Internet Privacy in the European Union and the United States
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Internet Privacy in the European Union and the United States Three Essays on Privacy, the Internet, Politics, Implementation, Business Power, and Surveillance in the European Union and the United States Agustín Rossi Silvano Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Florence, 19 September 2016 European University Institute Department of Political and Social Sciences Internet Privacy in the European Union and the United States Three Essays on Privacy, the Internet, Politics, Implementation, Business Power, and Surveillance in the European Union and the United States Agustín Rossi Silvano Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of Political and Social Sciences of the European University Institute Examining Board Prof. Sven Steinmo, European University Institute (Supervisor) Prof. Alexander Trechsel, European University Institute Prof. Henry Farrell, George Washington University Prof. Bastiaan Van Apeldoorn, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam © Agustín Rossi Silvano, 2016 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Researcher declaration to accompany the submission of written work Department of Political and Social Sciences - Doctoral Programme I Agustín Rossi Silvano certify that I am the author of the work Internet Privacy in the European Union and the United States:Three Essays on Privacy, the Internet, Politics, Implementation, Business Power, and Surveillance in the European Union and the United States I have presented for examination for the Ph.D. at the European University Institute. I also certify that this is solely my own original work, other than where I have clearly indicated, in this declaration and in the thesis, that it is the work of others. I warrant that I have obtained all the permissions required for using any material from other copyrighted publications. I certify that this work complies with the Code of Ethics in Academic Research issued by the European University Institute (IUE 332/2/10 (CA 297). The copyright of this work rests with its author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This work may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. This authorisation does not, to the best of my knowledge, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that this work consists of 62.504 words. Signature and date: Agustín Rossi Silvano, 4 March 2016 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. VI List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................ VII List of Figures and Tables ............................................................................................... IX I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 The existing literature ...................................................................................................... 3 Presenting Internet privacy puzzles ................................................................................. 7 The cost of free services ................................................................................................... 8 Privacy and state-surveillance ........................................................................................ 10 This dissertation ............................................................................................................. 12 Article 1 (II Chapter): The Snowden effect. How the Global Surveillance Revelations strengthened the Data Protection Regulation in the European Parliament .................... 13 Article 2 (III Chapter) American Exceptionalism – Why does America not have a comprehensive privacy regime? ..................................................................................... 14 Article 3 (IV Chapter): Willing to govern? Privacy protection in Europe and the United States .............................................................................................................................. 15 Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................................. 16 II. Article 1: The Snowden effect. How the Global Surveillance Revelations strengthened the Data Protection Regulation in the European Parliament ............... 19 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 20 Literature Review ........................................................................................................... 23 Analytical framework: business power and issue salience ............................................ 28 The Analysis .................................................................................................................. 39 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 65 Annex I ........................................................................................................................... 68 III. Article 2: Why does America not have a comprehensive privacy regime? .......... 72 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 73 Liberal traditions accounts of the American privacy regime ......................................... 76 Policy paradigms ............................................................................................................ 78 The 1974 Privacy Act explained under the Liberal traditions argument and its limitations ....................................................................................................................... 81 First Paradigm: Privacy in the deregulatory shift .......................................................... 85 Second Paradigm: Privacy in the national security era ................................................ 105 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 108 IV. Article 3 – Willing to govern? Privacy protection implementation in Europe and the United States ............................................................................................................. 111 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 112 Willing to govern?........................................................................................................ 115 An alternative explanation: the intelligence agencies are out of control ..................... 118 Implementation and policy design ............................................................................... 120 Analytical framework................................................................................................... 125 Analytical Narrative - Part 1: State Surveillance ......................................................... 128 I Analytical Narrative - Part 2: Consumer privacy ......................................................... 137 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 141 V. Concluding remarks .................................................................................................. 144 Empirical contributions ................................................................................................ 144 Theoretical contributions ............................................................................................. 146 Blueprints for future research....................................................................................... 147 So what is next for Internet privacy? ........................................................................... 148 Bibliography and references .......................................................................................... 151 II III Acknowledgements Writing this dissertation has been an enormous pleasure and privilege. First and foremost, I am forever grateful to my supervisor and mentor, Sven Steinmo, for providing me with the intellectual and emotional support I needed to finish this project. Being accepted to the European University Institute (EUI) to work under the supervision of Sven has been a life changing experience. Thank you, European and Spanish tax payers for making the EUI possible. I also want to thank Henry Farrell for welcoming me at the George Washington University (GWU), Bastiaan Van Apeldoorn for being willing to read my research since my Master’s in Amsterdam, Alex Trechsel for being a wonderful second-reader and Head of Department, and Javier Astudillo for uncountable recommendation letters and constant encouragement. Likewise, thanks to the administration of the EUI and the SPS department for their responsiveness and patience, especially to Martina Selmi. I am also indebted to the Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies at GWU for giving me a place to work in the United States. During the research and writing process I have enjoyed the friendship, and intellectual challenge, of more people than I can name –some, however, have been outstanding. Surviving the first years of the PhD would