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(Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) И Отражението Им Върху Интродуцирането На Вида В България

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(Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) И Отражението Им Върху Интродуцирането На Вида В България БЪЛГАРСКА АКАДЕМИЯ НА НАУКИТЕ ИНСТИТУТ ЗА ГОРАТА – СОФИЯ Секция „Горска ентомология и фитопатология“ Маргарита Илиева Георгиева БОЛЕСТИ ПО ДУГЛАСКАТА (PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (MIRB.) FRANCO) И ОТРАЖЕНИЕТО ИМ ВЪРХУ ИНТРОДУЦИРАНЕТО НА ВИДА В БЪЛГАРИЯ Д И С Е Р Т А Ц И Я за присъждане на образователна и научна степен „доктор“ Научна специалност Лесомелиорации, защита на горите и специални ползвания в горите Шифър: 04.04.06 Научен ръководител: чл. кор. Боян Николов Роснев София, 2009 СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ 1. Въведение ………………………………………………………………………………. 4 2. Литературен преглед …………………………………………………………………... 6 2.1. Общо за дугласката (Pseudotsugae menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) …………………… 6 2.2. Болести по дугласка в Северна Америка ………………………………………… 9 2.3. Болести по дугласка в Европа …………………………………………………….. 17 2.4. Болести по дугласка в други страни………………………………………………. 22 2.5. Интродукция на дугласката в България ………………………………………….. 22 2.6. Болести по дугласка в България ………………………………………………….. 24 3. Обекти, материали и методи на изследване ...……………………………………….. 27 3. 1. Материали и методи за изследване на гъбни патогени по семена от дугласка . 27 3. 2. Материали и методи за изследване на гъбни патогени по поници и фиданки от дугласка…..................................................................................................................... 27 3. 3. Обекти и методи на изследване на гъбни патогени по дървета в култури от дугласка ……………………………................................................................................. 29 3.3.1. Обекти на изследване………………………………………………………… 29 3.3.2. Теренни изследвания ..……………………………………………………….. 38 3.3.3. Лабораторни изследвания ...…………………………………………………. 42 3.4. Методи за обработка на данните ...................................................……………….. 44 4. Резултати ……………………………………………………………………………….. 46 4.1. Гъбни патогени по семена от дугласка ..…………………………………………. 46 4.2. Гъбни патогени по поници и фиданки от дугласка ……………………............... 47 4.3. Гъбни патогени по дървета от дугласка ...………………………………………... 51 4.3.1. Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Syd. – морфология, цикъл на развитие и екологични изисквания ......….……………………………………………………. 52 4.3.2. Phaecryptopus gaeumannii (Rohde) Petrak – морфология, цикъл на развитие и екологични изисквания ....………………………………………………………… 64 4.3.3. Phomopsis pseudotsugae Wilson – морфология, цикъл на развитие и екологични изисквания……………………………………………………………. 74 4.4. Устойчивост на различни произходи дугласка (Pseudotsugae menziesii (Mirb.) Franco към заболявания……...................……………………………………………….. 81 5. Изводи и препоръки ......................................................................................................... 116 5.1. Изводи ......................................................................................................................... 116 5.2. Препоръки .................................................................................................................. 120 6. Литература ........................................................................................................................ 122 Резюме ................................................................................................................................... 135 2 Публикации на автора по темата на дисертационния труд ……..................................... 136 Цитирания на публикации на автора по темата на дисертационния труд ..................... 137 Списък на приносите на дисертационния труд ................................................................ 138 3 1. ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ Горите на България са част от европейското и световно горско богатство. Иглолистните гори заемат приблизително 29,6 % от общата залесена площ на нашата страна (Бялков и др., 2006). Те са източник на суровини за промишлеността и строителството и са важен фактор за поддържане на екологичното равновесие. Повишаване на продуктивността на горите се осъществява чрез интродукция на бързорастящи дървесни видове, провеждане на целенасочени лесовъдски мероприятия и ограничаване на повредите от болести и други вредители. Дугласката (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) е ценен иглолистен дървесен вид, който се характеризира с бърз растеж, висока производителност и добри качества на дървесината. Дугласка е общото наименование, дадено на иглолистни видове от род Pseudotsuga, сем. Pinaceae. През последните 120 г. този дървесен вид е успешно интродуциран в много страни в Европа, Нова Зеландия, Австралия, западната част на Русия и др. (Hermann, 1987). В местата на изкуствено разширяване на ареала, дугласката първоначално се е развивала като надежден и висококачествен дървесен вид, без признаци на заболявания, но през следващите години болестите, установени в нейната родина започват да се появяват и в новите райони на разпространение (Гойман, 1954). Първите залесявания с дугласка (P. menziesii) в България са извършени през 1908 г. в м. „Димовец“ край гр. Шипка. Тази култура е създадена от френския лесовъд Феликс Вожли на 700 m надм. в., върху ерозирано буково месторастене и кафява горска (Cambisols) (WRBSR 2006), песъкливо-глинеста почва (Сираков, 1952; Попов, 1991). По- късно у нас, видът намира широко приложение в залесяванията в горите, а също и като декоративен вид в парковете. Култивирането на дугласката в България продължава повече от 100 г., като през този период са установени заболявания по поници, фиданки и дървета, които оказват негативно влияние върху нормалното протичане на техните физиологични процеси, влошаване на техния прираст и украсните им качества или постепенното им загиване (Цанова, Роснев, 1974; 1977; Роснев, 1978; 1983; Роснев, Петков, 1986 и др.). Един от методите за контрол на болестите по растенията е имуноселекционният метод, при който се използват устойчиви спрямо фитопатогени сортове. Те могат да съществуват естествено сред видовете или сортовете, отглеждани в района на 4 разпространение на болестите. Създаването на устойчиви спрямо болести сортове растения е възможно на основата на богато генетично разнообразие и съществуването на източници на резистентност, които имат генетична характеристика, която им позволява да избегнат атаките на патогена (Станчева, 2004). Качествата на дървесния вид P. menziesii, както и морфологичните, екологични и биологични особености на отделните ú вариетети, обуславят продължаващите и днес изследвания по отношение на тяхното стопанисване и ползване с цел създаване на устойчиви, здрави и продуктивни култури както в нейната родина, така и в други страни, където видът е бил интродуциран. Тези изследвания, обаче, са твърде специфични за отделните страни, райони и месторастения, а резултатите в известна степен са противоречиви, което наложи и насочването ни към настоящето изследване. Целта на настоящата работа е да се проучат основните гъбни заболявания, развиващи се по дугласката (Pseudotsuga menziesii) в България, и да се установи устойчивостта на отделни произходи дугласка към тези заболявания, за създаване на продуктивни култури от този дървесен вид. Задачи, които са поставени за решаване в настоящия труд са: 1. Проучване на гъбните болести по дугласката и техните причинители – разпространение, симптоми и вредност. 2. Изучаване на биологичните и екологични особености на причинителите на основните заболявания по дугласката и тяхната патогенност. 3. Оценка на чувствителността и повредите на дърветата от отделни произходи дугласка в създадени провиненчни опитни култури у нас. 5 2. ЛИТЕРАТУРЕН ПРЕГЛЕД 2.1. Общо за дугласката Дугласката (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco е открита и описана като дървесен вид за първи път от шотландския ботаник Арчибалд Мензис през 1791 г. на остров Ванкувър, Канада. Общото наименование на вида – дугласка, е дадено в почит на шотландския ботаник Дейвид Дъглас, който пръв интродуцира семена от този дървесен вид в Европа през 1826 г. Първоначално тя е причислявана от ботаниците към други, по- добре познати по това време родове на иглолистни видове – Pinus, Picea, Abies, Tsuga и Sequoia. През 1867 г. френският ботаник Carrière поставя дугласката в нов род – Pseudotsuga (лъжлива Tsuga) (Little, 1953). В началото на ХХ в. лесовъдите смятат, че разнообразието в изискванията на дугласката към месторастенията – топография, климатични и почвени условия и др., е обусловено от генетичните разновидности на този дървесен вид (Ching, Hermann, 1973). Авторите посочват, че от времето на откриването на вида са изминали десетки години, през които ботаниците и лесовъдите не са могли да посочат ясни морфологични и таксономични различия между отделните географски произходи. Повече от 200 г. са били необходими за изясняване на въпросите, свързани със стопанисването на културите от отделните произходи дугласка, интродуцирани в различни райони по света. В световната литература са описани пет вида и седем вариетета дугласка (Little, 1953; Lipscomb, 1993): В Северна Америка и Мексико: • Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (1950); o Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco var. menziesii (1950); o Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco var. glauca (Mayr) Franco (1950); • Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr (1890); • Pseudotsuga lindleyana (Roezl) Carrière (1868); В Азия (Китай и Япония): • Pseudotsuga japonica (Shirasawa) Beissner (1896); • Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode (1912); o Pseudotsuga sinensis var. sinensis Dode (1912); o Pseudotsuga sinensis var. forrestii (Craib) Silba) (1990); o Pseudotsuga sinensis var. gaussenii (Flous) Silba (1990); 6 o Pseudotsuga sinensis var. brevifolia (Cheng & Fu) Farjon & Silba (1990); o Pseudotsuga sinensis var. wilsoniana (Hayata)
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