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Blue Grass Region, Kentucky

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Blue Grass Region, Kentucky DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DlBECTOR WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 233 WATER RESOURCES OP THE BLUE GRASS REGION, KENTUCKY BY GEORGE CHARLTON MATSON WITH A CHAPTER ON THE QUALITY OF THE WATERS BY CHASE PALMER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1909 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 233 WATER RESOURCES OF THE BLUE GRASS REGION, KENTUCKY BY GEORGE CHARLTON MATSON WITH A CHAPTER ON THE QUALITY OF THE WATERS BY CHASE PALMER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1909 CONTENTS. Page. Water resources of the Blue Grass region, by George C. Matson.............. 7 Introduction.......................................................... 7 Historical sketch..................................................... 9 Need of the investigation .............................................. 10 Geology.............................................................. 11 Geologic history.................................................. 11 Classification of rocks. ............................................. 13 Ordovician system................................................. 18 St. Peter sandstone........................................... 18 Highbridge limestone.......................................... 18 Lexington limestone......... ................................ 19 Winchester limestone................. ....................... 19 Eden shale.................................................... 20 Maysville formation.......................................... 21 Richmond formation........................................... 22 Silurian-Devonian system.......................................... 22 Panola formation.............................................. 22 Devonian system. ................ ............................... 23 Ohio shale. .................................................. 23 Carboniferous system.............................................. 23 Waverly shale..".............................................. 23 Tertiary system................................................... 24 Irvine formation........ ..................................... 24 Quaternary system ............................................ ... 24 Glacial deposits............................................... 24 Bowlder clay.............................................. 24 Loess. ................................................... 25 Glacial gravels............................................ 25 Alluvium. ................................................... 26 Geologic structure................................................. 26 The Jessamine dome. ......................................... 26 Faults........................................................ 27 Joints and bedding planes...................................... 28 Physiography. ....................................................... 28 Altitude of the surface............................................ 28 Lexington peneplain.............................................. 29 Cretaceous peneplain............................................. 29 Caverns........................................................... 29 Soils.................................................................. 30 Classification...................................................... 30 Distribution...................................................... 31 Texture.......................................................... 33 Drainage.......................................................... 34 Chemical composition............................................. 34 3 4 CONTENTS. Water resources of the Blue Grass region Continued. Page. Surface waters........................................................ 36 Ohio River....................................................... 36 Kentucky River................................ ................. 37 Licking River.........................'........................... 38 Minor streams.................................................... 39 Underground waters................................................... 39 The source........................................................ 39 Conditions of occurrence........................................... 39 The water table................................................ 39 Water in sand, gravel, and sandstone........................... 41 Water in limestone,........................................... 42 Joints and bedding planes.................................. 42 Formation of caverns...................................... 42 Small water passages....................................... 44 Water in shale................................................ 45 Water in interbedded limestone and shale....................... 45 Special conditions in the Blue Grass region....................... 46 Water in the Highbridge and Lexington limestones.......... 46 Water channels........................................ 46 Wells................................................. 47 Quality of the water.................................... 48 Water in the Winchester limestone......................... 49 Water in the Eden shale.................................... '49 Water in the Maysville and Richmond formations............ 51 Water in the Panola formation.............................. 52 Water in the Ohio shale..................................... 53 Water in the Waverly shale................................ 54 Water in the alluvium..................................... 54 Amount of underground water....................................... 56 Modifying factors.............................................. 56 Rainfall................................................... 56 Topography............................................... 60 Soils.. ..'.. ................................................ 60 Amount of water in the earth's crust............................. 62 Artesian water..................................................... 63 General principles............................................. 63 Artesian wells in the Blue Grass region.......................... 64 Recovery of underground water..................................... 66 Natural recovery............................................... 66 Artificial recovery..............................'................ 68 Wells..................................................... 68 Well casings.............................................. 70 Methods of raising water................................... 70 Collection and storage of rain water..................................... 71 Cisterns........................................................... 71 Reservoirs........................................................ 72 Municipal water supplies.............................................. 73 Sources of supply.................................................. 73 Surface water................................................. 73 Underground water............................................ 73 Comparative value of underground and surface supplies.............. 74 Pollution of underground water in the Lexington limestone........... 75 Notes on city supplies............................................. 82 CONTENTS. 5 Water resources of the Blue Grass region Continued. Page. Mineral waters of the Blue Grass region................................. 86 Character of the waters............................................ 86 Production _...................................................... 90 County conditions...................................................... 90 Anderson County................................................... 90 Boone County...................................................... 92 Bourbon County.................................................. 97 Boyle County..................................................... 99 Bracken County.................................................... 102 Campbell County.................................................. 104 Carroll County.................................................... 106 Clark County..................................................... 108 Fayette County................................................... Ill Fleming County.................................................... 116 Franklin County.................................................. 118 Gallatin County. .................................................... 121 Garrard County.................................................... 123 Grant County...................................................... 126 Harrison County.................................................. 128 Henry County.................................................... 130 Jessamine County................................................. 132 Kenton County................................................... 136 Madison County................................................... 138 Mason County...................................................... 141 Mercer County..................................................... 143 Nicholas County.................................................. 145 Oldham County................................................... 146 Owen County....... '. ............................................... 148 Pendleton County.................................................. 149 Roberfson County................................................. 150 Scott County....................................................... 152 Shelby County..................................................... 155 Trimble County...................................................
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