Maria Górska-Zabielska, Katarzyna Kamieńska

QUAESTIONES GEOGRAPHICAE 36(1) • 2017

GEOTOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE DRAWSKIE LAKE DISTRICT AS A SUPPORT FOR THE PLANNED GEOPARK NAMED POSTGLACIAL LAND OF THE AND DĘBNICA RIVERS

Maria Górska-Zabielska1, Katarzyna Kamieńska2

1Institute of Geography, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, 2Maritime Institute in Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland

Manuscript received: August 3, 2015 Revised version: November 7, 2016

Górska-Zabielska M., Kamieńska K., 2017. Geotourism potential of the “Połczyn Switzerland” area as a support for the planned geopark named “Postglacial land of the Drawa and Dębnica rivers”. Quaestiones Geographicae 36(1), Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań, pp. 15–31, 5 figs, 4 tables.

Abstract. The geotourism potential of ten geosites, occurring within the Drawskie Lake District, north-western Poland, was evaluated to demonstrate the need for the establishment of a geopark named “Postglacial land of the Drawa and Dębnica rivers”. Each site was investigated in respect of its scientific (geological and geomorphological), educational, economic, conservation, and added values. It has been found that two geosites, being also cultural heritage sites (Dra- him Castle and Pottery Settlement in Sikory), have the greatest geotourism potential. Different aspects of inanimate nature are promoted in both geosites. Thanks to the existence of such objects there is a good chance for the successful development of geotourism, which is a tool for the sustainable socio-economic development of the region.

Key words: geodiversity, geotourism, geoconservation, geopark, Drawskie Lake District, north-western Poland Corresponding author: Maria Górska-Zabielska, [email protected]

Introduction natural heritage objects of national importance, i.e. geoparks. For this purpose, the special objects Relief of the Middle region, in of inanimate nature, called geosites, have to be north-western Poland, is characterized by high subjected to inventory and evaluation proce- geodiversity. Most objects of inanimate nature dures. Based on the results of these procedures, have been formed by the Scandinavian ice sheet it will be established the network of geosites con- during its last stay in the discussed region, and nected by educational paths and geotourist trails. by meltwater flowing from the ice-sheet front. Due to its educational, scientific, and tourist Landforms representing other environments, e.g. functions, such a network can become a tourist spring, fluvial, and lacustrine, are also found in attraction and will favour the sustainable social the area. Many of them are protected in the form and economic development of districts. of national park, landscaped park, documenta- Inventory-evaluation procedure applied to in- ry site, reserve or natural monument. However, animate nature objects is described in foreign lit- some objects are waiting to be subjected to the erature. A detailed review of quantitative meth- conservator’s supervision and put on the list of ods evaluating different values of abiotic objects

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doi: 10.1515/­quageo-2017-0002 ISSN 0137-477X 16 Maria Górska-Zabielska, Katarzyna Kamieńska in order to assess their usefulness for the develop- the opportunities offered by the geoinformation ment of geotourism has been recently published environment. An attempt to develop a unified by Kubalíkova (2013). She described the methods classification of geosites has been made in the used in Italy (Panizza 2001, Coratza and Giusti Polish Geological Institute – National Research 2005), Spain (Serrano and Gonzalez-Trueba 2005, Institute in 2009 by the implementation of the Bruschi and Cendrero 2005), Portugal (Pereira Polish Central Register of Geosites (PIG-PIB et al. 2007, Pereira and Pereira 2010), Greece 2016), which is constantly updated. Nowadays (Zouros 2005, 2007), and Switzerland (Pralong (January 2016) this register contains data of more 2005, Reynard et al. 2007). Based on the analysis than 3700 geosites, which have been evaluated in of the criteria and categories used in the men- terms of their scientific, educational and geotour- tioned quantitative methods, Kubalikova (2013) ist values (Warowna et al. 2013). proposed her own method of geosite evaluation The advantages of the above-mentioned pa- for geotourism purposes. This method is used in pers are not only the attempts to develop an objec- our study to evaluate ten geosites in the planned tive method of evaluation of geological resources geopark named “Postglacial land of the Drawa but also the descriptions of attractive inanimate and Dębnica rivers”. objects and the promotion of geotourism. The issues of geosite evaluation for geotour- In this paper we describe ten geosites occur- ism purposes are also present in Polish litera- ring along one of five geotourist paths planned in ture, e.g. in the papers published by Borówka et the area of future geopark. The described below al. (2008), Radwanek-Bąk and Laskowicz (2012), values of these geosites can be used in environ- Kamieńska and Giemza (2014), and Górska- mental education, in teaching at various levels of Zabielska et al. (2015). Many publications are in- education, and for scientific purposes.T he values ventory studies, in which the main emphasis is of geosites give also hope for the development of placed on the presentation of the attractiveness one of the qualified tourism types, namely geot- of geomorphological and geological heritage of ourism. It is based on the exploration of geologi- a region under study (among others Zgłobicki cal objects, which can become a tourist attraction et al. 2007, Zgłobicki and Baran-Zgłobicka after their adaptation and making access to them. 2013, Górska-Zabielska and Zabielski 2016a, The advantage of geotourism is that it requires b). Various authors have tried to evaluate the little financial outlays and can be organized- al inventoried natural resources, e.g. Kot (2006), most everywhere. However, the basic condition Nita (2007), Borówka et al. (2008) Cedro et al. is to prepare a professional information board (2008), Duda et al. (2008), Dmytrowski and explaining the origin and presenting the current Kicińska (2011), Zbucki (2012), Radwanek-Bąk state of a geosite. and Laskowicz (2012). Some attempts have been also made to develop an objective method of ge- osite evaluation – Sołowiej (1992) published the Purpose, scope and methods of research analysis of scores grading method, while Kot and Leśniak (2006) studied the possibilities of devel- The purpose of this study is to indicate that oping the indicators or mathematical functions ten selected geosites, located along one of five ge- defining the level of connections and variability otourist paths, have geotourism potential so the of geodiversity in neighbouring areas. There are establishment of a geopark named “Postglacial also examples of methods for deriving a map of land of the Drawa and Dębnica rivers” is needful. landform geodiversity in GIS environment and Evaluation of geotourism potential was its application for indication of attractive tour- preceded by a procedure involving: istic scenes in mountains areas (Zwoliński 2009, 1. Making an inventory of inanimate nature ob- 2010, Zwoliński and Stachowiak 2012, Najwer jects in the study area. It was carried out dur- and Zwoliński 2014a, b, 2015). Najwer and other ing field work in 2010–2013, and the attention (2016) demonstrate a new methodology for the was mainly given to geological/geomorpho- assessment of the selected natural environment logical process/processes, which formed the components in Polish lowland. Their analyses studied natural resources. In the case of an ob- lead to visualize the landform geodiversity using ject associated with human activity, the main GEOTOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE DRAWSKIE LAKE DISTRICT AS A SUPPORT FOR THE PLANNED GEOPARK 17

Table 1. Categories, criteria, and scoring used in this study for the evaluation of geotourism potential of the “Połczyn Switzerland” area. Scores Category Criterion 0 0.5 1 Scientific integrity (object completely de- destroyed but with still not destroyed value forming insepara- stroyed visible abiotic features ble entirety) frequency (number more than 5 2–5 objects one object in the study area of similar sites) objects geodiversity (num- only 1 visible 2–4 visible features/pro- more than 5 visible features/ ber of different fea- feature/process cesses processes tures or processes visible in geosite) scientific knowl- lack = not investi- scientific paper in national extensive knowledge of the edge gated site journal site, published monography Educational Representativeness weak represent- medium representative- high representativeness of value and visibility/ ativeness/clar- ness, mainly for specialists form and process, also for clarity of features/ ity of form and amateurs processes process quality of educa- weak example, good example but of limit- very good example with high tional example, weak educational ed educational usefulness educational and geotourist educational useful- usefulness of usefulness ness form and process existing educational lack leaflets, maps, web pages information boards, informa- products tion next to the site existing forms of lack of education- site is a part of specialist guided tour for the general use for educational al use tour (eg. for students, geo- public purposes (specialist tourists) tour, guided tour) Economic accessibility more than 1000 m less than 1000 m from the less than 1000 m from the pub- value from the car park car park lic transport stop presence of tourist more than 10 km 5–10 km from the existing less than 5 km from the exist- infrastructure from the existing tourist facilities ing tourist facilities tourist facilities local products lack several products the place is a symbol for sever- al local products Conservation existing threats natural and threat that may destroy the low risk and almost non-exist- value and the risk of anthropogenic site ing threat damage threats potential threats natural and threat that may destroy the low risk and almost non-exist- and the risk of anthropogenic site ing threat damage threats current state continuous destroyed site but the ac- no destruction destruction of the tion is taken to stop further site destruction legal protection lack of legal pro- existing proposals of legal effective legal protection status tection protection Added value cultural values lack existing cultural values but existing cultural values in close (historical, archae- but without a close connec- connection with the abiotic site ological, religious) tion with the abiotic site connected with the abiotic site ecological value unimportant existing influence but with- important influence of geomor- out much significance phological features on ecologi- cal value of the site aesthetic value 0 – 1 colour, 0 – only 1 structure, 0 – lack of observation points, (number of colours, 0.25 – 2–3 col- 0.25 – 2–3 clearly distin- 0.25 – 1–2 observation points, structure types, ours, guishable structures, 0.5 – 3 and more observation viewpoints) 0.5 – more than 3 0.5 – more than 3 structures points colours 18 Maria Górska-Zabielska, Katarzyna Kamieńska

assets of which are technical-cultural and his- resources and cultural heritage it is essential to torical values, the geomorphological heritage protect valuable geological and geomorphologi- was highlighted. cal sites, including the establishment of geoparks, 2. Selection of ten geosites, evenly distributed i.e. the areas of complex geological heritage.” along the trail. The selected geosites represent As defined by the Polish Geological Institute convex and concave landforms, hydrological – National Research Institute, geopark is an area objects, erratics; the list included also objects of outlined boundaries, in which there are plac- of cultural heritage that are interesting from a es of significant scientific importance for - geol geological/geomorphological aspect. ogy, ecology, archaeology and culture. These 3. Evaluation of geosites. The following values places are called geosites. Due to an effective (categories) have been evaluated: scientif- conservation of geosites it is possible to propa- ic value, educational value, economic value, gate their educational and tourist functions and conservation value, and added value. The promote geological sciences. Geopark is also a categories, together with 18 attributed criteria form of landscape management according to the and scores brackets (Table 1), refer to the con- modern principles of sustainable development ception published by Kubalíkova (2013). (Alexandrowicz, Miśkiewicz 2016). The main ob- It should be noted that Kamieńska and jective of geoparks’ establishment is to promote Giemza (2014) evaluated recently all geosites (56) geological heritage through the conservation, in the planned geopark area in terms of their ge- tourist development, and adaptation to explore otourist attractiveness. They took into account the geological objects called geosites. somewhat different categories (accessibility, de- Polish Central Register of Geosites (PIG- gree of preservation of original state, scientific PIB 2016) is the largest database on geosites in value, and educational value) and considerably Poland. The listed geosites have been inventoried smaller number of criteria. In this paper we re- according to a uniform system. The description fer only to the evaluation results obtained by of each site includes general information, physi- the mentioned authors for these geosites, which cal characteristics, current state, geological char- are located mainly along the geotouristic path acteristics, graphic documentation, bibliography, “Połczyn Switzerland” (20 geosites). The name and map. This register contains data of almost 60 “Switzerland” might be somewhat confusing, geosites from the area of Drawskie Lake District. but it suggests a very diverse relief of the region. Especially valuable sites are also inventoried As the compared groups of geosites differ in the in the regional offices of The General Directorate number of sites and categories, the results of for Environmental Protection. However, these comparative analysis can be considered only as site descriptions do not contain detailed informa- supporting information. tion on the origin and geological structure of the Taking into account similar examples known inanimate nature objects, as well as photographic from foreign literature (among others Reynard documentation. It happens that the information 2004, 2005, Dowling 2013), we think that there is is not updated. a high probability that the geosites described in this paper, due to their scientific and educational potential as well as aesthetic value, can become Study area a tourist attraction, which will favour the de- velopment of geotourism, and consequently the The planned geopark will be located within sustainable socio-economic development of the the extent of the Parsęta lobe (Fig. 1), i.e. in the districts in which they are located. marginal zone of the last Scandinavian ice sheet Conservation of geological heritage and its that reached this area during the Pomeranian geodiversity, as well as ecological education are phase of the Vistulian glaciation (15.2 14C ka, recommended tasks in the field of environmental Kozarski 1986, 1988, Marks 2002, 16.2 ka BP, geology (in the years 2008–2015). Ministry of the Kozarski 1995, 14.8±0.4 10Be ka, Rinterknecht et Environment published the guidelines on these al. 2005, Marks 2011). problems (MS 2016). The section 3.3. contains the The geopark will occupy the area between following statement: “in order to protect natural the maximum and main course of end moraines GEOTOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE DRAWSKIE LAKE DISTRICT AS A SUPPORT FOR THE PLANNED GEOPARK 19

which were formed as a result of thawing of dead-ice blocks. Within the boundaries of the planned geopark there are also the examples of forms developed as a result of spring hydrogeological phenome- na (spring and seepage areas, groundwater out- flows) as well as fluvial forms (ravines, gullies, water gaps, first rank watershed). The elements of geological and cultural heritage merge togeth- er, and this phenomenon is represented e.g. by the ancient archaeological objects, sacred and secular stone objects, and technical development (mills) of rapid streams. A relatively small area (about 350 km2) of the planned geopark named “Postglacial land of the Drawa and Dębnica rivers” is characterized by the occurrence of many genetically diverse landforms and deposits. Such a large diversity of the abiotic environment is called geodiversity (Kozłowski 1997, Kostrzewski 1998, Gray 2004, Fig. 1. The location of the planned geopark “Post- Zwoliński 2004, Zwoliński and Stachowiak 2012). Glacial Land of the Drawa and Dębnica” (within the red rectangle) on the geomorphological map of the Kostrzewski (2011) expands this definition, add- north-western Poland (based upon Liedtke 1981, ing that it is the diversity of all elements of abi- Bremer 1994). otic environment, i.e. geological structure, relief, Ice-sheet margins: FP – the Pomeranian Phase, SfP-M soils, climate and surface water and groundwa- – the – Mielęcin Subphase, SfR-Sz – Rosenthal – ter, at different levels of synthesis of geograph- Subphase, SfV – Velgaster Subphase, SfR-W-G – Rügen – – Gardno Subphase. ical space and under various anthropogenic in- fluences. We must not forget that geodiversity is (Dobracka 2009a, b, Dobracka, Lewandowski the basis for biodiversity, and together they con- 2002). Besides these forms, there are also other stitute the diversity of landscape structure on the relief elements related to accumulation activi- Earth’s surface, including the area of the planned ty of ice sheet in this area, i.e. the ridges of end geopark. The geodiversity and biodiversity of moraine of the Parsęta lobe (Chłopowskie Hills), the postglacial landscape in nearby Dębnica riv- push moraine ridge (Skąpa Hill, 135 m a.s.l., to er catchment (which partially covers the area of the north of the village of Brusno), moraine pla- the current research) were presented lately by teau, kame hills (Skowrończe Hills in the north Najwer et al. (2016). part of the geopark, Piaskowa Hill near the city of ), esker ridges, and numerous erratics. Some glacial deposits are exploited in gravel and “Połczyn Switzerland” geotourist path sand pits (e.g. in Ostrowąs, Kołacz, Kluczewo, and its geosites ). From among glacial erosional forms oc- curring in the geopark area the following should Walk along the planned “Połczyn Swit­ be mentioned: deep troughs, which are filled zerland” geotourist path is the best way to ex- with water in places (e.g. Five Lakes Valley), plore the hilly part of the Drawskie Lake District. marginal depressions (Dobracka, Lewandowski It will be the longest (45 km) of the five tourist 2002) of Komorze Lake, Żerdno Lake, Drawsko paths in the planned geopark, and the walk Lake, which are also known as marginal troughs along it can take nine hours. In contrast to oth- (Bartkowski 1972, Marsz 1971, 1973), basins of er proposed four paths, it will not make a loop. thaw lakes (e.g. Wierzchowo, Radacz, Wielimie, It will run longitudinally from Połczyn-Zdrój in Trzesiecko), and small depressions without out- the north to in the south, mainly along flow, occurring in the hillocky moraine plateau, the existing walking and bike trails. The trail will 20 Maria Górska-Zabielska, Katarzyna Kamieńska

Fig. 2. The “Połczyn Switzerland” geotourist path with marked geosites acc. Kamieńska, Giemza (2013). The boundaries of the planned geopark “Postglacial land of the Drawa and Dębnica rivers” as well as boundaries of the Drawski Landscape Park are marked in the map. Table 2. Geosites (described in this paper, marked in be marked out in such a way that tourists will grey) and other places worth seeing get to know all key values of the Postglacial land along the “Połczyn Switzerland” geotourist path. of the Drawa and Dębnica rivers. 1. Castle in Połczyn-Zdrój As many as 31 sites occurring along the trail 2. Spa Park (information board) (Fig. 2, Table 2) are worth seeing. Among them 3. Small thaw lakes in moraine plateau there are the following 10 geosites, the evaluation 4. Valley with accumulation of boulders of which is presented in this paper: small thaw 5. Ravine of the Bliska Struga Stream and its tributaries (information board) lakes in moraine plateau (No. 3 in Fig. 2 and Table 6. Springs in the Ravine of the Bliska Struga Stream 2), Ravine of the Bliska Stream (No. 5), springs 7. Depressions without outflow in moraine plateau in the Ravine of the Bliska Stream and its tribu- 8. Two erratics taries (No. 6), Prosino Lake (No. 16), observation 9. Lake Krzywe tower on the Spycz(y)na Hill (No. 17), Drahim 10. Observation point over the Valley of Five Lakes Castle (No. 18), Pottery Settlement in Sikory (board) (No. 24), erratics on Dołgie Wielkie Lake (No. 25), 11. Gravel pit in Czarnków Pleistocene rocks of the Lipowa Hill near Łazice 12. Wola Góra hill (information board) (No. 28), Tempelburg boulder. The last object is 13. Small thaw lakes in moraine plateau situated outside the planned geopark. However, 14. Erratic in Kolonia Bolegożyn 15. Museum of State Agricultural Farm it has been included to the analysis because it is 16. Lake Prosino an example of unique geological and historical 17. Observation tower on the Spycz(y)na Góra hill heritage of the region. 18. Drahim Castle (information board) Nine evaluated geosites are marked with grey 19. Gravel pit in Żerdno colour, and their numbers are the same as in 20. Observation point and erratic Fig. 2. The tenth evaluated geosite – Tempelburg 21. Observation point over Lake Komorze boulder (T in a circle, in Fig. 2) – is situated out- 22. Observation point over the trough of Lake Żerdno side the planned geopark. and Lake Komorze 23. Church in Sikory 24. Pottery Settlement in Sikory (information board) Overview of geosites along the 25. Erratics on Lake Dołgie Wielkie 26. Erratic “Połczyn Switzerland” geotourist path 27. Lake Dołgie Wielkie 28. Pleistocene tors of the Lipowa Góra hill near Łazice The overview of geosites located along the (information board) “Połczyn Switzerland” geotourist path is given 29. Museum room in Czaplinek from the north to the south. The number in pa- 30. Erratic rentheses next to the name of each geosite corre- 31. Sławogród sponds to the numbering used in Table 2. GEOTOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE DRAWSKIE LAKE DISTRICT AS A SUPPORT FOR THE PLANNED GEOPARK 21

Small thaw lakes in hummocky moraine Mazurek et al. 2010). Spring and seepage areas, plateau (No. 3) occurring in numerous spring niches, discharge water from the water-bearing beds cut by erosion Glacial relief of this hummocky part of the (Fig. 3 and 4). Water percolates through the thick Drawskie Lake District is varied due to the oc- layer of tills, which are rich in calcium, and leach- currence of numerous, small, dead-ice depres- es this element. Then calcium carbonate precipi- sions which are adjacent to the hills. The concave tates in the bottoms of spring niches forming the forms, common in the region, are filled with wa- so-called “calcareous tufa”. Water flowing from ter because the bedrock is composed of imper- the springs is hard (276.0 mg CaCO3/l; Mazurek meable till. Tourist trail leads to the well-exposed et al. 2010). observation point over a small thaw lake in the One of the sources occurring in the Ravine depression of basal moraine so the access to this of the Bliska Stream is a favourite water hole for geosite is easy. forest animals, which is a great attraction for the tourists wishing to see wild animals. Ravine of the Bliska Stream (No. 5) Prosino Lake (No. 16) The Bliska Stream and its small tributaries formed a very deep ravine; its sides are almost Travelling southwards along the road No. 163 vertical and over 70 m high in places (Figs 3, 4). from Połczyn-Zdrój, just leaving Kluczewo, we The sides are covered by beech and oak woods. can see on the left the large surface of Prosino It is planned to set an information board in the Lake. It is an example of thaw lake, which was geosite. formed after the thawing of dead-ice mass. It is located at the mouth of the Drawa River channel, Springs in the Ravine of the Bliska Stream i.e. about 2 km to the south of the main extent of (No. 6) the last ice sheet during the Pomeranian phase (Dobracka, Lewandowski 2002). Spring hydrogeological phenomena, which Small depth of the lake favours the develop- are typical of the Drawskie Lake District area, ment of rush vegetation, which forms a belt over can be observed in the ravine (Mazurek 2006, 50 m wide in places. Luxuriant shore vegetation

Fig. 3. Topographic map with the line of geological cross-section through the Ravine of the Bliska Stream and its tributaries acc. to Kamieńska, Giemza (2013). 22 Maria Górska-Zabielska, Katarzyna Kamieńska

Fig. 4. Geological cross-section through the Ravine of the Bliska Stream and its tributaries acc. to Kamieńska, Giemza (2013). and the occurrence of swamp hinder access to Observation tower on the Spycz(y)na Hill the lake, forming favourable conditions for (No. 17) living and hatching of 26 rare species of water and mud birds (Hołubczat 2010). This habitat The Spycz(y)na Hill (203 m a.s.l.) is one of of avifauna is listed in the Habitats and Birds the highest hills in the Drawskie Lake District Directive. Prosino Lake is also an important area. It is located in the recessional moraine place for water birds to flock together during course formed in the Pomeranian Phase. The their spring and autumn migrations. In order to Spycz(y)na Hill rises on the northern shore of protect the habitats of these birds, Prosino Lake Żerdno Lake (called also Srebrne Lake), the has been put under legal protection in the form water level of which occurs at 128.4 m a.s.l. of ornithological reserve. Due to its biodiversity (Dobracki 2002a). the reserve is an attractive object for scientific The view from the observation tower on the research. Spycz(y)na Hill is blocked by forest. However, a Access to the lake is only possible from the new, higher observation platform is under con- south-west, where the resting shed is located. At struction. (Geo)tourists will be able to admire the a somewhat greater distance from the southern young glacial relief of the geopark from this plat- shore of the lake there is a small illegal sandpit, form, and especially the top parts of end moraine where (geo)tourists can observe the geologi- representing the main extent of the Parsęta lobe cal structure of the Drawa River outwash plain during the Pomeranian phase of the last glacial. (Górska-Zabielska 2008), and reconstruct the The diversified relief of this region is protected course of geomorphological events in the ice- as part of the Drawski Landscape Park and the sheet foreland. At the northern end of the lake protected landscape area of the Drawskie Lake there is a conical hill of early medieval guard cas- District. tle from the 14th. A much better view stretches from the second Location of the lake in the Drawski Landscape observation tower existing in the area of planned Park and NATURA 2000 area (“Drawa Refuge” geopark. Fire observation tower, which is 48 m Special Protection Birds Area No. PLB320019, high and belongs to the Połczyn-Zdrój Forestry “Czaplinek Lakes” Special Areas of Habitat Commission, is located on the Wola Hill (223 m Protection No. PLH320039), excellent opportu- a.s.l., Dobracki 2002b), about 4 km to the east of nity to observe avifauna, and the traces of cul- Toporzyk (Głąbiński 2009). It provides (in 2013 tural heritage involving geomorphology make year) a wide (within a radius of several kilo- the lake a very attractive object of the planned metres) panorama of the Drawskie Lake District. geopark due to its geotourist and educational The observation tower is open to tourists in the values. period from May to late September. GEOTOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE DRAWSKIE LAKE DISTRICT AS A SUPPORT FOR THE PLANNED GEOPARK 23

Drahim Castle (No. 18) places with erratics accumulated ex situ, includ- ing the lapidarium (located in Żurawiec) of er- Drahim Castle, built in 1366 by the Knights ratics collected in the Drawskie Lake District of St. John, is one of the most valuable cultural (Górska-Zabielska 2013). All locations of erratics heritage objects in the planned geopark. It is an are marked on the Geotourist Map at a scale of example of the use of natural conditions in the 1:25 000. construction of fortifications. Due to the existence Two large erratics occur on the eastern shore of the hill and isthmus between the lakes, as well of the ribbon Dołgie Wielkie Lake. Both are lo- as the availability of building materials (erratic cated on the blue tourist trail and well exposed, boulders), it was possible to build one of the most so it should not be difficult to get to them.T heir important strongholds in the northern borders of scientific and educational value is high because Poland in days of the Drahim county (Głąbiński they belong to the group of indicator erratics 2009). (Górska-Zabielska 2008). Both are boulders of Today the castle is easily accessible as it is lo- the Småland granite, which has outcrops in the cated on the road No. 163 connecting the Połczyn south-eastern Sweden. They have different siz- and Czaplinek cities, and on the tourist trails (red es. The erratic (No. 43 on the Geotourist Map at and green). The castle is well exposed, cleared of a scale of 1:25 000) occurring on the path sur- vegetation and protected from further decay. The rounding the lake, in the middle of its eastern outer defensive walls and the remains of the main shore, is much larger. Based on the known re- house of the castle are preserved. During the hol- lations (Górska-Zabielska 2010), the volume iday season the administrator of the castle, in co- of this erratic is estimated at 4.71 m3, and the operation with the local government and knight weight – at almost 13 tonnes. The erratic (No. fraternities, organizes a series of events under the 44) occurring on the road leading to the Sikory name of “Summer with the history”, in order to forester’s lodge, about 50 m from the edge of the promote the region and restore the former glory forest, has a volume of 1.57 m3 and weighs 4.33 of ruins. The culmination of these events is the tonnes. reconstruction of stronghold capture, which took The erratics occurring on the eastern shore of place in 1407 year. It is held in mid-August, and Dołgie Wielkie Lake are protected by law in the combined with a knight tournament, dances and form of inanimate nature monuments. The larger concerts of court music (Bednarek 2016). of them is called the Devil’s Stone, and a local leg- end is connected with it (Bojar-Fijałkowski 1977). Pottery Settlement in Sikory (No. 24) Cultural values, i.e. folk tales connected with the site, increase the geotourist attractiveness of this Medieval inhabitants of the village of Sikory erratic. knew how to make use of good quality till. As a result, they became famous for the production of Pleistocene tors of the Lipowa Hill near pottery and bricks. The upper parts of the walls Łazice (No. 28) of nearby Drahim Castle were probably built of bricks produced in Sikory. In 2003, in order to It is one of the few West Pomeranian sites restore the traditions and attract tourists, it was with consolidated glaciofluvial deposits repre- decided to reconstruct the Pottery Settlement. senting the last glacial (Kłysz 1992, Gruszka et al. Today tourists can see in this ecomuseum (sensu 2002). From geomorphological point of view, the Zaręba 2010, Buczek-Kowalik et al. 2013) the re- Lipowa Hill is a single kame located in the inner constructed kiln and small exhibition-workshop zone of the ice-sheet maximum extent during the room. Pottery workshops for tourists are organ- Pomeranian phase (Gruszka et al. 2002). ized in Sikory in the summer. The Vistulian glaciofluvial and glaciolacus- trine consolidated deposits are exposed in the Erratics on Dołgie Wielkie Lake (No. 25) northern wall of abandoned sandpit. They form small tors composed of glaciofluvial sand and Within the planned geopark there are about gravel cemented mainly by calcium carbonate. In 15 large erratics occurring in situ, and several periglacial zone, calcium carbonate was leached 24 Maria Górska-Zabielska, Katarzyna Kamieńska from till and precipitated in the underlying reflected in the name of the boulder; even today sandy-gravelly layer. This process resulted in the boulder does not have an official name. On zonal consolidation of loose deposits. The blocks the old maps (DSI 2016) it is named Der Geklöbte of conglomerate with clayey-carbonate cement Stein or Der Geklobte Stein, which rather indicates have been exposed in the wall of sandpit as a re- anthropogenic destruction (attempts to split the sult of sand exploitation. stone into smaller pieces). During the field work (2012) the state of geosite preservation was far from satisfactory; moreover, it looked gradually deteriorating. The lack of ex- Evaluation of geosites ploitation has resulted in the encroachment of grass and shrub vegetation on the sandpit walls, Scientific value and the Pleistocene tors are hidden. Moreover, the tors occur in loose sandy-gravelly deposits, From among ten analysed geosites, Prosino which facilitate their gravitational moving down Lake (No. 16, Table 3) has got the maximum the wall. An additional natural factor destroying number of scores (4) in the category of scientif- the tors is weathering process, which results in ic value. The lake stands out from other geosites the reduction of their size. The excavation will because it is a separate object of research. Drahim probably be reclaimed, so the tors, which are val- Castle (No. 18), Pottery Settlement in Sikory (No. uable due to their origin and fancy shapes, may 24), and Pleistocene tors of the Lipowa Hill near be completely degraded. Łazice (No. 28) have got 3 scores. Each of them The geosite is easily accessible; it is located is unique in regional scale, and gives tourists the near the Czaplinek-Sikory bike blue trail. It occurs opportunity to observe the effects of several dif- in the protection zone of the Drawski Landscape ferent geological and geomorphological process- Park and NATURA 2000 area (“Drawa Refuge” es (e.g. glacial erosion and transport, deposition Special Protection Birds Area No. PLB320019). It of Scandinavian erratics, periglacial processes, is an extremely interesting place on the geotour- present-day slope processes). ist map of the region. Scientific value of most geosites has been evaluated at 2.5 scores. These are the follow- “Tempelburg” boulder ing objects: Ravine of the Bliska Stream (No. 5), springs in the Ravine of the Bliska Stream (No. The boulder is situated outside the planned 6), observation tower on the Spycz(y)na Hill (No. geopark but this fact in no way detracts from its 17), erratics on Dołgie Wielkie Lake (No. 25), and geotourism potential. As the largest boulder in the Tempelburg boulder. These geosites have not Drawski Landscape Park it is often mentioned as very high scientific value because (geo)tourists one of local tourist attractions. On the Geotourist can observe there the results of only one-two ge- Map at a scale of 1:25 000 it is marked with No. 46. ological/geomorphological processes. Moreover, It is not difficult to get to this erratic. The such processes are also observable in other, simi- route leading to the boulder is signposted at the lar objects occurring in the planned geopark. intersection of asphalt road Czaplinek – Stare Scientific value of small thaw lakes in moraine Kaleńsko with dirt road running from Pławno to plateau (No. 3) is the lowest. Cichorzecze. Tourists can also reach the boulder travelling along the “Lobelia Lakes” bike trail, Educational value which is marked with a stylized bike silhouette in black colour. As many as four geosites (Table 3) have been The boulder is protected by law as an inani- evaluated at 4 scores, i.e. the maximum number mate nature monument due to its size (19 m in in the category of educational value: observation circumference, and 3.5 m in height above the tower on the Spycz(y)na Hill (No. 17), Drahim ground surface), location in situ, and historical Castle (No. 18), Pottery Settlement in Sikory importance (Fig. 5). It served as the border stone, (No. 24), and Tempelburg boulder. These are marking the south-western extent of the Drahim geosites where (geo)tourists can get information county. Unfortunately, this fact has not been on the visited region in the most effective way. GEOTOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE DRAWSKIE LAKE DISTRICT AS A SUPPORT FOR THE PLANNED GEOPARK 25

Fig. 5. “Tempelburg” boulder is the biggest inanimate monument located in the vicinity of the planned geopark (phot. M. Górska-Zabielska, 2009).

The objects are large and everyone, without spe- the entire region. The analysed geosites have not cial preparation, is able to assimilate knowledge the same specialization in the field of economy; about them. In each of the successive six geosites these are, or can be in the future, small independ- the effective transmission of knowledge is grad- ent economic ventures. ually less successful. The springs in the Ravine of Three geosites have been evaluated at 2.5 the Bliska Stream (No. 6) and Prosino Lake (No. scores: Drahim Castle (No. 18), Pottery Settlement 16) have got 3 scores. The Ravine of the Bliska in Sikory (No. 24), and Tempelburg boulder. Stream and its tributaries (No. 5), and erratics on The following three geosites have got half of Dołgie Wielkie Lake (No. 25) have got 2.5 scores. the scores available in the category of economic Educational value of the small thaw lakes in mo- value: Prosino Lake (No. 16), observation tower raine plateau (No. 3) and Pleistocene tors of the on the Spycz(y)na Hill (No. 17), and erratics on Lipowa Hill near Łazice (No. 28) is the lowest (2 Dołgie Wielkie Lake (No. 25). The Ravine of the scores). Bliska Stream and its tributaries (No. 5), springs in the Ravine of the Bliska Stream (No. 6), and Economic value Pleistocene tors of the Lipowa Hill near Łazice (No. 28) have got 1 score. For the third time the Geosites, which are evaluated highly in respect geosite of small thaw lakes in moraine plateau of their existing or potential economic value, can (No. 3) has got the minimum number (0.5) of be a driving force of geotourism development, scores. and consequently the economic development of a region. In the study area, none of the ana- Conservation value lysed geosites has got the maximum number (3) of scores. This means that there is not any strong Three from among ten geosites were very well motor force, which can affect the development of preserved (4 scores) at the time of field work. 26 Maria Górska-Zabielska, Katarzyna Kamieńska

Table 3. Assessment of selected geosites in the Drawskie Lake District concerning the scientific, educational, economic, conservation and added values. Scientific Educational Economic Conservation Added Total value value value value value Small thaw lakes in moraine 1 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0.75 10.25 plateau Springs in the Ravine of the 1 0 1 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0.75 11.25 Bliska Struga Stream Ravine of the Bliska Struga 1 0 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1.5 12.5 Stream Lake Prosino 1 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 12.5 Observation tower on the 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 1 1 1 1 0.5 1 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0 1 1 12.5 Spycz(y)na Góra hill Pottery Settlement in Sikory 1 1 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1.5 16 Drahim Castle 0.5 1 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 1.5 15 Erratics on Lake Dołgie 1 0 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0 0 0 1 1 0.5 0.5 1.5 11 Wielkie Pleistocene tors of the Lipowa 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 1 0.5 8.5 Góra hill near Łazice “Tempelburg” boulder 1 0 1 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 0 1 13.5

Due to the absence of potential threats, it is ex- Added value pected that their status will be not much worse in the future, and their conservation value will not In contrast to other categories, the criteria used decrease. These are the following geosites: small in this category are more extended. The evalua- thaw lakes in moraine plateau (No. 3), Ravine tion of a geosite includes also its cultural values, of the Bliska Stream and its tributaries (No. 5), which are connected with abiotic environment. and Pottery Settlement in Sikory (No. 24, Table These can be historical, archaeological, religious, 3). Two geosites represent a little worse state of or ethnographic elements. Interesting ecological preservation: springs in the Ravine of the Bliska value of a geosite also raises its final evaluation. Stream (No. 6), and erratics on Dołgie Wielkie In the opinion of tourists, and especially geot- Lake (No. 25). The following geosites have got 2.5 ourists, aesthetic value of a geosite is important. scores because they are often visited by tourists, The diversity of colours and structures (shapes) and consequently destroyed and threatened with found in a geosite, as well as the opportunity to further deterioration: observation tower on the observe it from different perspectives, make it Spycz(y)na Hill (No. 17), Drahim Castle (No. 18), more interesting for tourists. and Tempelburg boulder. Despite legal protec- None of the analysed geosites has got the tion in the form of natural reserve, Prosino Lake maximum number (3.5) of scores in the catego- is constantly threatened by a decrease in the con- ry of added value. Drahim Castle (No. 18) and servation value. This is caused by the situation of erratics on Dołgie Wielkie Lake (No. 25) are the the lake between two villages, near a busy transit objects of the highest added values (3 scores). The road, and also by the fact that tourists have access Ravine of the Bliska Stream and its tributaries to water from the south. It cannot be excluded (No. 5), and Pottery Settlement in Sikory (No. 24) that the Drawa River that flows into the lake and have got 2.5 scores. The following geosites have chemicals from the surrounding fields degrade been evaluated at 2 scores: Prosino Lake (No. 16), water quality. The Pleistocene tors of the Lipowa observation tower on the Spycz(y)na Hill (No. Hill near Łazice (No. 28) are threatened with the 17), and Tempelburg boulder. The small thaw greatest destruction. The lack of any protection lakes in moraine plateau (No. 3), and springs in and the occurrence of the tors in loose deposits the Ravine of the Bliska Stream (No. 6) have got subjected to sliding result in a gradual deteriora- half of the scores available in the category of add- tion in their state of preservation. The conserva- ed value, i.e. 1.75. Added value of the Pleistocene tion value of this geosite has been evaluated at 1 tors of the Lipowa Hill near Łazice (No. 28) is the score only. lowest. GEOTOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE DRAWSKIE LAKE DISTRICT AS A SUPPORT FOR THE PLANNED GEOPARK 27

Final remarks Table 4. Final ranking of geotourism potential based upon the analysis of the selected geosites in the Evaluation of ten geosites in the planned Drawskie Lake District. geopark has been carried out in order to indicate Number of scores Geotourism potential whether the geotourism potential of the selected 17–18.5 remarkable objects will make possible the development of this 14–16.75 high 9–13.75 average new form of tourism in the catchment of Drawa below 8.75 low and Dębnica rivers. In other words, to find wheth- er the analysed values, which characterize each of not connected with any local products, and their the studied geosites, will contribute to the sustain- availability leaves a lot to be desired. able socio-economic development of the region. Geotourist attractiveness of vast majority of The results of evaluation (Tables 3, 4) indicate the 20 geosites, which were studied by Kamieńska that none of ten studied geosites of the Drawskie and Giemza (2014) in the hilly part of the Drawskie Lake District has remarkable geotourism poten- Lake District (= “Połczyn Switzerland”), has been tial. This conclusion is in line with the assessment assessed by them as average, and this is in line of geotourist attractiveness of the geosites occur- with the results of our study. ring in this part of the catchment, published by It seems that there is no chance that the Kamieńska and Giemza (2014). Pleistocene tors of the Lipowa Hill near Łazice, In the light of conducted analysis (Tables 3, which have the lowest geotourism potential (8.5 4), two geosites have high geotourism poten- scores), will contribute to the development of ge- tial: Pottery Settlement in Sikory (16 scores) and otourism, and consequently to the socio-econom- Drahim Castle (15 scores). These sites are cultural ic development of the region. However, this geo- and historical heritage objects. However, they have site has been differently evaluated by Kamieńska also a close connection with the inanimate nature and Giemza (2014). Taking into account four cat- due to the occurrence of stone material used to egories of geotourist attractiveness, they classi- erect the building (Drahim Castle) and educational fied this geosite in fifth place. function (production of pottery from till in Sikory). Based on the evaluation of different geo- Geotourist attractiveness of the Pottery sites, occurring in the planned geopark named Settlement in Sikory has been highly evaluated “Postglacial land of the Drawa and Dębnica (7.5/10 scores) also by Kamieńska and Giemza rivers” and representing both inanimate nature (2014). They have assessed similarly high the fol- and cultural heritage, we find that those being lowing sites: the ornithological reserve of Prosino anthropogenic objects are most likely to favour Lake, observation tower on the Wola Hill, and the sustainable socio-economic development of springs in the Ravine of the Bliska Stream. the region. However, geotourism, which is the Seven geosites have average geotourism po- tool for this development, will be active in these tential. These are the following sites (from the objects on condition that they will also represent highest to the lowest number of scores in this the geological and/or geomorphological values. range): Tempelburg boulder (13.5), ex aequo – Geotourism will bring real incomes in a re- Ravine of the Bliska Stream and its tributaries, gion provided that the local authorities, respon- Prosino Lake, observation tower on the Spycz(y) sible for exploiting its geotourism potential, will na Hill, erratics on Dołgie Wielkie Lake (12.5), be conscious of the geological and geomorpho- springs in the Ravine of the Bliska Stream (11.25), logical resources in the managed region, and and small thaw lakes in moraine plateau (10.25). based on this knowledge they will lead appro- All geosites classified to this group are good ed- priate local policy. Their activity is not to be un- ucational objects, because they provide a diverse derestimated. The research conducted by Meyer knowledge in the field of geology and geomor- (2010) in the municipalities with different tour- phology. Therefore, they have high research and ism potential has clearly demonstrated that the educational potential. Unfortunately, none of activity of local authorities is always an impor- these seven geosites represents specific economic tant element of tourist potential of the area, and values, which are important in the socio-econom- supports or initiates the use of tourist resources, ic development of the region. The geosites are regardless of their nature and importance. 28 Maria Górska-Zabielska, Katarzyna Kamieńska

Conclusions Acknowledgments

1. The area of the planned geopark, named Maria Górska-Zabielska is responsible for the “Postglacial land of the Drawa and Dębnica concept and writing the article, collecting, anal- rivers”, is characterized by high geodiversity. ysis and interpretation of data and the final ap- It has been evaluated in detail in a part of this proval of the article for publication. Katarzyna area, i.e. along the planned “Połczyn Swit- Kamieńska is responsible for collecting data, zerland” geotourist path. Geodiversity is the drawing Fig. 2, 3, 4 and critical review of the arti- main element of the geotourism potential of cle. The authors divide the contribution percent- this region. age as follows: Maria Górska-Zabielska – 75%, 2. The activity of entities, which are directly and Katarzyna Kamieńska – 25%. indirectly involved in (geo)tourism, are also The authors wish to thank three anonymous important elements of geotourism potential. reviewers and Zbigniew Zwoliński, for their val- 3. The results of evaluation indicate that ge- uable suggestions and corrections. Special thanks otourism, which is a tool for sustainable so- go to Małgorzata Gościńska-Kolanko for drawing cio-economic development of the region, has Fig. 1 and to Maria Wilgat for the English trans- a chance to develop in the study area mainly lation of the text. Field work was funded by the in these geosites, where business activity is Geological Enterprise POLGEOL from Gdańsk. conducted. The objects, which tourists will as- sociate with local craft, and with local product that they willingly would make themselves, References will bring the highest profits from geotour- Alexandrowicz Z., Miśkiewicz K., 2016. Geopark – od idei ism. In the area of the planned geopark, on the do realizacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polski “Połczyn Switzerland” geotourist path, there (Geopark – from the concept to implementation, with are already two such objects, i.e. the Drahim special reference to Poland). Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą 72 (4): 243–253. Castle and Pottery Settlement in Sikory. Bartkowski T., 1972. Strefa marginalna stadiału pomorskiego 4. Most of the other studied geosites have a w aspekcie deglacjacji strefowej (na wybranych przykła- moderate potential for the development of dach z Pojezierza Drawskiego i Miastkowskiego na Po- (geo)tourism in the catchment of the Drawa morzu) (Marginal zone of the Pomeranian Phase in terms of deglaciation zone (selected examples of Drawskie and Dębnica rivers. Lake District and Miastkowskie Lake District in Pomer- 5. As almost all the studied geosites are protect- ania). Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polską Zachodnią 25: 7–60. ed by law, there is hope that they will not be Bednarek J., 2016. Zamki i warownie. Online: http://www. zamkipolskie.com/staredrawsko/staredrawsko.html destroyed by tourists. Thus, the possibility (accessed 10 February 2016). is ensured that their educational and tourist Bojar-Fijałkowski G., 1974. Legendy znad drawskich jezior (Leg- functions will be continuously performed and ends from the Drawa Lakes. Koszalińskie Towarzystwo the geological sciences will be promoted. Społeczno-Kulturalne, . Borówka R.K., Cedro B., Duda T., Woziński R., 2008. Obiekty 6. The results of evaluation of the geosites occur- geoturystyczne na wyspie Wolin oraz ocena ich przy- ring in the analysed, hilly part of the Drawskie datności dla potrzeb turystyki edukacyjnej (Geotouristic Lake District, which stretches longitudinally objects on the island of Wolin and the assessment of their suitability for educational tourism). In: Dutkowski M. across the planned geopark, suggest that the (ed.), Problemy turystyki i rekreacji, Wyd. Oficyna In Plus, whole area located between the Drawa and Szczecin 1: 101–109. Dębnica rivers is characterized by moderate Bremer F., 1994. Geologische Karte von Mecklenburg-Vor- pommern. Übersichtskarte 1:500 000 – Oberfläche. Geol- to high geotourism potential. ogisches Landesamt MV, Schwerin. 7. Due to the fact that education is the main Bruschi, V. M., Cendrero, A., 2005. Geosite Evaluation; Can function of geotourism, it seems that the es- we measure intangible values? Il Quaternario 18 (1): 293– tablishment of a geopark in the study area is 306. Buczek-Kowalik M., Mitura T., Klamar R., 2013. Ecomuse- very expedient. Geotourism will be a valuable ums – a new tourism product on the example of the Hole alternative to mass tourism and a supplement ecomuseum. Annales UMCS, Sectio B, Geographia, Geo- to spa tourism in the Połczyn-Zdrój health-re- logia, Mineralogia et Petrographia 68 (1): 57–68. Cedro B., Borówka R.K., Duda T., 2008. Ocena walorów sort. geoturystycznych wyspy Bornholm (Assessment of ge- GEOTOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE DRAWSKIE LAKE DISTRICT AS A SUPPORT FOR THE PLANNED GEOPARK 29

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