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Comprehensive Analysis of the Existing Cross-Border Rail Transport Connections and Missing Links on the Internal EU Borders Final Report

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Comprehensive Analysis of the Existing Cross-Border Rail Transport Connections and Missing Links on the Internal EU Borders Final Report Comprehensive analysis of the existing cross-border rail transport connections and missing links on the internal EU borders Final report Ludger Sippel, Julian Nolte, Simon Maarfield, Dan Wolff, Laure Roux March 2018 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy Directorate D: European Territorial Cooperation, Macro-regions, Interreg and Programme Implementation I Unit D2: Interreg, Cross-Border Cooperation, Internal Borders Contact: Ana-Paula LAISSY (head of unit), Robert SPISIAK (contract manager) E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels EUROPEAN COMMISSION Comprehensive analysis of the existing cross-border rail transport connections and missing links on the internal EU borders Final report Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy 2018 EN Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018 ISBN 978-92-79-85821-5 doi: 10.2776/69337 © European Union, 2018 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...................................................7 1. Introduction to the study .............................................................................7 2. Objectives of the study ................................................................................7 2. INVENTORY OF CROSS-BORDER RAIL CONNECTIONS AND “MISSING LINKS”.............. 9 2.1. Structure of the work ......................................................................................9 2.2.Presentation of results ....................................................................................12 2.3.Summary of the results from this task ..............................................................13 3. ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE NEW RAIL CONNECTIONS AND DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVES .......... 15 3.1.Estimation of rail travel demand .......................................................................15 3.2.Filtering missing links and promising links .........................................................16 3.3.Analysis of alternatives ...................................................................................16 3.4.Further analysis of shortlisted missing and promising links ...................................17 3.5.Stakeholder consultation .................................................................................19 3.6.Identification of funding opportunities for shortlisted promising and missing links ...20 3.7.Cost-utility analyses of shortlisted promising and missing links .............................21 3.8.Presentation of results ....................................................................................22 3.9.Summary 22 4. IDENTIFICATION OF “POTENTIALLY MOST BENEFICIAL” PROJECTS AND POLICY CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................................25 4.1 Identification of “potentially most beneficial” projects .....................................25 4.2 Impact of new trends in transport and future EU regulatory framework ..............27 4.3 Conclusions and policy recommendations ......................................................33 4.3.1 Findings 33 4.3.2 Recommendations ..............................................................................37 TABLE OF ANNEXES Annex 1 Map of the land border sections in the scope of the study Annex 2 Spatial inventory of all identified cross-border rail connections Annex 3 Fact-sheets of each cross-border rail connection Annex 4 Regional filter threshold values for each border section Annex 5 Infrastructure fact-sheets Annex 6 Expanded fact-sheets for each border section Annex 7 Shortlist of projects examined in detail Annex 8 Longlist of the potentially most beneficial projects Annex 9 Map of potentially most beneficial projects Annex 10 Interreg Analysis for potentially most beneficial projects with operational infrastructure Annex 11 Comparison of cooperation tools "5 ABSTRACT “Missing links”, non-operational small-scale cross-border railway connections, within the European Union have gained political momentum in the past years. More cross-border railway passenger transport across additional cross-border connections could enhance mobility and economic development in the border regions. As a first step, the present study provides an inventory of all cross-border rail connections along the EU and EFTA internal land borders, containing maps and data inter alia on the operational status, technical aspects and stakeholders of each connection. In a second step, the viability, network relevance and investment need and funding opportunities of possible new railway connections are analysed. Finally, the study proposes recommendations how to smoothen the implementation of cross-border railway connections. Two main findings are to be highlighted: 1. Most of the small-scale cross-border railway connections do not belong to the TEN-T Core or Comprehensive Network and have previously mostly been disregarded from funding for investments. 2. Gaps in the cross-border passenger rail network are not necessarily caused by missing elements of infrastructure: In many cases even on operational railway infrastructure there is a lack of cross-border passenger services. Competent authorities of the Member states can play a crucial role for implementing cross-border passenger services on these lines. Key words to facilitate web referencing of the study Missing links; small-scale infrastructure; cross-border railway transport; cross-border passenger services; competent authorities 6 1 Introduction and objectives of the study 1.1 Introduction to the study Despite the efforts of European integration and cohesion policies made over the past decades, many citizens in border regions of the EU still suffer from their spatial situation in certain aspects such as lacking, insufficient or low-quality public transport services. This issue manifests itself on three levels: 1) infrastructure connections, 2) service provision and 3) the quality of services1. These problems become more obvious with a closer look at railway transport: A recent study by DG Regio pointed out that only 44 % of the population in all border regions has access to passenger rail services2. Despite limited progress towards technical interoperability, railway transport across borders in Europe is still hindered by a variety of obstacles: For example, specially adapted (and authorised) rolling stock or locomotive changes are required for most cross-border train services. In addition, many routes have been closed since the end of the Second World War, owing to the creation of new borders, the establishment of the ‘iron curtain’ between Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc and broader economic and societal changes such as mass motorisation and cheap air transport. The “European railway area” consequently features numerous gaps on the continent’s land borders, where the national railway networks are no longer properly connected. In the last few years the question of cross-border transport in general and these so-called “missing links” in particular have gained political momentum at the EU level thanks to initiatives such as that of the TRAN committee’s former chairman Michael Cramer. Nevertheless, a holistic analysis of Europe’s cross-border rail connections has not yet been carried out. In particular, there is no uniform basis for the assessment of potential projects that can enhance the connectivity of border regions and the competitiveness of the EU railway system. The European Commission awarded a contract to a consortium led by KCW for the comprehensive analysis of the existing cross-border transport connections and missing links on the internal EU borders (2016CE160AT056). With a focus on rail connections and public transport, the current situation of all internal EU land border regions has been assessed and missing railway links were identified in order to make better use of investment streams. 1.2 Objectives of the study The primary objective of this study is to provide decision-makers at all levels – local, regional, national and European – analytical support for the identification of promising cross-border railway projects, and thereby also as a basis for streamlining and prioritisation and financial support. The central result is a compilation of potentially conceivable projects, created on the basis of available information. In addition to technical specifications of the connections, information on their potential, benefits and operating costs were collated. In addition, national and European funding programmes such as CEF (Connecting Europe Facility) and EFSI (European structural and investment funds) were assessed for their suitability according to the principle that limited
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