Shir emerged as sovereign states, Nava’i, Nizami Ganjavi, Dede Korkut social and economic issues took and Koroghlu. The Nowruz Feast, priority over cultural affairs, prohibited during the Soviet regime, however significant efforts to was officially celebrated once more, and restore traditional identities the reputations of intellectuals accused were made. of treachery were restored.

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A Conceptual Approach to single homeland and identity. While the Turkic World: Unity in a portion of the Turkic people have Diversity always remained in , from their birth, Turks have migrated to new places across , and , Although the term “Turkic World” 3 and have made them their homelands. may at first glance be perceived as a political term, it is more appropriately The Turkic World is similar to the considered a cultural concept. While collective French-speaking World, the the “Turkic World” explicitly unites World or the Hispanic World. the five independent Turkic republics, Just as Mexico and Bolivia are distinct it extends across state boundaries to nations that share the same broader more broadly include all neighbouring culture, Turkey and Kazakhstan share and kindred communities of Turkic- more similarities than differences in speaking peoples. From the “Adriatic terms of language, religion and culture. to the Great Wall”, Turkic peoples live across a vast territory, spanning the Turkic culture has been existing for , the Caucasus, , many centuries and during this long Siberia, the Mediterranean basin and history, has been enriched by frequent beyond. Turkic language and culture encounters with other cultures. During serve as the common uniting force of the height of the Silkroad, the Turkic the people living across this extensive World saw some of its most glorious territory, and thus are the building periods. Indeed, maqams, tales, blocks of the “Turkic World.” As culture ornaments, foods, and other elements transcends state borders, it is impossible of Turkic culture in Kashgar reached to draw clear lines delimiting the out to , with the Silkroad Turkic World.2 Given its wide expanse acting as not only a trade route, but across lands, Turkic culture is in fact a cultural bridge. The power of trade, characterized by a unity in its diversity ideas and materials across state borders of culture, with thousands of years of became apparent again at the end of interaction between peoples. the Cold War, when relations among the Turkic World and other nations This cultural diversity is the most were opened up, and a new glorious era distinctive feature of the Turkic World. for the Turkic World was ushered in. As the Turkic people did not settle on a single territory, they are distinct As an institution that came to the fore in from other nations that maintain a the post-Soviet period, TURKSOY has

94 Cultural Diplomacy Initiatives of Turkic Republics played a key role in reviving the cultural the religious belief of many in the Altai interaction among Turkic peoples and Republic. Respecting the diversity of its in enriching their culture in depth members’ religious beliefs, TURKSOY and breadth. Besides the independent plays an inclusive and uniting role by Turkic republics, autonomous regions adopting a secular philosophy in its of the Russian have also activities. joined in TURKSOY activities. By its inclusion of these territories, TURKSOY has contributed to the The UNESCO of the Turkic preservation and promotion of these World relatively small Russian Federation communities’ cultures, including those TURKSOY is often referred to as of the Gagauz, Crimean and Karachay the UNESCO of the Turkic World. Turks. To understand whether this is just a rhetorical statement or an accurate Turkic culture has been comparison, we should consider the fundamental principles and activities existing for many centuries of both UNESCO and TURKSOY. and during this long history, UNESCO was founded in 1945 as has been enriched by frequent a specialized agency of the United encounters with other cultures. Nations, tasked with a mission to foster the peaceful coexistence of all peoples of the world through educational, Turkic peoples were one of the earliest scientific and cultural reform programs. nations to avow themselves as Muslims, Maintaining the idea that “since wars with being widely adopted as of begin in the minds of men, it is in the mid-8th century. However not all the minds of men that the defense of Turks share this religion. Indeed, there peace must be constructed”, UNESCO primarily utilizes educational and have been, throughout history, Turkic cultural reforms to foster an ingrained peoples with religious beliefs other than collaboration and peace between Islam. For example, the peoples.4 Thus, it can be defined as an of southern and southwestern organization of cultural diplomacy on are Orthodox Christian; most a global scale. of the Khakas of southern Siberia are Shamans; Buddhism is widespread in UNESCO member countries and the Tyva Republic; and Tengriism is bodies have developed many documents

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and normative instruments for their of cooperation, which was made cultural reform programs, including at the headquarters of UNESCO conventions, recommendations and with a performance of the Arshyn declarations. One of its foundational Mal Alan Opera to commemorate documents is the “Convention on its 100th anniversary. In addition the Protection and Promotion of the to these individual cultural events, Diversity of Cultural Expressions,” TURKSOY actively offers ongoing signed in 2005. This convention’s support for the “International Decade objectives are to “protect and promote for the Rapprochement of Cultures the diversity of cultural expression; 2013-2022”, an important UNESCO to create the conditions for cultures initiative which was declared upon to flourish and to freely interact the initiative of Kazakhstan. And in 5 in a mutually beneficial manner.” January 2015, the Director General TURKSOY realizes this objective of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, paid among Turkic-speaking peoples and an official visit to TURKSOY between the Turkic World and other Headquarters, during which she cultures. expressed that the cooperation between their organizations has brought about 6 TURKSOY is often referred to fruitful results. as the UNESCO of the Turkic The formation of the National World. Commissions and Committees for UNESCO of TURKSOY member countries is another important example UNESCO and TURKSOY both share of the collaboration between UNESCO goals of intercultural collaboration, and and TURKSOY. This group has held TURKSOY has greatly benefitted from meetings since 2008, the sixth of which working closely with and learning from 7 took place on 9 July 2016 in . this renowned organization. In 1996, 8 Its meetings focus on: a cooperation protocol was signed between TURKSOY and UNESCO, - the preservation of the cultural and through which many events to preserve natural heritage of the Turkic World and promote Turkic heritage have been - the safeguarding of the intangible organized. TURKSOY has celebrated cultural heritage of the Turkic Nevruz in UNESCO Headquarters World twice in recent years. The celebration of - the preservation of the documentary th the 20 anniversary of the foundation heritage of the Turkic World of TURKSOY is another example - education and youth

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other unique qualifications. While only UNESCO and TURKSOY independent countries can be members of UNESCO, TURKSOY has both share goals of intercultural members which are not independent collaboration, and TURKSOY states, including six autonomous has greatly benefitted from republics of the Russian Federation, working closely with and the Autonomous Region of learning from this renowned (Moldova) and the Turkish Republic of organization. Northern , which is subjected to isolation by the international Some of the concrete results of these community even in the fields of culture meetings are the creation of a group and art. Guided by the understanding that culture has no borders, TURKSOY of Turkic-speaking countries on does not cooperate exclusively with the UNESCO platforms; the presentation institutions of its member countries of joint files regarding issues such as but rather embraces opportunities to world heritage, intangible heritage, and work with educational and artistic the declaration of commemorative years institutions outside its member and; the organization of events within countries too. As such, it has already the framework of the “International worked with organizations within the Decade for the Rapprochement of United States of America, Europe, Cultures 2013-2022” and the “Youth , , South Korea, Morocco, Education Camps on Intangible and others. Cultural Heritage.”9 As a result of TURKSOY’s collaborative efforts Since TURKSOY is an organization of and goals it shares with UNESCO, member countries that share a common the above-mentioned National language, it may also be compared to 10 Commissions and Committees along the British Council, an institution with many other instances of UNESCO of cultural diplomacy of the United support TURKSOY’s informal title as Kingdom, and to the International the “UNESCO of the Turkic world.” Organization of La Francophonie (La Francophonie, Alliance of French 11 A Sui Generis Institution of Speaking Countries), an institution that aims for the cooperation of Cultural Diplomacy , its French-speaking former colonies, and any other countries that Besides being deemed the UNESCO embrace the and of the Turkic World, TURKSOY holds culture. However, despite its functional

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similarity to the British Council or La events for illustrious artists of the Francophonie, TURKSOY is distinct Karachay-Balkar people. from them in so far as while these organizations also aim to preserve Art as a Means for Dialogue the memory of their mother nation’s 12 and TURKSOY’s Best colonialist achievements, TURKSOY does not include this as a focus. Practices

TURKSOY is based on the The describes principle of equal participation intercultural dialogue as “an open and and common interest of its respectful exchange of views between members. individuals and groups belonging to different cultures that leads to deeper understanding of the other’s global 13 As TURKSOY’s headquarters are perception.” Language is the most located in Ankara, the Turkish capital, fundamental instrument of dialogue Turkey is perceived to have a dominant amongst people. However, where a position within TURKSOY. One common language is unavailable, art might consider TURKSOY to be emerges as an alternative channel of a bureaucratic institution or NGO communication between societies. within Turkey, however, TURKSOY Indeed, art makes it possible to has no hierarchical or centralistic introduce oneself and one’s culture to structure. Indeed, one of its most others, and to understand others, when fundamental features is that it is based other communication channels are not on the principle of equal participation available. Thus, all media and subjects and common interest of its members. of art serve as instruments of peace, In line with this equal footing, only for the mutual understanding and a few activities within TURKSOY’s rapprochement of societies. history have promoted the individual culture of any one member country. TURKSOY is an organization that This anti-favoritism policy does not considers art to be an important means apply for those Turkic-speaking of dialogue, for its member countries communities whose language or and all cultures. While strengthening culture is endangered, with exceptions ties and interaction among Turkic- including TURKSOY’s publications of speaking peoples, it also aims to the legends of the Khakas, and introduce the uniqueness and richness Chuvash peoples, and commemorative of Turkic culture to the rest of the world,

98 Cultural Diplomacy Initiatives of Turkic Republics and has often employed art as a means. projects have enabled TURKSOY to TURKSOY has carried out many art cooperate with respected international activities and events that are considered NGOs and academic organizations, as best practice examples of cultural such as the International Council diplomacy and dialogue. From 1993 of Traditional Music (ICTM), the to 2016, TURKSOY held 19 Opera International Council of Museums Days, 10 Photographers’ Gatherings, (ICOM) and the International Society 5 Sculptors’ Gatherings, 7 Congresses for Music Education (ISME). Thanks of Literature Journals of the Turkic to these activities, artists from across World, 3 Kashgarly Mahmut Short Turkic republics have been able to Story Competitions and 5 Seminars share their experiences with the world, on Intangible Cultural Heritage. The expanding their intercultural dialogue. Painters’ Gatherings of TURKSOY have brought together more than Youth Projects 200 painters from different countries, and now TURKSOY enjoys a unique Since its establishment in 1993, collection of colourful paintings, which TURKSOY has sought to enhance have been exhibited in nearly 100 cities the exchange of repertoires, conductors of more than 30 countries, from New and musicians among Turkic World York to Tehran and from Florence countries and to introduce Turkic to . TURKSOY has thus, music to the world. It has emphasized introduced Turkic culture to the world 14 the importance of participation by from another, dynamic angle. young artists in all its traditional events. Well-known youth projects within Where a common language TURKSOY are its Youth Chamber is unavailable, art emerges Orchestra (established in 2010) and as an alternative channel of Youth Chamber Choir (established in 2015). communication between societies. Since its establishment in 2010, the Youth Chamber Orchestra of TURKSOY has performed concerts TURKSOY art events have brought in the United States of America and together artists and scholars from several European countries. In August across the Turkic world, and over time 2016, it gave special performances have become comprehensive cultural dedicated to the 25th anniversary of projects in their own right. These Turkic republics’ independence, and did

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so within the framework of the ISME awareness about the richness and conference held in the U.K. and Italy. It diversity of European culture and has also recorded two albums featuring to foster collaboration between the works by Turkic composers. citizens of Europe was undertaken. As part of this initiative, European Like the above-mentioned orchestra, countries decided to declare one of the Youth Chamber Choir of their cities as their cultural capital. TURKSOY also gathers selected young Later, in the 1990s, America and the artists from the best conservatories Arab World also began selecting their of Turkic republics. Gathering 32 cultural capitals. After the Summit of students from Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Heads of States of Turkic Speaking Kyrgyzstan, Turkey and Turkmenistan, Countries was held in Istanbul in the Choir successfully represented 2010, the Turkic World followed suit Turkic republics in the European and began declaring its own cultural Choir Games in 2015 and won three capitals. During the summit, and upon gold medals in this competition, where TURKSOY’s proposal, Astana, the more than 100 choirs and more than capital of Kazakhstan, was declared 5000 choir members from 37 countries as the Cultural Capital of the Turkic were represented. Thanks to this event, World for 2012.16 young artists from Turkic countries had the opportunity to directly interact As the representatives of their national with their counterparts from all corners cultures, the Cultural Capitals of of the world and had the opportunity the Turkic World host many events to introduce their colourful music to throughout the year. These events range them at the same time.15 Recently, from artistic gatherings to theatre and in 2016, the Choir took part in the classical music performances, and Festival of Young Artists Bayreuth besides showcasing their cultures, they and participated in the Harmony help to promote their host cities and International Project launched by to increase cultural tourism there. In the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in addition to these events, the Capitals . have sought more innovative ones. For the first time in 2013, the Turkvision Cultural Capitals of the Turkic Song Competition, similar to the Eurovision Song Contest, was held World in Eskişehir, followed by another in Kazan in 2014. Rimzil Valiyev, a Tatar During the European integration journalist, described the Turkvision process of 1985, an initiative to raise Song Competition as follows:

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“The importance and also declares commemorative years to colourfulness of the Turkvision pay tribute to the legacies of renowned Song Competition and its impact authors, artists, theater actors, on the image of and playwrights, musicians and composers Kazan is the same as that of the of the Turkic World, honoring their 2013 held in Kazan. works and thereby introducing them to Compared to the construction young generations.18 of palaces and subways which are worth billions, Turkvision is Within the framework of these a much more efficient initiative commemorations, two major in terms of its contribution to competitions have been launched in the image of Kazan, Tatarstan the fields of literature and theater. and as well as to the With TURKSOY’s support, the strengthening of ties among tens Eurasian Authors’ Union (Avrasya 17 of countries and peoples.” Yazarlar Birliği), an NGO that has carried out activities in the field of As the representatives of their literature for over 10 years, organized national cultures, the Cultural the Competition of Short Stories in Capitals of the Turkic World 2008, dedicated to the commemoration host many events throughout of Kashgarly Mahmut. In 2015, the the year. Union organized the Competition of Theater Plays, dedicated to the commemoration of Haldun Taner, on It is clear that these initiatives have the occasion of his 100th birthday. played a significant role in introducing Turkic culture as a rich treasure of the Congresses of literature journals of global community. the Turkic World, regularly held since 2008, have played a key role Literature and in literature as they resulted in the submission of short stories by authors Commemorative Events of the Turkic World one of whom is declared “Author of the Turkic World” The commemoration of illustrious every year by TURKSOY. Individuals historic personalities and their awarded with this title so far have been: legacies within our human society is Ali Akbaş (Turkey), İsmail Bozkurt a well-known practice of UNESCO. (TRNC), Tolen Abdik (Kazakhstan) Adopting this tradition, TURKSOY and Omar Sultanov (Kyrgyzstan).

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The Preservation of Cultural Heritage With TURKSOY’s support, the Eurasian Authors’ Union Oral history and nomadic traditions (Avrasya Yazarlar Birliği), an are features of the intangible cultural heritage characteristic of the Turkic NGO that has carried out World. From epic legends to simple activities in the field of literature folk tales, from lullabies to mourning for over 10 years, organized the songs, and from handcrafts to elaborate Competition of Short Stories artisan works, Turkic peoples have a in 2008, dedicated to the rich and diverse intangible cultural commemoration of Kashgarly heritage. Preserving, promoting and Mahmut. introducing this heritage to future generations has been TURKSOY’s aim in several of its projects. The first similar to UNESCO Chairs. The first book published by TURKSOY dealt TURKSOY Chair was established in with the Manas Legend, which was 2010, at the Akmulla Bashkort State later included in UNESCO’s “List University in Ufa. Later, TURKSOY of Intangible Cultural Heritage.” established Chairs in Kazakhstan TURKSOY later published the legends and in the Turkish Republic of of Dede Korkut, Kultegin, Ural Batır . These Chairs and and Huban Arığ. Nevruz, a common their departments organize various tradition of Turkic peoples which academic activities to raise awareness tended to disappear in Anatolia, was about the Turkic cultural heritage and one of the first festivals to be officially its diversity. Through this awareness, celebrated by TURKSOY after its they aim at inspiring young people’s founding. Minstrels’ Gatherings and appreciation for this heritage so that Traditional Crafts’ Fairs have been still they have a natural desire to preserve it. other examples of cultural preservation. TURKSOY attaches particular Education is one of the most important importance to the cooperation among instruments for safeguarding cultural museums of its member countries. The heritage. Therefore, TURKSOY Forum of Eurasian Museums, organized attaches great importance to by TURKSOY, is a unique platform cooperating with universities. This to enhance cooperation between aim eventually resulted in the these institutions. The first Forum of establishment of TURKSOY Chairs, Eurasian Museums was held in 2013

102 Cultural Diplomacy Initiatives of Turkic Republics in Bursa and the second in Kazan, the other types of diplomacy, is a state Cultural Capital of the Turkic World instrument of foreign policy. Any for 2014.19 These Forums do not tool can serve multiple purposes and, only address TURKSOY members, cultural diplomacy has indeed done however, and so the third forum held in so. From one angle, it can be claimed 2015 was hosted by Mongolia, a non- that cultural diplomacy is an essential member nation but one with a rich part of the existential struggle against history in Turkic culture. The Forum hegemony, in which certain entities of Eurasian Museums has given rise to become more and more imposing the establishment of an organization over time and threaten the survival of similar to ICOM. This marks a major smaller and more varied groups. From step taken towards the preservation, another angle, it can be viewed as an promotion and transmission of the rich antithesis to the clash of civilizations, as cultural heritage of the great Eurasian an effort towards peace among peoples. civilizations and their unique legacy To this end, the newly independent within the history of humanity. Turkic republics have used cultural diplomacy effectively, strengthening From epic legends to simple their own cultures and keeping peaceful folk tales, from lullabies to coexistence in their regions. mourning songs, and from In the 2000s, Turkic republics launched handcrafts to elaborate artisan several prestigious initiatives of cultural works, Turkic peoples have diplomacy on a global scale. The a rich and diverse intangible capital of Kazakhstan, Astana, became cultural heritage. the Center of Interfaith Dialogue in 2003. In 2008, the Process for Intercultural Dialogue was launched Turkic Republics’ Global and Baku (Azerbaijan) was declared as the center of multiculturalism. Initiatives for Cultural Kyrgyzstan took an innovative step in Diplomacy the field of traditional sports with the first Nomadic Games in 2014. And a The role of cultural diplomacy can year later, Turkmenistan declared the be defined in many ways. As a basic year, 2015, as the “Year of Permanent definition, cultural diplomacy, like Neutrality and Peace.”

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Baku: the Center of Multiculturalism Cultural diplomacy is an essential part of the existential Because 20% of its territory is occupied struggle against hegemony, in by Armenia, Azerbaijan has based which certain entities become its foreign policy on the restoration more and more imposing over of its territorial integrity. Azerbaijan time and threaten the survival preferentially employs of smaller and more varied policies as a means to raise awareness groups. about the invasion and occupation. The Eurovision Song Contest, Formula 1 races and European ministers of culture, inviting members Sports Championships, all hosted by of the as well. Hosting Azerbaijan, are tangible examples of these Baku Process meetings has its soft power policy efforts. Compared enabled Azerbaijan to claim a position as an enforcer of intercultural dialogue with these programs, the Baku Process programs.21 for Intercultural Dialogue is a unique initiative in that it enables direct After these initial meetings, Baku contact between Eastern and Western continued to host important events to civilizations. further the Baku Process initiatives. In 2010, it held the Summit of Spiritual The Baku Process for Intercultural Leaders of the World and, in 2011, the Dialogue, comprised of high-level Forum of Intercultural Dialogue. At the meetings between Western and opening ceremony of this forum held Eastern countries, was launched in in 2011, the President of the Republic 2008 during the Conference of the of Azerbaijan, , delivered Ministers of Culture of the Council a speech in which he underlined the of Europe. The conference, entitled, importance of multiculturalism and “Intercultural Dialogue as the Basis of explained the principles on which Sustainable Peace and Development Azerbaijan’s cultural policies are based: in Europe and Neighbouring Regions,” brought together not only “All these activities and ministers of the Council of Europe, but humanitarian reforms are not also ministers and representatives from a coincidence. People from member countries of the Organization different cultural backgrounds of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).20 In have been living together as a 2009, Baku hosted a meeting of OIC family in Azerbaijan for centuries.

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There has never been any ethnic Astana - Center for Dialogue or religious conflict nor any Among Traditional Religions disagreement in Azerbaijan, as this is not something which can The capital of Kazakhstan, Astana, be tolerated. This is a tradition declared as Cultural Capital of the to which Azerbaijan is also Turkic World for 2012, had long before strongly committed today as an served as a key center of dialogue for 22 independent country.” world and traditional religions. In 2003, , the Baku Process for Intercultural President of Kazakhstan, launched Dialogue is a unique initiative The Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions, and this congress in that it enables direct contact placed Astana as the host center for between Eastern and Western dialogue among religions and cultures civilizations. in the Turkic world.24 Recently, in 2012, the Congress created a Council of Religious Leaders, expanding its Azerbaijan further contributed to host city’s position as a facilitator of global peace initiatives by hosting the religious dialogue. 7th Global Forum of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) The Fifth Congress of Leaders of from 25 April to 27 April 2016. In his World and Traditional Religions speech, Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, was held on 10-11 June 2015, and was the U.N. High Representative for the attended by the Secretary General of the Alliance of Civilizations, stated that the United Nations, Ban Ki-Moon, along Baku Process is closely tied to the U. with 112 delegates from 44 countries. N. Alliance of Civilizations’ initiatives In the opening speech he held at and further stated that it will constitute this congress, the Kazakh President the most important part of the Forum. Nursultan Nazarbayev stressed that Al-Nasser, who extended his gratitude standard systems of checks and balances to Ilham Aliyev for declaring the year tend not to function effectively on an 2016 as the Year of Multiculturalism international scale, and highlighted the in Azerbaijan, stressed that the decline of the mutual trust that had Baku Process is a true platform for been established after World War II, intercultural dialogue between peaceful the decline of tourism and mobility, and and inclusive societies on a global the increase of information wars waged scale.23 between former allies. In the context

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of these international issues, he stressed the significance of the Congress as a Kazakhstan played a most important component of global pioneering role in the United “faith diplomacy” and as a platform to Nation’s launch of the help end conflicts and restore mutual International Decade for the confidence.25 In his speech, Ban Ki- Rapprochement of Cultures, Moon drew attention to the timing of the Summit and extended his gratitude which aims to preserve peace to the Kazakh leader for his concrete and sustainable development efforts towards cooperation and mutual on a global scale. respect.26 Multiculturalism is a key component of Kazakhstan played a pioneering Kazakhstan’s cultural policies. Indeed, role in the United Nation’s launch 130 nations, religions and cultures of the International Decade for the peacefully coexist in the country. Within Rapprochement of Cultures, which the framework of “Kazakhstan 2050,” aims to preserve peace and sustainable an initiative launched by Nazarbayev development on a global scale. With in 2014, the Ministry of Culture of the adoption of resolution 62/90, Kazakhstan approved the Concept of entitled, “Supporting Cooperation Cultural Policies of Kazakhstan. This for Peace Through Interreligious concept aims to make Kazakhstan the and Intercultural Dialogue,” on 17 Center of Eurasian Culture by 2030 December 2007 at the U.N. General and the Center of World Culture by Assembly, the year 2010 was declared, 2050.28 “Year of the Rapprochement of Cultures.” As this initiative proved th Kyrgyzstan: Home of World successful, the 36 General Conference of UNESCO, held in November Nomadic Cultures 2011, then declared the years 2013 to 2022, “International Decade for As descendants of the Manas people, the Rapprochement of Cultures.” the Kyrgyz people have a very rich Besides proposing the declaration of oral tradition. The Kyrgyz government this decade, Kazakhstan hosted this attaches particular importance to program’s opening ceremony27 and, nomadic and intangible cultural further showed its support by funding heritage as essential components of the program with 150 thousand dollars the national . in 2012, 200 thousand dollars in 2013, One of the modern revival efforts of and 100 thousand dollars in 2014. their nomadic roots are the Kyrgyz,

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“World Nomadic Games,” held for the first time in the summer of 2014. Increased tourism will These games, comprised of traditional undoubtedly spark more Kyrgyz sports’ competitions, lasted direct, one-to-one contact for one week and saw more than 400 and dialogue between competitors from 19 countries. At the individuals from within opening ceremony, the President of and abroad, furthering the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Almazbek Atambayev, stated that Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan’s contribution to builds its future on the heritage left the rapprochement of cultures. behind by its ancestors and emphasized the feat the Games have achieved in In a list of 10 countries, the United bringing together all the people of Nations World Travel Organization the country, a first in the history of (UNWTO) ranked Kyrgyzstan as Kyrgyzstan.29 the number one country which will experience a boom in tourism in The idea to organize these Games future decades.31 If this prediction arose during the Second Summit of the comes true, this increased tourism will , held in , Kyrgyz undoubtedly spark more direct, one- Republic, in 2012. The Declaration to-one contact and dialogue between issued at the end of the summit stated individuals from within and abroad, that this initiative has been welcomed furthering Kyrgyzstan’s contribution to as a sign of respect towards the the rapprochement of cultures.32 preservation and revival of the common history, traditions, language and culture of Turkic peoples.30 Magtymguly Pyragy and Cultural Initiatives of The World Nomadic Games, which emphasize ethnic sports and culture, Turkmenistan play an additional important role in preserving cultural diversity and As a philosopher and poet who lived in th preventing cultures from deterioration the 18 century, Magtymguly Pyragy is through globalization. As a tribute a key personality of Turkmen national to nomadic traditions, lifestyles and culture. Indeed, his character and cultures, and as the trademark of poems are essential components of Kyrgyzstan, the World Nomadic the Turkmen people’s mentality and Games promoted the national beauty lifestyle.33 18 May, the birthday of and tourism potential of Kyrgyzstan. the great poet, is an official holiday in

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Turkmenistan. Magtymguly Pyragy is at the development of cultural affairs a cornerstone of the Turkmen cultural over the years 2012 through 2016 heritage; his works have been translated was approved in Turkmenistan. In into many . His legacy 2012, cultural events were organized extends beyond his literary works; busts by China, Germany, Korea, Ukraine, and statues of him are common, as are , Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan parks named after him, even outside on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Turkmenistan, for example in Turkey their mutual diplomatic relations.36 In and Russia.34 the years following 2012, Cultural

th Days of Turkmenistan were organized For 2014, the 290 anniversary of in Turkey, Mongolia, Croatia, Armenia Pyragy’s birth, TURKSOY dedicated and the United Arab Emirates among the year to his commemoration as a great others.37 poet and philosopher of Turkmenistan. To honor his legacy, many events were carried out in Turkey, Turkmenistan, A state programme, primarily and several other countries. The most focused on international impressive of these was an international activities, and aiming at the conference hosted by the President development of cultural of the Republic of Turkmenistan, affairs over the years 2012 Gurbanguli Berdimuhammedov, through 2016 was approved in entitled, “Magtymguly Pyragy and Turkmenistan. Universal Cultural Values,” which took place on 15 May 2014 in , Turkmenistan. UNESCO Director General, Irina Bokova, TURKSOY In 1995, Turkmenistan obtained Secretary General, Dusen Kaseinov, the status of permanent neutrality and many other high-level guests in a U. N. General Assembly vote. attended the conference. Mrs. Bokova In accordance with this new status, said, “Today, at a time of global change, Turkmenistan declared the year 2015 when all societies are undergoing as the “Year of Neutrality and Peace” transformation, I believe these in Turkmenistan. In 2015, the city of humanist values have never been so Merv, Turkmenistan, was declared the vital, and this is the importance of the Cultural Capital of the Turkic World. 35 Many events organized throughout legacy of Magtymguly Pyragy.” 2015 contributed to Turkmenistan’s A state programme, primarily focused international cultural enrichment on international activities, and aiming and promotion. Colourful opening

108 Cultural Diplomacy Initiatives of Turkic Republics and closing ceremonies, conferences their nations. The importance of and exhibitions, and the 32nd Term traditional and spiritual heritages, Meeting of the Permanent Council trivialized under the Soviet regime, of TURKSOY, have been the most was restored and the renewed sense of prominent events held in the country common national cultures bolstered within this framework. On 12 December the republics’ new identities as 2015 an international conference on sovereign nations. The establishment “International Cooperation for Peace, of TURKSOY in 1993, immediately Security and Development” was held in following independence, bears Ashgabat. In the speech he delivered at testimony to the solidarity and wish this conference, the Turkish President, to work together towards a common Recep Tayyip Erdogan, said that future. Turkey fully supports all international initiatives of Turkmenistan, “which are The importance of traditional particularly important for the entire 38 and spiritual heritages, humanity. trivialized under the Soviet The ASIADA Games, which will regime, was restored and the be held in Ashgabat in 2017 with renewed sense of common the participation of thousands of national cultures bolstered the athletes from all countries of Asia, republics’ new identities as will be another significant step toward sovereign nations. enhancing the “Open Door” policy of Turkmenistan.

During the 25 years since their Conclusion independence, Turkic republics have accomplished many significant The founder of modern Turkey, achievements in overcoming their Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, declared individual struggles for sovereignty, that, “the republic is built upon strengthening their common cultural culture.”39 He sought to follow the ties, and promoting themselves globally. reforms for linguistic and cultural As the “UNESCO of the Turkic issues that had been set in the early World,” TURKSOY has adopted years of the Republic.40 Leaders of UNESCO’s universal principles on a newly independent Turkic republics regional level, focusing on preserving have adopted a similar culture-based and enriching the cultural diversity of approach in revitalizing and developing Turkic peoples, contributing to their

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mutual rapprochement, and increasing quarter of a century, Turkic republics the prosperity and welfare of the world have faced many global and regional through the sharing of cultural wealth. challenges. Despite these challenges, It has supported its member countries Turkic republics’ success in internal and neighbouring communities by and external policies helped strengthen organizing many cultural and artistic their stability and have brought about events and by collaborating with and significant economic growth and helping to found other organizations. increased social welfare. Above all, TURKSOY acts as a cross-border these policies have played a key role in organization, serving as a cultural contributing to the prestige of Turkic bridge between peoples living on a republics in the eyes of the international vast territory across Eurasia. With community. Given the success of an efficient use of cultural diplomacy, Turkic republics and TURKSOY, the Turkic republics have successfully adoption of the same approaches of enforced policies to sustain peaceful cultural diplomacy by other regional coexistence, and TURKSOY has powers would be advisable to work contributed immeasurably to the toward peace and stability in Eurasia. restoration, preservation, integration, and promotion of Turkic peoples’ culture. With an efficient use of cultural diplomacy, Turkic republics Astana, the center of interreligious have successfully enforced dialogue, Baku, the center of multiculturalism, Turkmenistan, policies to sustain peaceful the active advocate of permanent coexistence, and TURKSOY neutrality, and Kyrgyzstan, the center has contributed immeasurably of traditional sports’ competitions, to the restoration, preservation, each represent their individual and integration, and promotion of mutual commitment to preserving Turkic peoples’ culture. their Turkic culture. Over the last

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Endnotes

1 Shireen T. Hunter, Islam in Russia, New York, CSIS, 2004, pp.17-21. 2 Michael Vlahos, “Culture and Foreign Policy”, Foreign Policy, No. 82 (Spring 1991), p. 59. 3 Umay Türkeş-Günay, “Türk Kültürünün Değerlendirmesi ile ilgili bir Öneri ve Kültür Değiştirme Alanında Önemli Bir Örnek: Kutad gu Bilig”, Türkler Ansiklopedisi, C.III, Ankara, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, 2002, pp. 811-820. 4 The statutes of UNESCO signed on 16 November 1945 state that sustainable peace cannot be reached if it is only based on political and economic regulations of governments, and that durable peace can only be achieved thanks to intellectual and moral solidarity of humanity. Thus the Constitution of UNESCO stresses that it was established in order to contribute to peace and security through educational, scientific and cultural cooperation among societies : “UNESCO Constitution”, http://portal.unesco. org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15244&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (last visited 14 January 2017). 5 “Basic texts of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions”, Edition, : UNESCO, 2013, p. 5. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ images/0022/002253/225383E.pdf (last visited 14 January 2017). 6 “UNESCO Director General Irına Bokova Visited Turksoy Headquarters”, http:// www.turksoy.org/en/news/2015/01/06/unesco_director_general_irina_bokova_visited_ turksoy_headquarters (last visited 14 January 2017). 7 “6. TÜRKSOY Üyesi Ülkeler UNESCO Milli Komisyonları ve Komiteleri Toplantısı İstanbul’da” http://unesco.org.tr/dokumanlar/duyurular/turksoy6.pdf (last visited 14 January 2017). Meetings of UNESCO National Commissions of TURKSOY member countries have been held in Ankara, Kazan, Eskisehir, Astana, Baku and Istanbul so far. 8 Murat Yılmaz (ed.), Türk Dünyası Kültürel Mirası Envanter Çalışması, Ankara, Ahmet Yesevi Üniversitesi, 2015, p.6. 9 The fifth meeting of UNESCO National Commissions and Committees of TURKSOY member countries took place in 2015 in Baku, Azerbaijan. For results of the meeting see http://unesco.org.tr/dokumanlar/duyurular/turksoy_bt.pdf (last visited 24 January 2017). 10 Since 1934, the British Council has been carrying out cooperation activities among the and peoples of other countries and linking millions of people to each other in more than 100 countries. According to Martin Davidson, the Chief Executive of the British Council, the British Council carries out activities to promote the values of the United Kingdom and make its culture more appealing by contributing to its prosperity, security and stronger bilateral and multilateral relations. Davidson further notes that a key priority of the British Council is to strengthen the confidence and

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belief in the United Kingdom through mutual confidence and trust among the United Kingdom and peoples of other countries worldwide. In other words, the strategy of the British Council is focused on the fundamental values of the United Kingdom such as the , the education system, art and culture of the United Kingdom. See, Corporate Plan 2014-2016, British Council, 80 Years of Cultural Relation, pp.2-3, at https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/corporate-plan-2014-16.pdf (last visited 10 February 2017). 11 TheLa Francophonie organization is based on humanist values and the French language. It was established in 1970 and is currently comprised of 80 member states, 23 of which are member states with an observer status. Based on the principle of respect towards cultural and linguistic diversity, it aims at the popularization of the French language. With its Headquarters based in Paris, the La Francophonie organization has representations in Addis Ababa, where the Headquarters of the are located, Brussels, where the Headquarters of the European Union are located, and Geneva and New York where the Headquarters of the United Nations are located. Besides these representations, La Francophonie also has regional offices. See, http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to- the-International.html (last visited 28 January 2017). 12 The establishment of the International La Francophonie Organization started with the signature of the founding agreement of the Agency of Cultural and Technical Cooperation by 21 states under the auspices of the Presidents of four ancient French colonies (Senegal, Niger, Morocco and Cambodia) on 20 March 1970; Cemil Doğaç İpek, “Türk Dünyası İçin Alternatif Bir Model: Frankofoni”, 2023, (September 2014), p. 13. 13 Council of Europe, http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/intercultural/concept_EN.asp#P12_1420 (last visited 5 January 2017). 14 Fırat Purtaş, “TÜRKSOY”, in Turgut Demirtepe ve Murat Yılmaz (eds.), Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Toplulukları Yıllığı-2013, Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk- Kazak Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2015, p. 594. 15 “TURKSOY International Youth Chamber Choir”, TURKSOY Journal, No. 47 (Winter 2015), p. 24. 16 Türk Dili Konuşan Ülkeler Devlet Başkanları 10. Zirve Toplantısının Bildirisi, Madde 17, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/bildiri.tr.mfa (last visited 15 January 2017); Final Declaration of the 10th Summit of the Heads of State of Turkic Speaking Countries, Article 17, İstanbul, September 16th, 2010, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/declaration-of-10th-summit-of- the-heads-of-the-turkic-speaking-states-_istanbul_-16-september-2010_.en.mfa (last visited 15 January 2017). 17 Rimzil Valeev, “Sennost Turkvizyon-2014 Mı Poymöm Tolko togda, kagda vse uçastniki razyedutsya po domam (We will get aware the value of Turkvizion-2014 when all participants had already back to their home)”, at http://www.business-gazeta.ru/ article/119188/ (last visited 23 January 2017).

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18 Commemoration years of TURKSOY: 2010- Zeki Velidi Togan, 2011-Abdullah Tukay, 2012-Mirza Fatali Ahundzade, 2013-Mukan Tulebayev, 2014-Toktogul Satylganov and Magtymguly Pyragy, 2015-Haldun Taner and Simion Kadyshev, 2016-Yusuf Khass Hajib. 19 Liliya Sattarova (ed.), The Cultural Heritage and Museums of the Turkic World, Proceedings Book, Bursa, Bursa Kültür A.Ş. Publications, 2015. 20 Baku Declaration for the Promotion of Intercultural Dialogue- Final Declaration”, https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Baku/Baku_Declaration_en.pdf (last visited 15 February 2017). 21 Vugar Bektaş, “Baku Process”, http://regionplus.az/en/articles/view/4269 (last visited 15 February 2017). 22 “Speech by the President of Azerbaijan Mr. Ilham Aliyev”, Baku International Humanitarian Forum, at http://bakuforum.az/speech-by-president-of-azerbaijan-mr- ilham-aliyev-3/?fid=2254#speaker (last visited 12 February 2017). 23 UNAOC High Representative’s Remarks on the Baku Process, 2016, http://baku. unaoc.org/unaoc-high-representatives-remarks-on-the-baku-process/ (last visited 12 February 2017). 24 Arystanbek Mukhamediuly, “Congress of Religious Leaders is Result of Kazakh Leader’s Initiative”, The Astana Times, 10 June 2015. 25 Speech of Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, at the opening ceremony of the V Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions, at http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/404/69/ lang,english/ (last visited 2 February 2017). 26 Secretary-General’s remarks to Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions: “Promoting Dialogue for Peace and Prosperity in Turbulent Times”, http://www.un.org/ sg/statements/index.asp?nid=8717 (last visited 22 February 2017). 27 The opening ceremony of the “International Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures” was held within the framework of an international forum in Astana on 23 August 2012. The ceremony took place in the presence of high-level guests from more than 20 countries including UNESCO Director General Irina Bokova, the High Representative of the United Nations for the Alliance of Civilizations Nassir Abdulaziz Al Nasser and Nobel Prize holders. 28 Konsepsiya Kulturnoi Politiki v Respublike Kazahstana, Astana, MKK, 2014, p.14. 29 Alisher Khamidov, Kyrgyzstan Hosts First “World Nomad Games,” But Can They Unite the Nation?, at http://www.eurasianet.org/node/69986 (last visited 12 February 2017). 30 Türk Konseyi İkinci Zirvesi Bildirisi, Bişkek, http://turkkon.org/Assets/dokuman/ Biskek_Bildirisi_Turkce_imzali_20140418_102501.pdf (last visited 12 February 2017).

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31 “Kyrgyzstan leads the UN Ranking Among Countries Awaiting Tourism Boom”, Kabar, http://kabar.kg/eng/society/full/15753 (last visited 12 February 2017). 32 Cholpon Orozobekova, “Daniiar Mukashev on the World Nomad Games”, The Diplomat, 16 May 2016. 33 Annagurban Aşırov Mahtumkulu, Çev. Abdurrahman Güzel vd., Ankara, TÜRKSOY Yayınları, 2014, p. 7. 34 The Turkmenistan Parklocated in Ankara features a statue of Magtymguly Pyragy. This statue was inaugurated by the Presidents of the Republics of Turkey and Turkmenistan together on 28 February 2012. 35 Address by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO on the occasion of the Opening Ceremony of the International Conference, “Magtymguly Pyragy and Universal Human Cultural Values”, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002277/227768e.pdf (last visited 28 January 2017). 36 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan, http://www.mfa.gov.tm/en/tukrmenistan/ culture (last visited 15 September 2016). 37 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan, http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/?rub=6 (last visited 15 September 2016). 38 Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/37261/ uluslararasi-toplum-ve-kuruluslarin-en-fazla-sorumluluk-ustlenmesi-gereken- bir-surecten-geciyoruz.html (last visited 28 January 2017); Turkmenistan, http:// turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=10093 (15 October 2016). 39 Afet İnan, “Gazi M. Kemal Ataturk, Kültür Dünyası, No. 28-29 (September-October 1956), p.5. Afet Inan recounts notes she took during Atatuürk’s speeches on the meaning and importance of culture: “Culture is a process/movement which shows the entire historical evolution of a nation. Nations living today work to prove and maintain their existence. However, their basis will not be sound unless it is rooted in a culture of their own…The basis of the Republic of Turkey is culture…” 40 Atatürk bequeathed part of his property to the Institution of Turkish History and the Institution of , of which he was the founder; this bears testimony to the importance he attached to history and culture.

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