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CONSERVATION STATUS of the LION (Panthera Leo Linnaeus, 1758) in TANZANIA

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CONSERVATION STATUS of the LION (Panthera Leo Linnaeus, 1758) in TANZANIA CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE LION (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758) IN TANZANIA JUNE 2010 TITLE: Conservation status of the lion (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758) in Tanzania CO-AUTHORS: Pascal Mésochina, Obed Mbangwa, Philippe Chardonnet, Rose Mosha, Beatrice Mtui, Nolwenn Drouet, William Crosmary & Bernard Kissui PUBLICATION: Paris, June 2010 SUPPORTED BY: MNRT-WD, MLDF, TAWIRI, TAHOA & TPHA FUNDED BY: SCI FOUNDATION, MNRT-WD, TAWISA & IGF FOUNDATION KEY-WORDS: Tanzania - lion - conservation status - distribution - abundance - threats - retaliation - conflicts – tourist hunting ABSTRACT The IUCN SSC organized two regional workshops, one for West and Central Africa (2005) and one for Eastern and Southern Africa (2006), to produce regional conservation strategies for the lion. Tanzania authorities, together with local stakeholders, took part in the regional exercise for establishing the Regional Conservation Strategy for the Lion in Eastern and Southern Africa, and soon after organized the first national workshop to prepare a National Action Plan for lion and leopard. In 2009, the Tanzania authorities expressed the will to update the lion profile in the country and to hold the second national workshop for finalizing a Lion National Action Plan. The present survey has attempted to update the conservation status of the lion in Tanzania. The final report of this survey is expected to bring comprehensive material for submission to the forthcoming National Action Plan workshop. The methods used are explained and results are provided and discussed. A georeferenced database has been set up to collect and analyse the information available (250 bibliographic references) as well as the information generated by specific inquiries (among 321 informants). Nine thematic maps have been drawn. The lion range in Tanzania is still extensive with a surface of 750,000 km², i.e. 92% of the terrestrial surface of the country, of which 335,000 km² (i.e. 45%) are located inside Protected Areas (National Parks and Hunting Areas). An assessment of the lion population size has been attempted with a tentative figure of about 16,800 individuals in Tanzania at this stage, a large majority of them living in Protected Areas (i.e. 80%). Tanzania hosts the largest lion population in Africa and is the first country in terms of lion trophy hunting with around 200 free-ranging lions legally harvested per year. This figure remains far smaller than the number of lions illegally killed for various reasons such as ritual killing, snaring for bushmeat, retaliation in reaction to human casualties and livestock losses, etc. Because lions largely range outside Protected Areas, human/lion conflicts are of great concern in this country, especially in central and southern Tanzania. Indeed, illegal killing of lions and habitat loss appear to most informants as the main threats to lion conservation. Cover picture: Lions in Ngorongoro Conservation Area (©Philippe Chardonnet) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Lion Conservation Status in Tanzania – June 2010 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our gratitude towards the sponsors who have supported this study, more particularly the SCI Foundation, the Wildlife Division of Tanzania and Tanganyika Wildlife Safari. The survey could not have been completed without the commitment of many helpful stakeholders. Among them, we wish to especially acknowledge Erasmus Tarimo and M. Madehele (WD), Simon Mduma and Alexander Lobora (TAWIRI), T. Mleche and Peter Njau (MLDF), Shaddy Kyambile and Bruno Kawasange (NCA authority), Abdulkadir Mohamed and Michel Allard (TAHOA), Eric Pasanisi and Michael Angelides (TPHA), Alexander Songorwa (Sokoine University of Agriculture) and many others. We are also most grateful to the 321 informants who kindly contributed to the present survey (see Appendix IV for a list). We would like to thank Craig Packer and Rolf Baldus for their useful comments on a draft version of the present report. We finally acknowledge the help of Honori Maliti, Lukius Musso, Hubert Lebaudy and Odile Caillot in various aspects of the work. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ii Lion Conservation Status in Tanzania – June 2010 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................................ii CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................iii ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................... iv I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 1 2. PLANNING........................................................................................................................... 1 3. FOLLOW UP ........................................................................................................................ 2 II. METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 3 1. DATA ACQUISITION ............................................................................................................ 3 1.1. Existing information.................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Information generated ............................................................................................... 10 2. DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Database .................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Lion abundance assessment ...................................................................................... 12 2.3. Maps.......................................................................................................................... 13 III. RESULTS......................................................................................................................... 17 1. LION RANGE ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.1. Historical range ......................................................................................................... 17 1.2. Current range............................................................................................................. 17 2. LION ABUNDANCE ............................................................................................................ 21 2.1. Historical abundance................................................................................................. 21 2.2. Current abundance..................................................................................................... 21 2.3. Population trends....................................................................................................... 29 3. HUMAN/LION CONFLICT .................................................................................................. 29 3.1. Magnitude of the conflict .......................................................................................... 29 3.2. Circumstances of lion attacks.................................................................................... 37 3.3. Biases in conflict assessment .................................................................................... 39 3.4. Conflict mitigation .................................................................................................... 40 4. LION HUNTING.................................................................................................................. 43 5. LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF LION RANGE AND RESULTING GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE .......... 50 IV. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 54 1. COMMENTS ON METHODS AND RESULTS ......................................................................... 54 2. THREATS TO LIONS .......................................................................................................... 61 2.1. Perception of the major threats to lion conservation in Tanzania............................. 61 2.2. Major threats to lion conservation in Tanzania......................................................... 64 REFERENCES....................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 92 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Lion Conservation Status in Tanzania – June 2010 iii ACRONYMS ALWG African Lion Working Group CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resources Management CDV Canine Distemper Virus CSG Cat Specialist Group (IUCN SSC) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FR Forest Reserve(s) GCA Game Controlled Area(s) GDP Gross Domestic Products
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