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Appendix

Major dynasties in the Chinese history General name Specific name(s) From To 夏 2100 BC 1600 BC Shang 商 1600 BC 1100 BC Western Zhou 西周 1100 BC 771 BC Eastern Zhou 东周 770 BC 256 BC Spring and Autumn 春秋 770 BC 476 BC Warring States 战国 475 BC 221 BC 秦 221 BC 206 BC Former 西汉 206 BC 24 AD Later Han 东汉 and 25 AD 220 AD 三国 魏 220 265 Shu 蜀 221 263 Wu 吴 222 280 Western 西晋 265 316 Eastern Jin 东晋 317 420 Southern and Northern 南北 Southern Song 宋 420 479 朝 齐 479 502 Liang 梁 502 557 陈 557 589 Northern 北魏 386 534 东魏 534 550 北齐 550 577 西魏 535 556 北周 557 581 Sui 隋 581 618 Tang 唐 618 907 Five Dynasties and Ten 907 960 Kingdom 五代十国 Northern Song 北宋 960 1127 (continued)

© Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publishing Co., Ltd and Springer-Verlag 483 GmbH Germany 2018, H. Wu, An Historical Sketch of Chinese , Academic Library, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56253-6 484 Appendix

(continued) General name Specific name(s) From To Southern Song 南宋 1127 1279 Liao 辽 916 1125 Jin 金 1115 1234 Western Xia (Tangut Empire) 1038 1227 西夏 元 1271 1368 Ming 明 1368 1644 Qing 清 1644 1911 Ershisi shi 二十四史 (The twenty-four history) Title and the most popular modern edition Author(s) Shiji 史记 [The Grand Scribe’s historical records] Qian 司马迁 and Sima Tan司马 (: Zhonghua shuju, 1959) 谈 (Father) Hanshu 汉书 [Book of the Former ] Ban 班固, Ban 班昭 (Sister) and Ma 马续 (Zhao’s disciple) Hou Han shu 后汉书 [ Fan 范晔 dynasty] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1965) Sanguo zhi 三国志 [Records of the Three 陈寿 Kingdoms] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1964) Jinshu 晋书 [Book of the Western and Eastern Jin 房玄龄 et al. dynasties] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974) Songshu 宋书 [ [of the Southern 沈约 Dynasties]] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974) Nan Qi shu 南齐书 [Book of the Sothern Qi Zixian 萧子显 dynasty] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1972) Liangshu 梁书 [ [of the Southern 姚思廉 and Yao Cha 姚察 Dynasties]] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1973) (Father) Chenshu 陈书 [Book of Chen [of the Southern Yao Silian 姚思廉 and Yao Cha 姚察 Dynasties]] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1972) (Father) Weishu 魏书 [ [of the Northern 魏收 Dynasties]] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974) Bei Qi shu 北齐书 [Book of the Northern Qi] 李百药 and 李德林 (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1972) (Father) Zhoushu 周书 [Book of the Northern Zhou 令狐德芬 et al. dynasty] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1971) Suishu 隋书 [Book of the ] (Beijing: 魏征 et al. Zhonghua shuju, 1973) Nanshi 南史 [The Southern History [devoted to the Li Yanshou 李延寿 and Li Dashi 李大 Southern Dynasties]] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 师 (Father) 1975) Beishi 北史 [The Northern History [devoted to the Li Yanshou 李延寿 and Li Dashi 李大 Northern Dynasties]] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 师 (Father) 1974) (continued) Appendix 485

(continued) Title and the most popular modern edition Author(s) Jiu Tang shu 旧唐书 [The old book of the Tang 刘昫 et al. dynasty] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975) Xin Tang shu 新唐书 [The new book of the Tang 欧阳修 et al. dynasty] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975) Jiu Wudai shi 旧五代史 [The old history of the Xu Juzheng 薛居正 et al. Five Dynasties] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1976) Xin Wudai shi 新五代史 [The new history of the Ouyang Xiu Five Dynasties] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974) Songshi 宋史 [History of the Northern and Tuotuo 脱脱 et al. Southern Song dynasties] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1977) Liaoshi 辽史 [History of the ] Tuotuo 脱脱 et al. (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974) 金史 [History of the ] (Beijing: Tuotuo 脱脱 et al. Zhonghua shuju, 1975) Yuanshi 元史 [History of the Yuan dynasty] 宋濂 et al. (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1973) Mingshi 明史 [History of the ] Tingyu 张廷玉 et al. (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974) Bibliography

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Internet Resources

Shijing 诗经,orBook of Poetry, trans. James Legge, http://ctext.org/book-of-poetry/ens. Shangshu 尚书,orBook of History, trans. James Legge, http://ctext.org/shang-shu/ens. Liji 礼记,orThe , trans. James Legge, http://ctext.org/liji/ens. Zhouyi 周易,orThe Book of Changes, trans. James Legge, http://ctext.org/book-of-changes/ens. Lunyu 论语,orThe Confucian Analects, trans. James Legge, http://ctext.org/analects/ens. Mengzi 孟子,orMencius, trans. James Legge, http://ctext.org/mengzi/ens. 庄子,orThe Writings of Chuang Tzu, trans. James Legge, http://ctext.org/zhuangzi/ens. Engels, Frederick. On Dialectics. http://marxists.catbull.com/archive/marx/works/1878/05/ dialectics.htm. Source: Marxists , http://marxists.catbull.com/. Engels, Frederick. Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy. https://www. marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1886/ludwig-feuerbach/. Source: Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org. Engels, Frederick. Engels to Paul Ernst. http://marxists.catbull.com/archive/marx/works/1890/ letters/90_06_05.htm. Source: Marxists Internet Archive, http://marxists.catbull.com/. Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich. What the “Friends of the People” Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats, https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1894/friends/08. htm#v01zz99h-271-GUESS. Source: Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/. Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich. Philosophical Notebooks, https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/ 1914/cons-logic/. Source: Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/. Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich. On Proletarian Culture, https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/ 1920/oct/08.htm. Stalin, Joseph. The National Question and Leninism, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/ stalin/works/1929/03/18.htm. Source: Marxists Internet Archive, https://www.marxists.org/. Mao, Zedong. On Contradiction, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/ volume-1/mswv1_17.htm. Mao, Zedong. On New Democracy, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected- works/volume-2/mswv2_26.htm. Mao, Zedong. On Practice, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/ volume-1/mswv1_16.htm. Mao, Zedong. On Practice, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/ volume-1/mswv1_16.htm. Mao, Zedong. Rectify the Party’s Style of Work, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/ selected-works/volume-3/mswv3_06.htm. Mao, Zedong. Reform Our Study, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/ volume-3/mswv3_02.htm. Bibliography 495

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A Chong, Wang, 164, 193, 196–198, 266 Ancient Kings, 90, 102, 110, 111, 142, 205 Christianity, 440 Ancient learning, The, 386, 389 Chunqiu, 39, 41, 68, 70, 92–99, 115, 116, 129, Anguo, Kong, 70 130, 152, 153, 159, 200, 260, 261, 268, Asiatic mode of production, The, 452, 455 273, 274, 301, 302, 324, 327, 347, 389, 424 B Class struggle, The, 442, 446, 453, 457 Bang, Liu (the Emperor Gao), 27, 138, 161, Common program, 438 166, 170, 209, 316 , 31, 68, 102, 123, 125, 134, 164, Bashi, 231, 255 165, 201, 215, 216, 221, 225, 226, Bei, Liu, 230, 231, 326 234–236, 257, 269, 291, 292, 359, 464 Bian, 20, 21, 23–25, 81, 361, 430 Confucius, 21, 22, 38, 39, 68, 70, 81, 93, 95, Bian, Gushi, 439 98, 104–106, 111, 113, 125, 135, 152, Biantong, 361, 363, 389, 390, 397 166, 175, 183, 198, 247, 270, 274, 301, Bici, 392 318, 356, 386, 390, 398, 430 Bifa, Chunqiu, 301 Cultural Heavenly Dynasty, The, 10 Bingsong, He, 6, 432 Biwu, 299 D Book of changes Daoism, 90, 102, 126, 155, 194, 215, 216, 225, gua, 20, 21 233–236, 256, 257, 259, 291, 359 xiang, 51, 79, 94, 159, 162, 176, 268 Daotong, 291 yao, 20, 64, 81, 83, 86, 104, 105, 109, 110, Daxin, Qian, 42, 348, 377, 379, 381, 399, 407, 161, 166, 171, 176, 222, 317, 322, 394, 408, 481 417 Dazhao, Li, 12, 14, 441, 442, 444, 449, 452, , 194, 215, 233–236, 245, 256, 259, 461, 474 292, 339, 354, 359, 401 De, 217 De, Dai, 88 C Defen, Linghu, 236, 276, 277, 484 Caitong, 354 Desinicization, 466 , 203, 210, 343, 455 Diqi, 402 Capitalist sprout, The, 351 Discipline, 1, 15, 134, 137, 261, 387, 441, 451, Censorship 467 Ming, 403 Diversity in unity, The, 451 Qing, 398, 403 Double proof, The, 434–436 Southern song, 403 Duanlin, Ma, 14, 24, 27, 300, 333 Chen-wei, 160, 165, 191, 200, 253, 256, 301 Duduan, 272, 275, 391, 392 Chinese characteristics, 11, 16, 444, 460 Duke of Zhou, The, 22, 75, 80, 104, 274, 291 Chongji, Jin, 476 Dunyi, Zhou, 299, 307

© Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publishing Co., Ltd and Springer-Verlag 497 GmbH Germany 2018, H. Wu, An Historical Sketch of Chinese Historiography, China Academic Library, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56253-6 498 Index

E Han ji, Hou, 202, 215, 217–222 Evidential investigation, The, 438 Hanshu, 26, 37, 88, 123, 172, 176, 177, 179, Evolutional theory, The, 424, 425 181, 182, 184, 186, 188, 201, 216, 247, Evolutionism, 13, 424, 426, 427 261, 273, 389, 404, 409 Han shu, Hou, 158, 163, 164, 165, 193, 194, F 199, 202, 208, 223, 224, 226–228, 234, Fa, Dushu, 44, 348 257 Family tree, The, 266, 428 Han, Wu, 458 Fangzhi, 397 Hanxue, 398, 400 Fei, Han, 101, 122, 207 Hanzhi, 135 Fenggu, 252 Hao, Cheng, 298, 299, 325 Fengjian, 26, 27, 292, 334, 336, 337 Heaven and man/humankind, The relationship First Emperor of Qin, The, 122, 139, 144, 290, of, 5, 123, 395 401 Heavenly Intention, 34, 47, 202, 205, 221, 230 First Opium War, The, 32, 416, 479 Hegemonism, 10, 367 Five Elements, 34, 81, 87, 114–118, 126, 159, Heterodoxy, 183, 367 176, 184, 310, 322, 345, 346 Historical actuality, The, 34, 40, 198, 217, 233, Five Flowers, 452 270, 363, 402 Forged evolution of history, The, 438 Historical consciousness, The, 5, 9, 48, 57–59, Formation of Han nationality, The, 452, 454 61, 64–66, 68, 70, 73, 97, 215 Formulism, 450, 457 Historical materialism, The, 419, 441–452, Friedrich Engels, 57, 481 459–463, 474, 482 Frontier studies, The, 417, 479 Historical pragmatism, The, 438 Fu, Chifu, 157 Historicism, 13, 36, 197, 426, 428 Fu, Dongdu, 165 Historiography Fu, Yan, 422, 424, 481 dual , 20, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 132, Fu, Youtong, 169, 170 189, 206, 250, 288 Fuzhi, Wang, 15, 27, 32, 83, 299, 320, 354, history of, the, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 27, 30, 358, 359, 364, 366 35, 40, 43, 48, 50, 64, 67, 70, 71, 86, 98, 149, 168, 185, 197, 209, 210, 223, 243, G 266, 294, 302, 304, 308, 321, 324, 328, Gangchang, 219, 300, 309 332, 369, 372, 376, 383, 389, 409, 428, Gangmu, 302, 325, 327, 328 436, 441, 442, 444, 450, 456, 463, 467, Geography, 31, 32, 355, 399, 416, 417, 420, 477, 481 479, 481 traditional Chinese, the, 1–3, 5, 9, 11, 37, Globalization, 13, 468, 471–480 47, 97, 115, 229, 283, 291, 298, 300, Globalized history, The, 478, 479 325, 390, 398, 416, 428, 433, 438, 441, Great antiquity, The, 103, 111, 211, 221, 254, 445, 450, 462, 465, 472, 480 264, 265, 269, 294, 299, 300, 306, 323, History 331, 332, 335, 342, 346, 360, 362, 386, as science, 443 412 of frontiers, 480 Great Treatise (xici), 20, 21, 64, 80, 346 of history, 1–6, 8, 10, 11, 13–16, 19, 21, 32, Guang, Sima, 29, 45, 154, 178, 207, 299–302, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 45–51, 53, 54, 304, 307, 312, 313, 316, 317, 320, 323, 57, 58, 63, 66, 68, 69, 73, 75, 79, 85, 87, 325, 326, 329, 345, 346, 362, 402, 404 92, 93, 99–101, 104, 114, 127, 128, Guanzi, 11, 283 131, 135, 137, 140, 142, 145, 151, 154, Gu, Ban, 26, 68, 135, 170, 199, 203, 215, 239, 156, 161, 167, 168, 174, 181, 184, 197, 404 201, 206, 208, 209, 212, 221, 223, 237, Gu lu, Ji’, 29 239, 240, 244, 248, 253–256, 260–265, Guowei, Wang, 11, 22, 42, 79, 434–436 267, 269, 273, 275, 279, 281, 283, 285, 290, 293, 294, 297, 298, 300, 303–306, H 308, 314, 317, 320, 325, 332, 333, 335, Hanji, 202, 206–208 337, 340, 341, 345, 358, 360, 362–364, Hanji, Dongguan, 199, 265 382, 387–389, 391, 393, 397, 398, 402, Index 499

409, 410, 415, 416, 421, 423, 426, 428, L 431, 432, 434, 439, 441–443, 447, 448, Land ownership, The, 25, 362, 453 450, 451, 454, 457, 459–464, 466, 468, Later Kings, 110–112 471–475, 477, 481 Legalism, 90, 125 Hong, Cui, 243 Lei, 29, 31, 171, 260, 262, 263, 355 Hongfan, 114, 115 Leiju, 262 Hong, Yuan, 215–217, 223, 224, 246 Lei, Pan, 31, 354, 355 Huainanzi, 103, 104, 123 Lenin, 431, 449, 451, 462 Hu, Dong, 38, 39, 272 Liang, Chen, 30, 32, 339, 343 Human factors, The, 204, 211, 228, 361, 395, Liangshi (Good History), 242, 243 401 Liangshu, 245, 276, 277, 405, 484 Hu Shi Liang, Zhuge, 208, 212, 213, 326 bold assumption plus careful verification, Liezhuan, Huozhi, 21, 133, 142, 144, 145 438 Li (Principle), 360 Liujia zhi zhiyao, 124 I Liujing jieshi, 365, 386 Idea of history, The, 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 20, Lixue, 29, 30, 195, 257, 292, 298–309, 312, 38, 41, 57, 64, 71, 89, 98–100, 115, 137, 317, 318, 320, 325, 328, 329, 335, 338, 167, 168, 196, 199, 204, 206, 216, 223, 340, 342, 349, 368–370, 374, 381, 383, 229, 233, 236, 239, 243, 253, 269, 274, 384 286, 294, 297, 299, 303, 304, 306, 317, Lizhi, 26 324, 343, 398, 411, 418, 424, 430, 441, Longchuan, Chen, 32 442, 450, 463 Longxi, Wang, 372, 374 Luling Scholarship, 303 J Lun, 224, 225, 228 Ji, 1, 63, 73, 188, 195, 209, 211, 215, 225, 255, , 196, 197 283, 307, 321, 323, 330 Lunlei, fenxi, 409 Jiaohua, 283 Lun, Yixia, 234 Jiaqing, 11, 355, 415 Lunyu (the Confucian Analects), 22, 271, 423 Jiegang, Gu, 100, 412, 430, 461 Lüshi Chunqiu, 103, 115, 116, 250 Jigu, 71, 315, 335 Lüxiang, Jin, 299 Jikuo, 319 Jing, 1, 30, 67, 115, 122, 138, 247, 367, 435 M Jingshi, 31, 32, 283, 357 Makesi zhuyi guan, Wode, 441 Jingtian, 26, 28, 106 , The, 160, 227 Jingxue, guwen, 191 Mang, Wang, 92, 157, 158, 166, 179, 182, 187, Jingxue, Jinwen, 191 199, 200, 228, 290, 330 Jinshu, 208, 223, 241, 271, 281 Manyi zhuan, 233 Jiuyuan, Lu, 338, 354, 369, 374, 384 , 11, 441, 442, 444, 445, 448, 451, Jizhuan, 137, 202, 240, 333 452, 458, 460–463, 469, 473, 474, 481 Junxian, 294 Marxist historian, The, 121 Junxin, 314 Marx, Karl, 481 Juzheng, Xue, 404 May Fourth Movement, The, 430, 452 , 90, 94, 95, 104–107, 113, 130, 175, K 252, 291, 352, 359, 426, 430 Kaiwu, 299 Menfa, 202 Kang, Ji, 196 Ming (being enlightened), 313, 314, 368 Kaosuo, 392 Ming (fate), 309 Kaoting Scholarship, 304 Mingjiao, 215, 217, 218, 219, 223, 269, 270, Kaoxin, 412 271, 275, 396, 398 Kuangyin, Zhao, 322 Mingru xue’an, 364, 368–371, 373, 374 500 Index

Mingsheng, Wang, 31, 44, 348, 379, 381, 382, Q 399, 408, 412 Qi, 49, 72, 86, 93, 96, 102, 103, 105, 112, 115, Minimization of ideology, The, 464 129, 141, 145, 150, 185, 192, 206, 231, Minzhu shixue (national historiography), 1 234, 246, 252, 255, 270, 282, 288, 299, Momentum, 193, 207, 474 319, 359, 371, 395, 400, 437 Moruo, Guo, 11, 66, 419 Qian-Jia era, The, 377, 381, 392, 398, 408, Mozi, 93, 104, 107–109, 113 412, 413 Multilayered forgery, The, 438 Qian-Jia Scholarship, 399, 400 Mu, Qian Qianlong, 6, 11, 32, 45, 229, 355, 376, 385, Guoshi dagang, 7 433, 435, 461, 472 Mysterious Learning, 134, 194, 195, 201, 217, Qian, Sima, 5, 14, 21–25, 29, 37, 39, 41, 43, 220, 221, 223, 234, 245, 256, 283 64, 68, 79, 81, 98, 100, 116, 123–127, 129–156, 161–164, 168, 170, 172, 175, N 177, 179, 182, 185, 189, 199, 203, 208, Nanshi, 276, 411, 484 215, 231, 239, 240, 246, 248, 250, 253, National character, The, 12, 13, 54, 429, 472 257, 262, 265, 266, 268, 270, 272–274, National culture, The, 1, 63, 231, 447, 448, 281, 285, 286, 313, 318, 344, 345, 375, 465, 475 381, 388, 390, 391, 404, 410, 435, 481, Nationalism, 6, 420 484 National learning, The, 7, 461 Qian zaodu Neo-Daoist, The, 127, 134 changed change, 50 Neo-Kantianism, The, 428, 433 simplified change, 51 New China, 421, 450, 451, 452, 455, 456, 457, unchanged change, 50, 51 461, 477 Qiao, Zheng New history, The, 6, 12, 13, 35, 41, 243, 404, Huitong, 22, 23, 347 405, 411, 418, 421, 426, 429, 431, 432, Qi (breath), 49, 102, 206, 298, 359, 400, 422 436, 443, 459, 460–462, 467, 471, 472 Qichao, Liang New period, The, 12, 423, 459, 460 Zhongguo lishi yanjiufa, 45, 343, 428, 429, New-Text, The, 70, 71, 159, 163 433 Nonaction, 123, 195, 196, 218–223, 234, 298, Qihua shilun, 299 430 Qilüe, 116, 175, 176, 183, 254, 258, 344 Qingtan, 195, 201, 202, 214, 221, 224, 352 O Qiubai, Qu, 444, 474 Old-Text, The, 70, 71, 155, 163, 194 Qiuming, Zuo, 95, 247, 250, 270, 272–274 On contradiction, 446 Qixiang, Tan, 419 On practice, 446, 448 Qiyun, 400, 401 Quanshu, Siku, 209, 229, 380, 413 P Quan, Sun, 230, 231 Peasant war, The, 452, 454, 455, 457, 459 Pengdang, 311, 330 R Periodization, 66, 67, 164, 179, 322, 346, 360, Reform and Opening-up, The, 13, 459, 461, 373, 452–454, 456, 457 478 Philosophy of history, The, 3, 10, 47, 51, 126, Ren, 138, 225, 226, 335 156, 263, 332, 360, 361, 398, 413, 421, Renbiao, Gujin, 263 426, 442, 448, 459, 460 Right to speak, The, 2, 3, 46 Pingzhun shu, 134, 136, 143, 146, 150 Rong, Zou, 419 Postmodernism, 48, 466, 468 Rongzu, Wang, 9 Principle-qi, The, 303, 359, 423 Ru, 134, 375 Process theory, The, 475 Rulin zhuan, 135, 192 Putting the people first, 2, 4, 53, 423, 472 Index 501

S Shu, Datong, 424 Sage kings, 109, 122, 167, 182, 197, 198, 219, Shuzhong scholarship, 304 222, 284, 289, 322, 331, 344, 386 Si, 155, 365 Sandai, 176, 378 Sihe, Qi, 459 Sanguo zhi, 202, 208–213, 229, 271, 273, 484 Simian, Lü, 427, 431 Santong, 34, 175, 320 Sinian, Fu, 440, 461, 467 Sanxing, Hu, 154 Sinicization, 11, 12, 399, 448, 457 Scientific method, The, 37, 433, 438 Sitong, Wan, 376, 377, 384 Sense of crisis, The, 4, 6, 416 Six Classics/six confucian classics, 68–70, 93, Shangshu, 29, 64, 68, 69–79, 87, 92, 94, 100, 100, 126, 132, 162, 163, 175, 179, 181, 110, 115, 119, 146, 175, 184, 194, 204, 209, 258, 352, 386–389 205, 243, 247, 260, 261, 263, 265, 278, Songxue, 408 379, 389, 390, 420, 430, 436 Songzhi, Pei, 209 Shanrang, 72, 217, 407 Soviet Union, The, 456, 458, 477, 478 Shendu, 372, 384 Suishi, 27 Sheng, Dai, 88 Suishu, 231, 237, 239, 240, 245, 253, 254, 256, Shibu, 19, 413 257, 259, 276–278, 281, 484 Shide, 393, 395, 398 Sushui scholarship, 304 Shifa, 390, 408 Shi (historian) T shiguan, 267 Taiwan, 63, 417, 464–467 Shi (history), 30, 255 Taiyan, Zhang, 418, 427, 430 Shihuo, 31, 184, 187, 266, 283–289 Tangjian, 325, 343, 411 Shiji, 5, 21, 39, 41, 43, 64, 68, 81, 98, 126, Tang shu, Xin, 35, 237, 302, 307, 308, 310, 128, 129, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139, 311, 345, 485 142, 145, 148, 149, 151, 152, 154, 156, Tan, Sima, 100, 124–126, 132, 135, 137, 151, 162, 164, 172, 177, 181, 184, 189, 204, 152, 156, 215, 216, 240, 260, 344, 481, 216, 231, 239, 240, 247, 250, 260, 261, 484 264, 273, 274, 278, 281, 340, 344, 363, Tao, Wang, 21, 418, 422, 423 385, 388–390, 392, 396, 400, 404–407, Textual criticism, The, 4, 43, 45, 48, 71, 194, 431, 435, 436, 481, 484 242, 243, 304, 376, 377, 379–382, 391, Shijia, 131, 136, 179, 202, 268, 400, 406 398, 399, 406–408, 416, 422, 429, 432, Shili, 88, 267, 269, 302, 303, 393 433, 435, 438–440, 463, 472 Shimin, Li (the Emperor Tai), 33 Theoretical history, The, 48, 256, 443, 460, Shi (power), 253 473 Shiquan, 410 Three times, 322, 422–424 Shishi (insight into history), 246, 395, 398 Tianli, 218, 219 Shishi (recording events), 391 Tianren , 23, 28, 33–35, 38, 115, 116, Shitong, 4, 6, 203, 204, 245, 246, 259–262, 194, 196, 197, 199–202, 204, 206–208, 267–270 230, 234, 236, 243, 310, 317, 347 Shi (trend), 293, 360 Tianyan lun, 424 Shiwen, 391 Tingyu, Zhang, 377, 380, 485 Shixue (history), 1, 10, 272, 354, 382 Tolerance, 8, 131, 226, 244, 252, 305, 318, Shixue (practical learning), 32, 303, 351, 382, 371, 464 384 Tong Shiyi, 331, 390, 391, 398 Tongbian (thorough understanding of changes Shizhuan, 9, 203, 245, 246 in entire history), 2, 20 Shou, Chen, 208–211, 214, 240, 248, 268, 273 Tongdian, 26, 27, 31, 32, 184, 282–290 Shou, Wei, 230–233, 235, 236, 240, 241, 273, Tongjian lun, Du, 27, 358 344, 484 Tong lun, Baihu, 204, 267 Shouyi, Bai, 11, 41, 121, 439 Tongshi (a comprehensive understanding), 341, Shu, Cui, 39, 412 391 502 Index

Tongshi (general history), 6, 391 Xinshu (the practical way of heart-mind), 394 Tongti, 318, 319 Xin (the mind), 395, 396 Tongyi, Baihu, 116, 176 Xinxue, 69, 303, 354, 359, 371, 373, 375, 376, Tongzhi, 23, 42, 45, 172, 300, 312, 343, 395–398, 423 345–347 Xinyu, Shishuo, 201, 213–215 Tuotuo, 328, 485 , 185, 186, 193, 225, 228, 289, 324 Tu, Taiji, 299 Xiong, Yang, 162, 176, 186, 193, 209, 252, Tuzhi, Haiguo, 417 253, 266, 267 Xirui, Pi, 88, 97, 135, 160, 191, 306, 422 V Xiu, Ouyang, 34, 35, 39, 301–303, 307–309, Veritable record, The, 33, 36–39, 45, 156, 163, 311, 321, 329, 345, 404, 405, 485 180, 181, 204, 205, 232, 242, 244, 249, Xiuxin, 313, 314 259, 269, 270, 324, 354, 377, 388, 404, Xiyu, 225, 399 408 Xi, Zhu, 29, 30, 44, 80, 298–300, 302–304, Vicissitude, 4, 29, 40, 53, 73, 77, 139, 155, 318, 325–327, 329, 335, 336, 338–340, 168, 169, 278, 280, 282, 301, 302, 308, 342, 343, 346, 359, 368, 370, 371, 373, 311, 313–315, 317–320, 322, 329, 335, 374, 384 337, 338, 347, 356–358, 360, 361, 363, Xuanhan, 164, 197, 198 374, 379, 401, 402 , 194–196, 201, 202, 215–217, Vicissitudinous history, The, 335, 361–364, 221–224, 234, 236, 256, 283 378, 402 Xue, 155, 177, 353, 404 Xuecheng, Zhang, 4, 6, 15, 23, 30–32, 42, 50, W 69, 71, 81, 156, 262, 269, 343, 348, 355, Wailu, Hou, 11, 66, 159, 194, 448 376, 377, 383–385, 387–390, 393, 394, Wang ming lun, 161 399, 415 Weishu, 230–233, 235, 236, 241, 243, 244, Xun, Lu, 61, 65, 214 273, 404, 406, 484 Xunzi, 90, 101, 102, 110–113, 122 Weiyun, Du, 7 Wen, Huan, 215, 221 Y Wenlan, Fan, 11, 421, 456 Yan'an, 421, 452, 456, 464 Wenshi, 33, 394 Yangming, Wang, 69, 354, 360, 367, 369–374, Wenshi tongyi, 4, 6, 23, 24, 50, 71, 385, 386, 383, 384, 387, 396 389, 395–397, 399, 415 Yang, Shang, 113, 147, 210, 288 Wenxian tongkao, 184, 333, 334 Yanwu, Gu Westernization, 12, 467 Rizhi lu, 31, 39, 354, 356 Western learning, The, 3 Yelikewen, 440 Wu (being militarily ready), 313 Yibian, Chengbi, 146 Wudang, Xu, 302, 323 Yi, Cheng, 298, 307, 317, 325, 336 Wu, Emperor Yigu, 269, 412 boshi, 191, 192 Yi, Jia, 29, 142, 186 Wuyuan, 383 Yili (Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial), 88, 180 X Yili (righteousness and profit), 366 , 214, 225, 230, 324, 437 Yimin, Sunjun, 311 Xiang, Liu, 115, 159, 162, 175, 176, 183, 219, Ying, Yao, 416, 417 254, 258, 340, 344 Yinke, Chen, 399, 434, 436 Xiaoping, Deng, 458, 459 Yishi, 378, 382 Xie, Liu Yi, Zhao, 237, 381, 400, 408, 410 Wenxin diaolong, 9, 11, 24, 203, 245, 249, Youlan, Feng, 195 252, 253, 266 Yongjia school, 30 Xing (nature), 309 Yongkang school, 32, 338, 339 Xin, Lin, 88, 115, 159, 175, 176, 193, 211 Yongren, 315, 316 Xin shixue, 6, 418, 426–428, 431 Yong, Shao Index 503

hui, 423 Zhidu Yuanyuan Lüegao, Sui Tangn, 437 shi (thirty years), 423 Zhiji, Liu, 4, 14, 15, 35, 202, 204, 245, 247, yuan, 423 250, 251, 259, 260, 272, 274, 275, 343, yun, 423 345, 390, 393, 394 You, Du, 26, 31, 282, 290 Zhi, Jingji (in Suishu), 231, 237, 239 Youwei, Kang, 92, 422, 424 Zhi, Li, 364, 366 Yuan, Bi, 385 Zhi, Tianwen, 173, 184, 230 Yuan, Chen, 439 Zhixue, Duduan, 5 Yuanjun, 366 Zhiyan, Yijia, 5, 42 Yuan, Wei, 416–418, 422, 423 Zhi, Yiwen, 68, 88, 100, 135, 137, 176, 183, Yuanzhang, Zhu, 403 184, 265, 344, 369 Yue, Xun, 29, 203–208 Zhongguo gudai shehui yanjiu, 419 Yugong, 28, 32, 146, 379, 419–421, 479 Zhongguo sixiang tongshi, 14, 66, 133, 159, 195, 380, 398 Z Zhongshi wude, 116, 131 Zai, Zhang, 41, 299, 307, 335, 359 Zhongshu, Dong, 23, 33, 68, 115, 123, 159, Zan, 224, 225, 347 172, 175, 176, 192, 219, 246, 310 Zaozhi, Xi, 209 Zhouguan yi, 331, 332 Zedong, Mao, 445, 458 Zhuan, Gongyang, 115, 159, 192, 422 Zegang, Li, 7 Zhuangzi, 102, 121, 235, 360 Zengyou, Xia, 425, 426, 431 Zhuanshu, 392 Zetian, Wu Zhu biaowei, Tongjian Hu, 439 Empress Wu, the, 259, 317, 325, 455 Zi, 1, 254, 255, 327 Zhedong scholarship, 383, 384 Zizhen, Gong, 31 Zhedong school, 384 Zizhi tongjian, 27, 29, 45, 154, 299, 302, 304, Zhen, Dai, 348 312–318, 323–327, 345, 355, 358, 360, Zhengmeng zhu, Zhangzi, 299 362, 380, 385, 404, 456 Zhengshi, 156, 168, 173, 184, 189, 195, 200, Zongxi, Huang, 30, 354, 364 255, 256, 345 Zongzhi, 367, 368, 376 Zhengtong Zunxian, Huang, 418, 424 Zhengtong lun, 229, 320–323 Zuozhuan, 30, 38, 39, 80, 85, 93, 95, 114, 115, Zheng, Wei, 33, 245, 277, 279, 281, 325, 484 131, 137, 159, 204, 206, 208, 216, 241, Zhenyu, Lü, 11, 12, 436, 448, 456 250, 260, 261, 264–266, 274, 319, 341, Zhenyu, Luo, 11, 436 355, 390, 404, 413 Zhexi scholarship, 384 Zuqian, Lü, 30–32, 307, 318, 319, 329, 338, Zhexue, 2, 339, 341–343, 442, 473 341, 342, 382 Zhezhong scholarship, 304 Zuwang, Quan, 308, 339, 352, 355, 378, 384 Zhibi, 244, 245, 248, 249, 269, 270, 272, 274, Zuyu, Fan, 45, 318 279, 302, 311 Zuyu, Gu, 357, 358