Understanding Adult Immigrants' Learning in South Korea
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UNDERSTANDING ADULT IMMIGRANTS’ LEARNING IN SOUTH KOREA: DETERRENTS TO PARTICIPATION AND ACCULTURATIVE EXPERIENCES by JIHYUN KIM (Under the Direction of Thomas Valentine) ABSTRACT This dissertation on adult education for immigrants in South Korea consists of two independent studies shedding light on immigrants’ formal and informal learning experiences. The first study, titled Adult Immigrants’ Deterrents to Participation in Korean as a Second Language Courses, aimed to understand immigrants’ deterrents for participation in Korean language programs by finding the underlying structure of the deterrents to participation and investigating the types of immigrants depending on their reasons for nonparticipation. A new instrument with 39 items that measures adult immigrants’ deterrents to participation in South Korea was developed; in total, 267 responses were collected, and 170 complete useable responses were analyzed. A series of statistical analyses revealed that a lack of time was the most compelling reason for nonparticipation. In addition, three latent dimensions of deterrents to participation were discovered: Negative Attitudes, Social Isolation, and Competing Demands. Finally, a cluster analysis identified five distinctive groups of survey participants according to their nonparticipation reasons: Active Young Workers, Income-oriented Temporary Workers, Isolated Long-term Resisters, Integrated Professional Immigrants, and Married Residents. The second study, titled Marriage-Immigrant Filipinas’ Acculturation and Learning Experiences in Korea, is an interview-based qualitative study that aimed to understand the acculturative experiences of marriage-immigrant women in South Korea from an adult learning perspective. Filipinas, who had Korean husbands, migrated to South Korea to live with their husbands, and could speak English, were recruited for the research. Interviews with 15 Filipinas were analyzed; as a result, the stories of each of the research participants were reconstructed based on their interviews, and three common themes and 11 subthemes emerged from the constant comparison method are presented. First, marriage-immigrant Filipinas learned about the role and position of a daughter-in- law in South Korea; secondly, as mothers with foreign backgrounds, marriage-immigrant Filipinas’ motherhood had to be negotiated; finally, marriage-immigrant Filipinas actively engaged in developing extrafamilial support in South Korea by expanding their horizons. INDEX WORDS: Adult Education, Adult Learning, Acculturation, Deterrents to Participation, Experience, Immigrants in South Korea UNDERSTANDING ADULT IMMIGRANTS’ LEARNING IN SOUTH KOREA: DETERRENTS TO PARTICIPATION AND ACCULTURATIVE EXPERIENCES by JIHYUN KIM B.A., Seoul National University, Republic of Korea, 2004 M.A., Seoul National University, Republic of Korea, 2006 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2017 © 2017 Jihyun Kim All Rights Reserved UNDERSTANDING ADULT IMMIGRANTS’ LEARNING IN SOUTH KOREA: DETERRENTS TO PARTICIPATION AND ACCULTURATIVE EXPERIENCES by JIHYUN KIM Major Professor: Thomas Valentine Committee: Ronald Cervero Juanita Johnson-Bailey Dae Joong Kang Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2017 DEDICATION To all immigrants pioneering their lives in new lands, new environments, and new cultures, hoping for their successful transition iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before anyone else, I would like to express my deepest and earnest gratitude to my major advisor, Dr. Tom Valentine. Without his continued support, substantial encouragement, firm belief in my ability, strong trust in our relationship, and insightful guidance and directions on my studies, this dissertation could not have come out in the world. Tom taught me not only how to earn my doctorate, but also how to be a good researcher, a good colleague, and a good educator and, eventually, how to be a good person. Thank you, Tom, for all that you have done for me over the past decade. No doubt, this dissertation would not be completed without the sound support of my family. My beloved mom Ms. Serng Im Lee’s support and concerns eventually enabled me to finish the dissertation. My beloved father, Dr. Seong Hoi Kim, was ultimately the one who promoted the value of education and motivated me to follow his journey in academia. My sister and my best friend, Ms. Junghyun Kim, provided me with encouragement, consoles, and sympathy during my studying. Furthermore, without my mom’s and sister’s babysitting, I could not have found any time for writing. Her son and my adored nephew, Jaehoon Kim, was the best amusement of my life during my years in Athens, GA. My former boyfriend and present husband, Dr. Hyungchai Park, has been the driving force of my life since we first met in 2007. He made my lonely and monotonous life in Athens colorful and joyful and has been my best companion on my doctoral journey without ever making me feel isolated or behind. His love, support and sacrifice v enabled me to complete this accomplishment. Lastly, I owe this accomplishment to my precious little daughter, Yunna Kim Park, who has been growing well and healthy, despite her mom’s frequent outings and stress from writing. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 Problem Statement .......................................................................................3 Purpose of the Dissertation ..........................................................................4 Structure of the Dissertation ........................................................................5 Description of the Two Research Studies ....................................................6 Significance of the Dissertation ...................................................................7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................10 Background and Demographics of Immigration in South Korea ..............10 Immigrants’ Challenges Living in South Korea ........................................19 Supporting the System for Adult Immigrants ............................................44 Studies on Deterrents to Educational Participation ...................................50 3 ADULT IMMIGRANTS’ DETERRENTS TO PARTICIPATION IN KOREAN AS A SECOND LANGUAGE COURSES ....................................62 Introduction ................................................................................................62 Literature Review.......................................................................................66 vii Method .......................................................................................................70 Findings......................................................................................................93 Conclusions ..............................................................................................120 4 MARRIAGE-IMMIGRANT FILIPINAS’ ACCULTURATION AND LEARNING EXPERIENCES IN SOUTH KOREA .....................................133 Introduction ..............................................................................................133 Literature Review.....................................................................................139 Methodology ............................................................................................142 Marriage-Immigrant Filipinas’ Stories ....................................................154 Cross-Case Analysis ................................................................................210 Discussions and Implications ...................................................................246 5 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................259 Principal Findings of the Studies .............................................................259 Discussions ..............................................................................................265 Implications for Policy and Practice ........................................................271 Suggestions for Future Research .............................................................272 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................275 APPENDICES A DETERRENTS TO PARTICIPATION IDENTIFIED FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH .................................................................................................289 B IRB APPROVAL LETTER: THE DPS SURVEY ........................................293 C RECRUITMENT FLYER OF THE DPS SURVEY .....................................295 D INFORMED CONSENT AND QUESTIONNAIRE: THE DPS STUDY ....300 viii E COMPARISON CHART OF THE TRANSLATION AND BACK- TRANSLATION..............................................................................................................348 F CORRELATION MATRIX ..........................................................................361