N Ew D Irections in L Atino a Merican C Ultures a Series Edited By

New D irections in L atino A merican C ultures A Series Edited by Licia Fiol-Matta & Jos é Quiroga

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Fiction and Public Works

Sophia Beal

All rights reserved. Portions of chapter 2 appeared in Sophia Beal’s article “The Substance of Light: Literature and Public Space in Belle É poque Rio de Janeiro,” which was originally published in the Luso-Brazilian Review 49.2: 5–27 (2012). © 2012 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Reproduced courtesy of the University of Wisconsin Press. An earlier version of chapter 4 appeared in an article in Hispania , the Journal of the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese (AATSP). It was published in 2010 in issue 93.1: 1–10. Special thanks to AATSP for permission to reprint the article. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave ® and Macmillan ® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–1–137–32247–0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: September 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 978-1-349-45839-4 ISBN 978-1-137-32248-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137322487 For my parents, Thaddeus Beal and Erica Funkhouser, with love and gratitude This page intentionally left blank Contents

List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xi

1 An Introduction to the Fiction of Public Works 1 2 Conquering the Dark: Literature, Lighting, and Public Space in Rio de Janeiro in the Early 1900s 23 3 The Spectacle of Light: A Public Works Company in Southeastern Brazil (1906–1971) 55 4 Brasí lia: The Real and Promised City in 1960s Brazilian Literature 79 5 Fiction and Massive Public Works during the Brazilian Military Regime (1964–1985) 99 6 S ã o Paulo’s Failed Public Works in Ferré z’s Cap ã o Pecado and Luiz Ruffato’s Eles eram muitos cavalos 121 Epilogue 137

Notes 149 Works Cited 169 Index 185 This page intentionally left blank Figures

2.1 “A illuminaçã o do Palacio Monrö e” (The Illumination of the Monroe Palace) 38 2.2 “Exposi çã o Nacional—Avenida dos Estados—vista do alto do portã o monumental” (National Exposition— Avenue of the States—View from above the Monumental Doorway) 41 2.3 “Exposi çã o Nacional—a illuminaçã o do Pavilhã o do Districto Federal” (National Exposition—The Illumination of the Federal District Pavilion) 42 2.4 “Exposi çã o Nacional: O Pavilhã o da Bahia—aspecto da illuminaçã o” (National Exposition: The Bahia Pavilion—Aspect of the Illumination) 43 2.5 “Aspecto da illuminaçã o da porta monumental” (Aspect of the Illumination of the Monumental Doorway) 44 2.6 “O Pavilhã o do Estado de Minas Geraes” (The Pavilion of the State of Minas Gerais) 45 2.7 “A electricidade” (Electricity) 47 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments

I would not have been able to complete this book without the gener- ous support of many individuals and institutions. I owe special thanks to Nelson Vieira, Jim Green, and Anani Dzidzienyo for their guidance in the early stages of the project, and to Bruce Robbins and Mike Rubenstein for inspiring me to write about public works. I am also grateful to the many people who read and commented on various drafts of the book: Rebecca Atencio, Justin Beal, Thaddeus Beal, Daniel Block, Chris Dunn, Sara Fine, Allison Fong, Erica Funkhouser, Ghenwa Hayek, Hilary Kaplan, Drew Konove, Rob Newcomb, Rex Nielson, Sara Pfaff, Katerina Seligmann, Michael Steinberg, the 2009– 2010 Cogut Center fellows, and anonymous reviewers. In addition, I thank all of the people in both Brazil and the United States who pointed me toward relevant texts, answered questions, worked as my research assistants, helped me with translations, offered advice, or gave me a place to stay while I was conducting research. This group includes Gabriel and the late Vera Andrade, Idelber Avelar, Heloísa Buarque de Hollanda, Anna Bulbrook, Hortensia Calvo, Manoel Costa, Petra Costa, Ana Letí cia Fauri, Patricia Figueroa, Earl Fitz, Jane Hait, Drew Heitzler, Sean Higgins, David Jackson, Lian, Thayse Lima, Camila Pavanelli de Lorenzi, Shana Lutker, Joshua Michael Marcotte, Sean McPherson, Nuria Net, Bill Patrick, Domingos Pellegrini, Leinimar Pires, André a Rocha, Daniel Sharp, Casey Thoreson, Sandy Tolan, the graduate students and professors of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies at Brown University, the staff at the Brown University Writing Center, the staff of the archive at the Fundaçã o Casa de Rui Barbosa, and Rossana Libâ nio at the Acervo Fotográ fico da Light at the Centro Cultural da Light. I also owe thanks to the following people for their solidarity throughout this project: Bridget Brennan, Doug Brown, Grace Farris, Annie Gibson, Kara Healey, Sarah Holt, Lavinia Lorch, Chris Lydon, Racheal Maldonado, Marilyn Miller, Jeanne Penvenne, Mauro Porto, Natalia Porto, Jerry Shen, Patricia Sobral, and the graduate students and professors of Tulane University’s Department of Spanish and Portuguese and Stone Center for Latin American Studies. xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am especially grateful to the librarians and staff members at Brown University, Tulane University, and the University of Minnesota for their assistance. The long, vibrant history of Brazilian and Lusophone studies at all three of these universities, where I have had the privi- lege to spend time, enlivened my research. I am indebted to my col- leagues at the Department of Spanish and Portuguese Studies at the University of Minnesota, particularly Ana Paula Ferreira and Carol Klee. I also thank Farideh Koohi-Kamali and Sara Doskow, of Palgrave Macmillan, for their editorial guidance. In addition, I am grateful for the financial support of Mr. and Mrs. Artemis Joukowsky, the Belda Family, Brown University’s Cogut Center, Brown University’s Office of International Affairs, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Tulane University’s School of Liberal Arts, and the University of Minnesota Imagine Fund. I owe my deepest thanks to my husband and best critic, Francis Shen, for his input about everything from honing the book’s over- arching argument to polishing the writing. While his copious chapter- by-chapter feedback made the completion of this project possible in a practical sense, more generally his ability to never lose track of the big picture helped keep me focused. And I cannot resist thanking our son, Gabriel, for reminding me every day of the sheer joy to be found in research and discovery.