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Alma Celta / Marcelo Moreira Ficha Técnica Copyright © 2014 Marcelo Carlos Moreira Copyright © 2014 Casa da Palavra Todos os direitos reservados e protegidos pela Lei 9.610, de 19.2.1998. É proibida a reprodução total ou parcial sem a expressa anuência da editora. Este livro foi revisado segundo o Novo Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa. Coordenador do selo Fantasy Affonso Solano Texto e pesquisa Eduardo Amaro Notas explicativas Bellovesos Isarnos Capa: Zellig/www.zellig.com.br Imagem de quarta capa © Ruckzack/ Dreamstime.com Ilustrações Luciana Lebel Desenhos dos artistas Gabriel Fox Copidesque Luisa Ulhoa Revisão Luíza Côrtes CIP-BRASIL. CATALOGAÇÃO-NA-FONTE SINDICATO NACIONAL DOS EDITORES DE LIVROS, RJ A522a Moreira, Marcelo Alma celta / Marcelo Moreira. – 1. ed. – Rio de Janeiro: Casa da Palavra, 2014. ISBN 9788577345120 1. Ficção fantástica. I. Título. 14-17208 CDD: 869.93 CDU: 821.134.3(81)-3 CASA DA PALAVRA PRODUÇÃO EDITORIAL Av. Calógeras, 6, sala 701, Centro Rio de Janeiro RJ 20030-070 21.2222-3167 21.2224-7461 [email protected] www.casadapalavra.com.br Dedico esta obra aos deuses antigos e a todos aqueles que conseguem enxergar a poesia que existe na magia e na arte. Que a literatura, a música, a dança e as artes cênicas possam despertar o que há de melhor em todos nós. Particularmente, dedico esta obra à memória de meu pai, José Manuel Amaro, que sempre honrarei, à memória do meu avô materno, Lázaro Rodrigues, como a todos os meus antepassados. – Eduardo Amaro Este trabalho é dedicado também à memória de Paulo Schroeber. Um talento único que passou muito rápido por aqui. Nota ao leitor Esta obra é uma interpretação do autor dos relatos da mitologia irlandesa. Sua narração não deve ser considerada um reflexo fiel das lendas conservadas nos manuscritos medievais, mas um tributo à riqueza dos velhos mitos que formam uma parte fundamental – embora negligenciada – da herança da cultura ocidental. Toda dessemelhança com a tradição é intencional e com propósitos poéticos. Esta é uma obra de ficção, que pertence ao gênero fantástico. Introdução A cultura do Ocidente nasceu da interação entre a herança judaico-cristã e a civilização mediterrânea. Grécia e Roma, elas próprias herdeiras de civilizações mais antigas, nos deram as artes visuais, a arquitetura, a filosofia, o pensamento científico, o direito, o conceito de Estado, as primeiras concepções sobre democracia e ideias de beleza que ainda marcam nossa cultura e nosso cotidiano. O pensamento judaico-cristão praticamente norteia todos os códigos morais e legais do Ocidente moderno, afetando cristãos e não cristãos, pois seus valores, após séculos de interação (nem sempre tranquila) com a cultura greco-romana, passaram a ser considerados basilares por sociedades espalhadas em todos os continentes. Em meio a esse diálogo multissecular, que forma o pano de fundo e a moldura de nossa existência, há um ator esquecido. Sua influência é como a de um rio oculto, que aflora aqui e ali, revelando-se como lago ou fonte e oferecendo um manancial que traz o sabor arcaico e mineral do ventre escuro da terra. Essa correnteza, que irrompe inesperadamente, é a mitologia celta. Suas lendas e mitos não são estranhos para nós: o mago sábio e poderoso, reis, rainhas, cavaleiros, florestas misteriosas povoadas por dragões e animais falantes, seres encantados, jornadas em busca de objetos místicos, tarefas perigosas que o herói tem que cumprir para obter a glorificação... Conhecemos todas essas figuras que nos ligam diretamente à época – para os que tiveram o privilégio de vivê-la – em que escutávamos, com os ouvidos atentos e os olhos arregalados, as histórias de nossas avós. Pois isto é mitologia celta: uma porta que se abre para a infância do homem. Suas lendas fantásticas preenchem o espírito com a natureza vibrante e imaginativa deste povo, cuja sensibilidade onírica remete o entendimento ao imaginário antigo e primitivo, transfigurando as duras realidades da vida e delas extraindo sua essência. Este livro tenciona abrir uma fresta dessa porta, deixando que um pequeno vislumbre do mundo passado-presente-eterno dos celtas flua para nossas vidas e complete o cálice do coração de cada um. Contamos com um seleto grupo de artistas, historiadores e peritos em cultura celta que contempla essa alma, resgatando, revisitando e atualizando os valores antigos ao expandir os potenciais dessa temática em uma obra multiartística, essencialmente simbólica e multifacetada. O esmero na construção das simbologias e alegorias, que dialogam linguisticamente com as diferentes formas de arte (música, dança, literatura, artes gráficas) evidencia Marmor como um projeto singular, agradável àqueles que buscam o entretenimento com qualidade estética. A cada acorde, a cada palavra poética, a cada coreografia, torna-se evidente a busca pelas significações inerentes ao espírito atemporal de uma cultura que sempre existiu em nós. Despertam-se os deuses antigos que libertam os falcões e agora sobrevoam a montanha para mergulhar na essência humana. Apenas a apreciação de Marmor! Bellovesos Isarnos e Eduardo Amaro Aspectos histórico-mitológicos Em uma linguagem acessível, abordaremos alguns dos principais aspectos históricos da mitologia céltica, para que o leitor se situe no mundo do livro. Partes dessa introdução foram extraídas do livro The World of the Druids, de Miranda Jane Aldhouse Green, doutora em arqueologia e chefe do SCARAB (Centro de Pesquisas da Religião, Arqueologia, Cultura e Biogeografia) da Universidade de Gales. As primeiras referências históricas sobre os povos celtas encontram-se na literatura grega, por volta de 500 a.C. Escritos gregos relatam que os celtas habitavam uma vasta área geográfica, que incluía a França, a Espanha e se estendia até o Danúbio superior, na Europa Oriental. Alguns arqueólogos defendem a gradual “celtização” de culturas na Europa Setentrional e Meridional por volta de 1500 a.C., indo desde a Bretanha céltica à Irlanda. A palavra celta é derivada de “keltoi”, usada pelos antigos historiadores gregos para denominar as tribos europeias do Norte. Entretanto, o termo “celta”, dado aos povos de mesma língua, é uma designação relativamente recente, datada a partir do século XVIII. Durante os tempos antigos, podemos citar algumas tribos como os gauleses, belgaes, celtiberos, lusitanos, gálatas, bretões e irlandeses. E, conforme relata Júlio César em De Bello Gallico, durante a conquista da Gália em 50 a.C., os povos que hoje consideramos celtas nunca se descreveram como tal, eram reconhecidos por seus nomes tribais. Quanto à Irlanda antiga, eles não tinham uma identidade comum até o início da Idade Média, quando adotaram o nome gaels (gaélico ou goidélico). As línguas celtas – aparentadas em terminologia filológica – pertencem ao ramo da família indo-europeia, que inclui grego, latim, urdu (turco), híndi (derivado do sânscrito), iraniano, germânico e línguas eslavas (bálticos). As famílias indo-europeias formavam, provavelmente, o grupo de língua mais difundido da Europa. As línguas célticas derivam de dois ramos indo-europeus e são conhecidas como: o Celta-P (galo-britânico) e o Celta-Q (goidélico). A divisão entre P e Q se refere a diferenças fonológicas. Os celtas também introduziram a metalurgia na Europa, dando origem à Idade do Ferro, através das culturas de Hallstatt e La Tène. O sítio arqueológico de Hallstatt, localizado no sudeste de Salzburgo, na Áustria, foi predominante durante a Idade do Bronze, dando origem à Cultura de Hallstatt (800-450 a.C.). E o sítio arqueológico de La Tène, localizado no lado norte do lago de Neuchâtel na Suíça, deu origem à Cultura de La Tène (450 a.C. até a conquista romana). Estes dois sítios arqueológicos comprovam dois grandes períodos da história no desenvolvimento e manejo de metais. Os achados arqueológicos dessas regiões atestam que os celtas possuíam uma cultura sofisticada, caracterizada por um estilo distinto de arte decorativa e adornos feitos em bronze, ferro e ouro. Apesar do aspecto de bravos guerreiros que jamais temiam a morte, os celtas possuíam um refinamento ímpar e inconfundível, sendo considerados uma sociedade desenvolvida como a dos gregos, romanos e germanos. A civilização celta não era constituída de um único povo, mas de várias tribos que se distribuíam pela Europa Central, a Península Ibérica, as Ilhas Britânicas (incluindo, portanto, a Escócia) e a Irlanda. Apesar de nunca terem construído um império, essa cultura foi preservada e transmitida pela tradição oral através dos mitos e das lendas; sua verdadeira origem, portanto, acabou se perdendo no tempo. As fontes clássicas greco-romanas, mesmo que sob a perspectiva de conquistadores, são as grandes responsáveis por transmitirem as histórias dos celtas e, apesar da cristianização, as fontes insulares medievais irlandesas e galesas também apresentam um vasto campo para o estudo. O universo irlandês foi o que melhor conservou as tradições celtas, pois a Irlanda jamais foi invadida por Roma. Os mitos se mantiveram muito mais precisos e, posteriormente, foram preservados em registros escritos por monges cristãos, poetas e escribas medievais, que se ocupavam em traduzir e copiar as lendas e histórias contadas entre os celtas e seus descendentes. A escrita dos celtas, propriamente dita, surgiu por volta do século V d.C., com a chegada do cristianismo através do monge São Patrício. Os mitos irlandeses sofreram modificações conforme o contexto cristão, como é o caso dos contos irlandeses de Lebor Gabála Érenn ou o Livro das Invasões, uma coleção de manuscritos redigidos em forma de poema e prosa, que narram as origens míticas e histórias da Irlanda, compilada por um anônimo no século XI d.C. Segundo as classificações modernas, os contos celtas mais conhecidos são divididos em quatro grandes ciclos principais: 1º – O ciclo mitológico irlandês: descreve a história mítica da Irlanda e suas origens, com uma série de invasões como as Tuatha Dé Danann (povos mitológicos reconhecidos como deuses irlandeses) até a chegada dos milesianos. 2º – O ciclo de Ulster: chamado antigamente de ciclo do Ramo Vermelho, descreve o reinado de Conchobur Mac Ness, rei de Ulster, no início da era cristã, os feitos do herói Cúchulainn e as aventuras dos guerreiros Ulaid.
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