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Malagueños in Louisiana. English Version (Extract from the Book “Historia De Alhaurín De La Torre En La Edad Moderna, 1489-1812”, by José Manuel De Molina Bautista

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Malagueños in Louisiana. English Version (Extract from the Book “Historia De Alhaurín De La Torre En La Edad Moderna, 1489-1812”, by José Manuel De Molina Bautista Malagueños in Louisiana. English version (Extract from the book “Historia de Alhaurín de la Torre en la Edad Moderna, 1489-1812”, by José Manuel de Molina Bautista. Alhaurín de la Torre, Published in November 2005. ISBN 84- 609-7905-9) The translation of this chapter into English is a homage to the Spanish descendants living in the United States of America, proud of their origins and looking forward to a better understanding of our common history, in the USA and here in Spain. Our special thanks to Norman F. Carnahan and Nancy Lees Armentor for their translation and corrections. 1. Introduction In terms of international relations, the 18th century was like the 17th century, with frequent wars; although, in this case the wars were relatively shorter and the principal enemy was not France, but England. In one of the Bourbon alliances against the English, the so-called Seven Years War began, which ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. In this treaty, as a consequence of backing the French, Spain ceded Florida to England. By a separate agreement, the French, who had liquidated their possessions in North America, by ceding Canada to the English, compensated Spain with the concession of Louisiana, a territory that extended along the Mississippi River from New Orleans to St. Louis, including all land with rivers, to the west, that emptied into the Mississippi. Thus, Spain found itself with a vast region that it had to populate, even though it had not been capable of extending its dominion effectively in other regions of the Americas, such as Upper California or Texas. For such reasons, and also to offer some type of resistance to the English (who controlled the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, in the territory called West Florida), King Charles III (Rey Carlos III) accepted the proposal of the Acadians (French colonists expelled from Canada and regrouped in France) to facilitate their transport to Louisiana via a fleet of several ships that carried those colonists to New Orleans throughout 1785. Since 1776, the Governor of Louisiana was the Malagueño, (born in the province of Malaga, Andalusia, southern Spain) Bernardo de Gálvez. Knowing that he must increase Spanish control and influence in the territory, Gálvez brought colonists from the Canary Islands and from his home area of Malaga. The United States was already in a war for its independence, and Spain secretly provided services and assistance, as did France, in the war against their common English enemy. In this context, the Brigantine San Joséf, sailed from Malaga on the 1st of June in 1778, with eighty-two persons from sixteen families, among them two that are clearly identified as being from Alhaurin de la Torre: the family of Juan Garrido, who left with his wife Ines Maldonado and their three children, Juan, Sebastian and Catalina; and the family of Teresa Gomez, widow of Antonio Villatoro, who traveled with her children, Antonio, Rita (recently married and accompanied by her husband, Juan Gonzales, also from Alhaurin de la Torre), Maria, Juana, and the nephew of Teresa Gomez, Francisco Villatoro.16 After a difficult voyage, with stops in Cadiz, Puerto Rico and Havana, these Alhaurinos arrived in New Orleans on the 11th of November in 1778. There they waited for several months to be assigned to Colonel Bouligny, who led them to the district of the Attakapas Indians, at the beginning of 1779, where they established a town that would be called New Iberia, and where their descendents still proudly remember their Spanish past, in distinction from that of the Acadians or French descendents. For these reasons, we feel that this historic episode, important in the history of Alhaurin de la Torre, ought to be better known. Therefore, we have researched in the Archivo General de Las Indias the prologue, their journey, and the development of their first years in faraway Louisiana. 2. Preliminaries to the voyage Before departure, the Alhaurin colonists had to sign a contract with the Royal Commissioner, the priest José de Ortega y Monroy, wherein they promised to settle themselves in Louisiana. Those contracts were signed between July of 1777 and May of 1778. In their clauses it was stated that from the time of the departure of the families from their homes, the government was in charge of their maintenance. Upon their arrival, they were promised to have a house built, to be assigned land and to be provided with cattle, necessary utensils and tools for cultivating the land, and the government would bear the cost of the first planting and would provide subsistence until the first harvest. These lands and goods were to remain their property and be passed on to their descendants, an aspect that subsequently the United States would not recognize when it obtained the Territory. This would cause numerous reclamations. On June 1st in 1778, sixteen families, comprising eighty-two persons, boarded the San Josef, a brigantine having two masts and a crew of thirty-five, under the command of Captain Antonio Caballero. We do not agree with the statement of Morales Folguera that the majority were from Axarquía, in Eastern Malaga province.17 In reality, only six families were from Axarquía. There were four families from Macharaviaya, the home town of the Gálvez, which undoubtedly gave them spirit for the voyage, one family from Torrox, and another family, in which the husband was from Almachar and the wife from Velez-Malaga. The other families include the two families previously mentioned, from Alhaurin de la Torre, one from Alhaurin el Grande, another from Mijas, and six from the city of Malaga, including two residents of the capital who were married to Malagueños but born in Castuera (Badajoz) and San Salvador de Febra (Pontevedra). Also, joining the group, at the request of Antonio de Gálvez, was the medical doctor, Pedro Guerrero, and his daughter. (See the contract of Teresa Gomez de Villatoro and the complete list of passengers in the Documental Appendix). The two families from Alhaurin de la Torre were composed of the following persons: 2.1. Family Garrido-Maldonado Juan Garrido, forty years old, native of Alhaurin de la Torre and resident of Malaga. His wife, Inés Maldonado, thirty tour years old, native of Pizarra. Their children, Juan Garrido (2 years old), Sebastián Villalba (8 years old) and Catalina Villalba (10 years old). It does not indicate that Inés had these two children from a prior marriage, but that is most likely. 2.2. Family Villatoro-Gómez Teresa Gómez, 46 year old widow, native and resident of Alhaurín de la Torre. Her children, Antonio (19 years old), Rita (15 years old), María (13 years old), Juana (11 years old) and the nephew of Teresa, Francisco Villatoro (21 years old). Furthermore, the young Rita was married to Juan Gonzalez (19 years old), also of Alhaurin de la Torre, and who joined this numerous family. Before departure, the first casualty occurred. A 15-year old boy of the Migues family died. His place is filled by a relative from Mijas, but notice was received from the Pastor of Churriana to forbid him to leave, since he was married to a resident of that parish. Finally, another relative, Jose de Porras, native of Cartaza, boarded with the Migues family. On the 5th of June, the winds blew favorable. Antonio Caballero, the Captain of the Brigantine San Josef, ordered the passing of the list and raising of the anchors. A surprise came when the child, José Migues (12 years old), of the family that had already lost a member, did not appear. In spite of that, with the good weather for navigating, it was decided to make sail and leave the unfortunate child ashore. 3. The Voyage On the 13th of June, they arrived at Cádiz where they disembarked to await the license and provisions from the chandler to make the crossing. It is interesting to note the nutritious diet of the crew and passengers, as evidenced by the provisions: On June 27th, they received a soup pot and a copper chocolate pot. On July 6th, they received seventy quintales (7000 pounds) of bread, twenty arrobas (500 pounds) of pork in six barrels, four quintales (400 pounds) of Codfish (Bacalao), ten arrobas (250 pounds) string beans, ten arrobas (250 pounds) of garbanzos, twenty arrobas (500 pounds) of rice, twenty arrobas (500 pounds) of oil in 50 jugs, one arroba (25 pounds) of sugar, eight celemines (approx. 70 pounds) of barley, three celemines (about 25 pounds) of chocolate, one celemin (approx 8 pounds) of ground wheat, one hundred fifty chickens, one barrel of brandy, four leather belts (trasqueras), two boxes of glasses and ten reams of paper. In this slow provisioning, on the 10th day they received one barrel of rabbits, another of dried beans, one of pickled red peppers, two barrels of cabbages, one jug of capers, two soles and tuna, ten pork tripes, one barrel of dentones (fish), 12 dozen sausages, ten legs of ham, five pieces of canvas, one arroba of sail thread, six sacks with chicken feed, six dozen wax candles, one jug of vinegar, another of wine, six lambs and one box of biscuits. In the Bay of Cádiz, the wait continued. Another casualty occurred when Félix García Solano, a two-year old child died. Finally, in the afternoon of the 21st of July, after more than a month of waiting, the colonists came aboard. Due to illness, the families of Bernardo de Puentes and of Fernando Ibañez, both from Macharaviaya, and the family of Julian de Aguilar, from Malaga, remained in the capital city of Cadiz until they recuperated.
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