Encoding Diversity for Asian and African Languages the Script Encoding Initiative
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Bibliography
Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P. -
Ancient Scripts
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1. -
Revised Proposal to Encode Old Uyghur in Unicode
L2/19-016 2019-01-07 Revised proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode Anshuman Pandey [email protected] January 7, 2019 Document History This proposal is a revision of the following: • L2/18-126: “Preliminary proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode” • L2/18-333: “Proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode” It incorporates comments made by the UTC Script Ad Hoc Committee and other experts in: • L2/18-168: “Recommendations to UTC #155 April-May 2018 on Script Proposals” • L2/18-335: “Comments on the preliminary proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode (L2/18-126)” The major changes to L2/18-333 are as follows: • Correction to glyphs for initial and medial beth, previously shown erroneously using forms for yodh • Revision of glyphs for aleph and nun to reflect distinctive forms from the 9th century • Revision of representative glyph for zayin for stylistic uniformity • Unification of gimel and heth into a single letter, and addition of a letter for final heth • Addition of an alternate form letter for both aleph and nun • Expansion of description of the orientation of terminals for specific letters A previous version of this proposal was reviewed by the following expert: • Dai Matsui (Graduate School of Letters, Osaka University) 1 Revised proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode Anshuman Pandey 1 Introduction The ‘Old Uyghur’ script was used between the 8th and 17th centuries primarily in the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, located in present-day Xinjiang, China. It is a cursive-joining alphabet with features of an abjad, and is characterized by its vertical orientation. -
The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Seminars Number 2
oi.uchicago.edu i THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE SEMINARS NUMBER 2 Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu ii oi.uchicago.edu iii MARGINS OF WRITING, ORIGINS OF CULTURES edited by SETH L. SANDERS with contributions by Seth L. Sanders, John Kelly, Gonzalo Rubio, Jacco Dieleman, Jerrold Cooper, Christopher Woods, Annick Payne, William Schniedewind, Michael Silverstein, Piotr Michalowski, Paul-Alain Beaulieu, Theo van den Hout, Paul Zimansky, Sheldon Pollock, and Peter Machinist THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE SEMINARS • NUMBER 2 CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu iv Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938897 ISBN: 1-885923-39-2 ©2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2006. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago Co-managing Editors Thomas A. Holland and Thomas G. Urban Series Editors’ Acknowledgments The assistance of Katie L. Johnson is acknowledged in the production of this volume. Front Cover Illustration A teacher holding class in a village on the Island of Argo, Sudan. January 1907. Photograph by James Henry Breasted. Oriental Institute photograph P B924 Printed by McNaughton & Gunn, Saline, Michigan The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Infor- mation Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. oi.uchicago.edu v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................. -
Elites in Between Ethnic Mongolians and the Han in China 39
Elites in Between Ethnic Mongolians and the Han in China 39 Chelegeer Contents Introduction ...................................................................................... 696 MINZU in China at a Glance ................................................................ 696 Mongolian Elites Before 1949 .................................................................. 699 The Old Nobility ............................................................................. 700 From Old House to New Elite ............................................................... 702 Mongol MINZU from 1949 to 1979 ............................................................ 704 Economic and Cultural Reforming .......................................................... 705 MINZU as Social Transformation ........................................................... 707 Ongoing Generations from the 1980s ........................................................... 709 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 711 References ....................................................................................... 712 Abstract Whether an ethnicity or a nationality is a natural and historical entity with clear self-consciousness, or a constructed identity as one of the consequences of modernity, there are always academic debates in sociology. By concerning Mongolian elites, this chapter argues their essential role in interacting with Han, the dominant population of China, through history and informing their -
Universal Iconography in Writing Systems Evidence and Explanation in the Easter Island
Universal Iconography in Writing Systems Evidence and Explanation in the Easter Island and Indus Valley Scripts Richard E. McDorman © 2009 Summary Iconography has played a central role in the development of writing systems. That all independently derived ancient scripts began as arrangements of pictograms before evolving into their elaborated forms evinces the fundamental importance of iconography in the evolution of writing. Symbols of the earliest logographic writing systems are characterized by a number of iconographic principles. Elucidation of these iconographic principles provides a theoretical framework for the analysis of structural similarities in unrelated, independently evolved writing systems. Two such writing systems are the ancient Indus Valley and Easter Island scripts. Although separated by vast tracts of time and space, the two writing systems share between forty and fifty complex characters, a problem first identified by Hevesy in 1932. Previous attempts to explain the similarities between the Indus Valley script and the rongorongo of Easter Island, which have relied on notions of cultural contact or historical derivation, have proved unfruitful. In reconsidering the problem, a novel approach based on comparative iconographic principles can explain the resemblances between the two scripts as the product of the universal iconography displayed by all writing systems in their pictographic and logographic stages of development. The principle of iconography in writing systems It has been noted that graphically similar symbols have been employed to represent semantically cognate ideas in a number of early, unrelated writing systems. 1 One explanation for this phenomenon is that there exist universal iconographic principles that bear upon the minds of those creating these scripts, thereby influencing the graphical form of the glyphs 2 that comprise the newly created writing systems. -
Roadmaps to ISO/IEC 10646 and the Unicode Standard
Roadmaps to ISO/IEC 10646 and the Unicode Standard • INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N2461 2002-05-14 Title: Snapshot of Pictorial view of Roadmaps to BMP, SMP, SIP and SSP Ad hoc group on Roadmaps ( Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler) Source: Adapted by: V.S. Umamaheswaran For review and adoption WG2 at its meeting M42 Status: (includes update as of May 14, 2002) Distribution: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 and Liaison Organisations Replaces: WG2 document N2409 Summary This document is the latest snapshot of the roadmap documents that has been presented to and adopted by WG2 (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG 2). Four tables containing the roadmaps to ● the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP - Plane 0) (version bmp-3-5, 2002-04-04) ● the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP - Plane 1) (version smp-3-2, 2002-04-03) ● the Supplementary Ideographic Plane (SIP - Plane 2) (version sip-3-0, 2001-10-10), and ● the Supplementary Special-purpose Plane (SSP - Plane 14) (version ssp-3-1, 2002-01-22) are included in this document. The Roadmap ad hoc group maintains and updates this document as a service to the UTC (Unicode Technical Committee) and to WG2 (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2). The latest working version of this document can be found at http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps. This document is informative. Please send corrigenda and other comments to the authors. -
Phonetics of Sgaw Karen in Thailand
PHONETICS OF SGAW KAREN IN THAILAND: AN ACOUSTIC DESCRIPTION PONGPRAPUNT RATTANAPORN MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH THE GRADUATE SCHOOL CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER 2012 PHONETICS OF SGAW KAREN IN THAILAND: AN ACOUSTIC DESCRIPTION PONGPRAPUNT RATTANAPORN AN INDEPENDENT STUDY SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH THE GRADUATE SCHOOL CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER 2012 PHONETICS OF SGAW KAREN IN THAILAND: AN ACOUSTIC DESCRIPTION PONGPRAPUNT RATTANAPORN THIS INDEPENDENT STUDY HAS BEEN APPROVED TO BE A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH 26 September 2012 © Copyright by Chiang Mai University iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to everybody who contributed to this research. Firstly, my deepest thanks go to both of my supervisors, Dr. Preeya Nokaew (Chiang Mai University) and Dr. Paul Sidwell (Australian National University), for their excellent support from when I first started until I finished this research. Secondly, my thanks go to the examining committee, Dr. Peter Freeouf and Dr. Sudarat Hatfield, for their useful comments. Thirdly, I would like to express my thanks to Assoc. Prof. Suphanee Jancamai and Asst. Prof. Panit Boonyavatana and all the teachers in the graduate program. Also a special thanks to Dr. Phinnarat Akharawatthanakun (Payap University) for her valuable advice. This research would not have been successful without the assistance of the Dujeto’s, Mr. Thaworn Kamponkun and all the informants and my friends Ey, Sprite, Mike, Chris, Darwin, Oh, Jay, Rose and Yrrah. Last but not least, I appreciate everybody in my family for their love, encouragement and financial support. -
Encoding Diversity for All the World's Languages
Encoding Diversity for All the World’s Languages The Script Encoding Initiative (Universal Scripts Project) Michael Everson, Evertype Westport, Co. Mayo, Ireland Bamako, Mali • 6 May 2005 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard: New Script Additions Unicode 4.1 (31 March 2005): For Unicode 5.0 (2006): Buginese N’Ko Coptic Balinese Glagolitic Phags-pa New Tai Lue Phoenician Nuskhuri (extends Georgian) Syloti Nagri Cuneiform Tifinagh Kharoshthi Old Persian Cuneiform 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters • Unicode covers over 50 scripts (many of which are used for languages with over 5 million speakers) 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters • Unicode covers over 50 scripts (often used for languages with over 5 million speakers) • Unicode enables millions of users worldwide to view web pages, send e-mails, converse in chat-rooms, and share text documents in their native script 1. Current State of the Unicode Standard • Unicode 4.1 defines over 97,000 characters • Unicode covers over 50 scripts (often used for languages with over 5 million speakers) • Unicode enables millions of users worldwide to view web pages, send e-mails, converse in chat- rooms, and share text documents in their native script • Unicode is widely supported by current fonts and operating systems, but… Over 80 scripts are missing! Missing Modern Minority Scripts India, Nepal, Southeast Asia China: -
Script Encoding, Part 2
Script Encoding, Part 2 Working with the user community Debbie Anderson, SEI, UC Berkeley Internationalization and Unicode Conference 40 2 November 2016 Script Encoding Initiative, UC Berkeley • Started 2002 • Helped get over 70 scripts into Unicode • 100+ scripts remain to be encoded A few words about scripts... • Can carry significant emotional feeling • Ol Chiki • Even if the “user” can’t read the script , script can be a symbol of identity & pride • Can make one community different from another • But a new script can delay its use on devices Bamum Who make up the “user community”? • Anyone with an interest in the script: • linguists, native users, liturgical script users, librarians, historians, script enthusiasts... • May not be able to actively read and write the script • To assist on Unicode proposals, should have very good working knowledge of script Steps to Encoding a Script Steps to Encoding a Script: Identify script as eligible Factors: • Users (beyond creator and few others) • Printed materials in script • Taught today (esp. new script) • Script relatively stable • Not unifiable with another encoded script Identify script as eligible Steps to Encoding a Script: Identify script as eligible Lakhum Mossang - Tangsa Identify script as eligible Shuishu Steps to Encoding a Script: Collect materials Kpelle Collect materials Khitan Large Script Identify script as eligible Steps to Encoding a Script: Write proposal l Write proposal Collect materials Identify script as eligible Steps to Encoding a Script: Get Experts / User Community -
Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N2383
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2383 2001-10-10 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation internationale de normalisation еждународная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Roadmaps Source: The Unicode Consortium Status: Liaison Contribution Date: 2001-10-10 Distribution: WG2 and UTC The Roadmaps to the UCS have been maintained by the ad-hoc committee on the Roadmap, which consists of Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler. They were hosted on Michael Everson’s site, and this caused difficulties for WG2 in referencing them. The Unicode Consortium has offered to host the Roadmap documents as official Unicode documents, acknowledging their usefulness and stability. This should allow WG2 to reference them by URL (http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps). Whenever major revisions are made, the Unicode Consortium will forward a document similar to this one to WG2. 1 2001-04-01 Roadmap to the BMP 2001-10-10 15:28 Roadmap to the BMP Home ||Site Map Search Tables Roadmap to the BMP Roadmap Introduction Roadmap to the Revision 3.0 BMP (Plane 0) Authors Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, Ken Whistler Roadmap to the SMP (Plane 1) Date 2001-10-10 Roadmap to the SIP (Plane 2) This Version http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/bmp-3-0.html Roadmap to the SSP (Plane 14) Previous Version n/a Not the Roadmap Latest Version http://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/bmp-3-0.html More Information Summary The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 The following table comprises a proportional map of Plane 0, the BMP (Basic Multilingual Proposed Plane). -
Old Turkic Script
Old Turkic script The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes) is the Old Turkic script alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates Type Alphabet during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.[1] Languages Old Turkic The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early Time 6th to 10th centuries 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by period [2] Nikolai Yadrintsev. These Orkhon inscriptions were published by Parent Proto-Sinaitic(?) Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm systems Thomsen in 1893.[3] Phoenician This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate. Aramaic Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Syriac Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Sogdian or Words were usually written from right to left. Kharosthi (disputed) Contents Old Turkic script Origins Child Old Hungarian Corpus systems Table of characters Direction Right-to-left Vowels ISO 15924 Orkh, 175 Consonants Unicode Old Turkic Variants alias Unicode Unicode U+10C00–U+10C4F range See also (https://www.unicode. org/charts/PDF/U10C Notes 00.pdf) References External links Origins According to some sources, Orkhon script is derived from variants of the Aramaic alphabet,[4][5][6] in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets of Persia,[7][8] or possibly via Kharosthi used to write Sanskrit (cf. the inscription at Issyk kurgan). Vilhelm Thomsen (1893) connected the script to the reports of Chinese account (Records of the Grand Historian, vol.