per season(100%ET high (13 to 16 t ha the treatment without irrigation (0% ET measured qualityparameters,althoughgrapeproductionin estimated vineyardevapotranspiration(ET water treatments:0%,20%,40%,75%,and100%of to 2.2m depth during the irrigation season. Five applied quality whenashallowwatertableislocatedbetween1.5 effects oftheirrigationregimeongrapeyieldandwine considered inextantliterature. This studyanalyzesthe irrigations, but the presence of a water table has notbeen deficit and stress water as such quality, improve to Different irrigation management strategies have been used with similarwatertablelevelstothoseofthestudyarea. conditions andalarge percentagearelocatedinvalleys , wherevineyardsaretypically grownunderirrigated ( Chile istheworld’s leadingproducerof‘Carménère’ ABSTRACT reduced. Applying waterat20% to40%ET (2004-2005 to2006-2007). Applying 1400to9400m Peumo Valley (Chile) duringthreeconsecutiveseasons in an own-rooted ‘Carménère’ located in the potential, totalpolyphenolindex,vineyard, Key words: water tableclosetothebottomofrootzone. production, andhighqualitywinewiththepresenceofa doi:10.4067/S0718-58392017000200171 Accepted: 21 April 2017. Received: 2February2017. Management, Appelstr. 9A,Room711, D-30167Hannover, . 2 537, Chillán,Chile. 1 Jorge Jara Central Chile the presence ofashallow water table in quality andyieldin‘Carménère’ under Effect ofwater application onwine and DiegoRivera vinifera Leibniz UniversityofHannover, Instituteof Water Resources Universidad deConcepción, Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola, Casilla CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 77(2)APRIL Dripirrigation, production, stem water 1* L.), whichinturnisanimportant variety in , Eduardo A.Holzapfel * Corresponding author([email protected]). 1 c ) had no substantial effect onthe -1 CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 77(2)APRIL ), double the historical mean c ) was significantly was ) c 1 Vitis vinifera ) wereapplied , MaxBillib c produced 3 ha - JUNE 2017 . -1

2 , JoseL.Arumi conditions andevents that took place during previous growing mentioned that grapevine responded to environmental qualitywithoutreductions inyield.Junqueraetal.(2012) possible toreduceplant wateruse,maintainingorimproving are discussedbyMedranoet al.(2015),whoconcludethatitis yield, grapeandwinequality, aswellwateruse efficiency, deficit irrigation and partial root irrigation) and their effects on (Deloire etal.,2004). Different irrigation strategies (regulated by lowleafwaterpotential–iswelldocumentedandreviewed –particularlytheeffectsgrapevines indicated as stress ofwater etal.,2012). (Ortega-Farías and water between The relationship where optimalirrigationstrategiesaredifficult togeneralize shows thatwine-producingvineyardsarecomplexsystems with leafremoval(Cooketal.,2015). phenological stages, such asafter fruit set to , combined water than is required by the grapevine during someperiodsofits require aspecial irrigation strategy thatconsistsinapplyingless . Grapeproduction andquality forwinemaking could Joaquin San Valley, the in sustainable economically not is deficit reduction measuredinthisvineyardindicatesthatirrigation be awaytoincreasefruitquality. However, asignificantyield applied water increased, while sustained deficit irrigation can of volumes as significantly increased yields vine and grapevine seasons (Junqueraetal.,2012). deficits maybepreferredinwarmregionswithlonggrowing colored (SpringandZufferey, 2009).Lessseverewater ° value, lower malic acid concentrations, and moreintensely transferred to the clusters. This results in better ripening, higher in cool areas tocontrol shoot vigor and allow sugars to be preferred normally thus is deficit water moderate and gradual A vines, aswellirrigation timing onyieldandberrycomposition. understand theeffects ofapplying different volumesofwaterto to managewineandgrapesquality. inChilearetypically grown underirrigated conditions is notacommonpractice in someproductive areas oftheworld, conditions (Mira de Orduña, 2010). Although vineyards irrigation characteristics, which, in turn, depend on seasonal because wineisstronglyassociatedwithregionalandvarietal particularly sensitive to environmental and management practices of ,winegrape( While climatechangehasthepotentialtoimpactmostforms INTRODUCTION The wide variety of approaches presented indifferent presented varietyofapproaches The wide papers Williams (2012)showedthatberryweightinaMerlot Junquera et al. (2012) pointed out that it is very important to 1 - , Octavio Lagos JUNE 2017 1 Vitis vinifera , L.)productionis

171 RESEARCHRESEARCH CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 77(2)APRIL the water tablerisesbyrecharge from theunlinedirrigationcanals andirrigationlosses. controlled bytheriver head;(d)presence ofashallow water tablelocatedat1.5to2.2mdepthduringtheirrigation season, where (c) conceptual model including presence of a shallow water table located at 2.5 m depth during winter with groundwater levels Figure 1.Field layout ofthestudyarea inPeumo Valley (Chile). (a)‘Carménère’ vineyard; (b)generaloverview of Peumo Valley; located from1.5to2.2mdepthinspringandsummer. Cachapoal Valley (Chile), under conditions of awater table in thePeumo Valley, locatedatthelowersection ofthe and wine quality during three consecutive irrigation seasons applying fivewatervolumesin‘Carménère’ grapeproduction tables, offsetting deficitirrigationpractices. wine quality as vinescanuptakewaterfromshallow important to consider this in the case of vine production and root depth and groundwater occurrence. Therefore, it is 6 m (Smart et al., 2006), suggesting a relationship between meters of soil, they have also been found at depths of 2 to depth. Although many vine roots are found in the first well drainedsoilswithwatertablesgreaterthan1.5m table depth from 0.9to 1.5 m; and only 15% are moderately Valley soilsinChile areimperfectly drainedwith awater important. Salgado(2000)estimatedthat50%ofCentral in Central Chile, where wine production under irrigation is 2013). These situationsarecommoninseveralwatersheds spring andsummerunderwelldrainedsoils(Arumíetal., permanently recorded in winter, to approximately 1.5m in 2015), thereisawatertablerangingfrom2.5mdepth 2201 ha of vines in the Cachapoal Valley (Wines of Chile, fact, intheupperareaofPeumo Valley, whichispartofthe not beenconsideredinassessingirrigationstrategies.In shallow watertablewithtemporalvariationsofdepth)has different irrigationstrategies. obtain a reasonable response andreliable information under seasons. Therefore, theysuggestevaluatingatleast3yrto The aimofthepresentstudywastoevaluateeffects of The occurrenceofgroundwaterundervineyards(a - JUNE 2017 0.230 m treatments were pruned in winter (June-July) with the with (June-July) prunedinwinter were treatments cane with north-south row orientation. All system wasverticalshootpositioning,doublecordon the Peumoareaandsiteofexperiment. The training Figure 1showsafieldlayoutofthegeneralcondition Peumo Valley (160km (71º10’45” W, 34º22’44”S;170ma.s.l.), located intheupper The researchstudywascarriedoutattheConchay Toro Vineyard General background ofthestudyarea MATERIALS ANDMETHODS surface to0.315m greater than1m;soilbulkdensity1.66Mgm loam at1.0mdepth,andcoarsesand,gravelstonedepths south, withaclayloamtextureatthesurfacethatvariestosandy Xerochrepts, alluvialorigin,surfaceslopeabout0.4%tothe condition for‘Carménère’ (Montesetal.,2012). The soilis Typic accumulation (heliothermal index, HI = 2441), which is a suitable the period1960to2006(Arumíetal.,2013). There ishighheat mm, with92%annualamountsduringMaytoSeptemberfor annual meanrainfallof564mmwithastandarddeviation236 temperature of 32 ºC in January, an annual mean of 14 ºC, and has asub-humidMediterraneanclimatewithmeanmaximum rows was2.5mandvinespacingwithintherow1.5m. The zone ‘Carménère’ vines established in 1997; vine spacing between in adrip-irrigatedvineyard ( (2004-2005, 2005-2006, and 2006-2007) and was conducted Cachapoal Riverbasin,Chile. The studylastedthreeseasons 1.61 Mg m 3 m -3 -3 at 1.0 m depth, field capacity 0.329 m 0.329 capacity field depth, m 1.0 at atthesurfaceto0.209m 3 m -3 at 1.0point depth, m wilting permanent 2 ), whichispart ofthe lower part ofthe Vitis vinifera 3 m L.) withown-rooted -3 -3 at1.0mdepth. atthesurfaceto 3 m -3 at the

172 CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 77(2)APRIL (mm d ET N ha at atotalannualrateof31.8kg the fourirrigationseasons growth, veraison, and post-harvesting) throughout both sides. per , which were placed at 0.3 m from the trunk on water (2000to4000m November toMarch,withvariablevolumesofapplied crop coefficient. where 75%, 40%,and20%ofestimatedET drip-irrigatedat100%,water treatmentlevelswerevines to obtain five irrigation treatments. The fourapplied period, duringwhichtheirrigationsystemwasmodified such treatmentwasnevershortofwater. irrigation (0% ET to 50%ineachtreatment. A fifthtreatmentwithout irrigation started ET evapotranspiration wascalculatedas: Class A) locatedinthevineyard.Inthisstudy, vineyard measurements of a standard evaporation pan (USWB on reference evapotranspiration estimated from daily based volumes water applied five of consisted Treatments practices Water application treatments and 5.1 and 8.6 t ha historical meanyieldfor this site has varied between 2005 season and 25 spurs in the next two seasons. The same number of spurs per plant: 15spursin the 2004- week (mmd irrigation andtwo4L h late March,everydayfromMondaytoFridaywithdrip was applied in each season from the end of November to with thevineyard’s irrigationmanagementprotocols,water a watertableduringtheirrigationseason.Inaccordance on the soil at solar noon, atsolar on thesoil determined by measuringtheshadowprojected by thevine dimensionless plantcanopycoverage(0.1< where Holzapfel etal.(2015): (1982), and following the calculations outlined in area andevapotranspirationbasedonFereresetal. by considering the relationship between the shaded be 0.8; DoorenbosandPruitt, 1977), and with H ((NH treatment was irrigated assuming a (0.95).application efficiency irrigation assumed control The (2.5 m), was applied by fertigation at three stages (initial Fertilizer wasappliedbyfertigation atthreestages(initial Theoretical vinewaterdemand, The 2003-2004seasonwasusedasanadjustment c treatment was fertilized by hand twice per season (grape -1 4 )H ((NH V 3 -1 BO ET (ET 2 ), L PO V c iswithin-rowplantspacing(1.5m),and c ) 3 E (ET is estimated vineyard evapotranspiration

(2.0kgha 4 is expressedinL d 4 p )H ), 22.0kgKha ismeanpanevaporationoftheprevious -1 c ) =EpKpKc ), 2 PO . -1 Water appliedafterveraisonwasreduced K c and the irrigation period lasted from ) was included to evaluate the effect of 4 p , KNO isthepancoefficient (assumedto -1 3 ) andZnSO ha -1 auto-compensateddripemitters H 3 ()HL -1 and CO(NH c =E isthedistancebetweenrows -1 season 1.28 Pc+0.11 (K -1 plant p 2 K SO Ef K p 4 -1 K (1.5kgha c 4 c of1.0,toensurethat ). V ), andcomplemented -1 (Equation[1])once c , (ET [1] 2 Pc ) 2 c ) ), 13.1kgP ha , was obtained , wasobtained is anestimated -1 - Pc JUNE 2017 ). The 0% ). The K c <0.7), is the Ef [2] is is -1

annual rateastheotherfourtreatments. growing and post-harvesting stages) with the same total foil 2hbeforethemeasurements. were placed in plastic bags covered with aluminum twice aweekevery15dduringtheirrigationseason. exposed leaves located inthe middle third oftheplant, measurements weretakenontwohealthyandmaturesun- Santa Barbara,California,USA).Foreachreplicate, pump (model 3005 Soil Moisture Equipment Corp., 12:00 and15:00hlocaltime)withaSchollanderpressure and Norman,1998). curve usingthemodelproposedbyCampbell(Campbell Matric potential wasestimated bythesoil waterretention before dailyirrigation,threetimes perweekandevery15d. drippers inthe wetted zone. Measurements were taken just site. Fiberglass accesstubeswereinstalled 10 cmfromthe HH2; Delta-T DevicesLtd.,Cambridge, UK), calibrated on a Delta-T profile probe (Model PR 1) and meter (Model 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0m) in each treatment plot with Estadio Peumostation(DGA,2016). located 3kmwestfromthevineyardfield,atPozo Also, groundwater levels weremeasuredinadeepwell by according totheprocedurepresented etal.(2009). Arumí frequently during the irrigation season(Octoberto April), the Peumo Valley. Datawerecollectedmonthlyandmore experimental vineyardfield,locatedattheupperpartin wells with5cmdiameterssteelpipewereinstalledatthe As partofamonitoringwatertablenetwork,sixobservation potential matric potential andvineyard stem water Water table depth,soilwater content, treatment). Micro-fermentation was conducted in the irrigation each for (one tanks steel L 50 five in out carried was 280nm. cuvette (Ribéreau-Gayon etal., 2006). The wavelengthused quartz cm 1 a in USA) Massachusetts, Scientific, Waltham, using aspectrophotometer(Genesys5UV-Vis, Thermo maturity (totalpolyphenolindex, TPI) was determined methods recommended by OIV (2005). Phenological (soluble solids, pHandtotalacidity) usingtheanalytical y Toro Laboratory to determine technological maturity berries per treatment were collected and taken to the Concha diameter weremeasured.Fivedaysbefore , 100 yield, number of clusters per vine, cluster weight and berry monitored inthecentralrowofeachexperimentalunit, protocol to reduce herbaceous strains. From the 12vines at maturity, lateintheseason inMay, basedonthewinery’s foreach treatment were harvested manually by row of wine microvinification andsensorialevaluation Grape yield, physical-chemical analysis, Stem water potential was measured at midday (between Soil watercontentwasmeasuredatsixdepths(0.1, The grape fermentation process for was

173 CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 77(2)APRIL minimum ( amplitude summation, VPD amplitude Daily VPD air temperature ( estimated fromsaturationvaporpressureatdailymean phenological stages (before andafter veraison) was where Σ∆ where phenological stagesduringthree growing seasons. Table 1.Climaticvariablesfor twomain‘Carménère’ grapevine stages was estimated from daily maximum ( phenological for (τ) time thermal Cumulative 1). (Table USA) locatedattheexperimentalsiteduringexperiment weather station (Davis Instruments, Hayward, California, Meteorological data were obtained from a Vantage Pro 2 Seasonal characterization to 90),Premium(9080)and (80to70). the following pattern: Icon (100to95),SuperPremium (95 were averaged for each wine, scale 1 to 100, according to judges the all of scores The sensation). final and persistence harmony), andtasteanalyses(intensity, body, harmony, color intensityandtint),olfactory(intensity, finesseand wine quality. The aspectsconsideredwerevisual(clarity, Concha y Toro Winery conducted blind tasting to evaluate sensory panelmadeupoffourprofessionaltastersfromthe anoenologicalthe endofmicro-fermentationprocess, standard practicesforsmall-scaleredwineproduction. At same way for all treatments by following Concha y Toro’s ΣΔT τ Veraison-harvest, degree-days τ Fruitsetting-veraison,degree-days where also estimated usingtheexpression humidity. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at solar noon was dailymaximumandminimumrelativecalculated with temperature and : uuaie hra tm bs 1 ºC, 10 base time thermal Cumulative τ: Annual rainfallMayto April, mm Cumulative rainfall30DPH,mm Seasonal rainfallNovembertoharvest,mm January. Harvesttimeis during thefirstweekofMay. Fruit settoveraison is fromthe last week ofNovember to last week of days priortoharvest. differences betweendaily Daily VPD ΣΔT thermal amplitude Σ∆ amplitude thermal the timeincrement(1d). The summationofthediurnal ∆ and ºC 10 above degree-days in reported is τ where pressure deficit ( the sametimebyweatherstation. Variable max-min max-min e 0 mean veraisontoharvest,ºC fruitsettingtoveraison,ºC mean isthesaturatedvaporpressureatactualair T fruitsettingtoveraison,kPa T veraisonto30DPH,kPa max-min min ∑ ) airtemperatures: Δ τ = rh T is expressed in ºC. Daily mean vapor T representsrelativehumiditymeasuredat max i =1 m ∑ n VPD ) minus mean actualvapor pressure ( – T mean T

max-min min max : mean daily vapor pressure deficit, DPH: deficit, pressure vapor daily mean : mean T i +T max = 2 i =1 ∑ wasalsocalculatedfromthe ) for two main grapevine n and min T (T 2004-2005 i max 1089 2627 T – 10 264 462 137 196 541 min ΣΔT i T –T 1.38 1.33

airtemperatures: ) Δt VPD = e Growing seasons max-min

min 2005-2006 i 1233 2978 ) 277 755 546 : diurnal thermal 25 42 1.42 1.44

- JUNE 2017 T

0 max

2006-2007 (1 1084 2537 ) and 266 686 532 -rh 39 1.37 1 1.14 t [4] [3] is is ), ), 2010) to approximately 4500 m quality (MiradeOrduña,2010). agricultural watermanagementonyield,grapeandwine practices onmodelingtheeffects ofclimatechangeand table influenceonproductionwouldchallengecurrent unlined channel networks (Arumíetal.,2013). Also, water shallower than those occurring for valleys without dense terms ofhydrologicalprocesses,assummerwaterlevelsare effects. Therefore, the valley exhibits particular features in effect of canal and irrigation seepage not onlyhave local to theshallowwells. Thus, itispossibletoestablish that the groundwater duringtheirrigationseasonthatcorresponds km west of the vineyard, also shows slight increments in in September. Ontheotherhand,adeeperwelllocated3 network after the beginning ofirrigation canal operations is recharged mainly by seepage from the irrigation canal m depthduringtheirrigationseason,whengroundwater field (Figure2). Water tableislocatedbetween1.5to2.2 opening ofirrigationcanalsintheexperimentalvineyard Shallow waterlevelsdropduringwinterandriseafterthe Water table depth RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION 40%, 20%,and0%ofestimated ET block with fiveappliedwater treatments: 100%, 75%, The experimental design was a randomized complete Experimental design irrigation). For the2005-2006season, lowestmatric periods ofthestudydueto localizedirrigation(drip The matric potential varied greatly during the different potential ofvineyard Matric potential andmiddaystem water conditions ranges from 2500 m that is normally applied to vines in Chile under semi-arid due to lower annual precipitation. The amount of water irrigation startedearlierinthisseason(mid-November) season showsthelargest amountofappliedwaterbecause similar in each season (Table 2); however, the 2004-2005 Volumes tothevineyardwere ofappliedirrigationwater Applied water multiple rangetest( by ANOVA and the means were compared with Tukey’s each adjoiningtreatment. The datacollected were analyzed each experimentalunit. The borderrowswerebetween tested parameterswerecarriedoutinthecentralrowof border rows(36vinesintotal).Samplingsforeachofthe rows of12vinesinarow:onetreatment data row andtwo times. Each experimental unit included three contiguous rows within each block. Each block was replicated four contiguous specific three to assigned randomly treatments [1]). Blockswereestablishedacrossrowswithirrigation 40% ET for non-stressed treatments. These values approximate the c treatmentvaluesfoundinthisresearchstudy. P ≤0.05). 3 ha 3 ha -1 -1 (Acevedo-Opazo et al., c withK (Ferreyra et al., 2002) c 1.0(Equation

174 CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 77(2)APRIL -0.2 and -0.5 MPa (Figure 4) and nonsignificant differences nonsignificant and 4) (Figure MPa -0.5 and -0.2 between fluctuate to tends vineyards of potential water stem other twoseasons(datanotshown). show adecreasing trend. Similar behavior is repeated in the and even under lower applied water volumes that could zone ofthewetbulb,itwasrelativelyconstantovertime the in potential matric the For profile. soil the in season the maintained matricpotentialslessthan-1.0MPaduringall all evaluated data. The treatment without irrigation and the treatment without irrigation (0% ET differences werefoundbetweenthefourirrigatedtreatments different applied water volumes. However, significant differences in matric potential associated with the four water extractionbyroots;itwasnotpossibletoobserve irrigated treatments(Figure3),whichindicatedincreased potential values were between the 0.1 and 0.4 m depths for March 2004toMay2007. Figure 2.Observedgroundwater levels in theexperimental vineyard andinadeepwell located 3 km West from thevineyard,from 2006-2007 87 2005-2006 86 2004-2005 57 2006-2007 49.8a 2005-2006 49.5a 2004-2005 21.1b 2006-2007 13025a 2005-2006 18032a 2004-2005 ae o ‘amnr’ rpvn fr he saos n five and seasons three irrigation treatments. for grapevine ‘Carménère’ of panel wine evaluationscoretotal polyphenolindexand byexpert Table 2. Volume ofappliedirrigationwater, grapeproduction, 2006-2007 6788 2005-2006 7281 2004-2005 9366 ET Tukey test. the in 0.05 ≤ P at difference significant a mean row the in letters Different 90 to80, Varietal 80 to70. Wine evaluation score: Icon 100 to 95, SuperPremium 95 to 90, Premium Season c Regardless ofirrigation treatments, daily dataformidday : Estimatedvineyardevapotranspiration. Volume ofappliedirrigationwater(m 100% ET Wine evaluationscore(1to100) 9205a Grapeproduction(kgha Total polyphenolindex c 75% ET 13782a 15177a 9221a 19.2b 46.4a 46.0a 5092 5461 7024 89 85 71 c 40% ET 12750a 16788a 10277a 21.9b 46.7a 46.4a 2716 2913 3746 90 87 77 c 20% ET c 12984a 14170a 8975a ), in practically -1 3 23.2b 47.0a 47.7a 1358 1456 1873 ha ) 91 89 53 -1 c - season JUNE 2017 0% ET -1 6099b 7488b 7272b 54.0a 53.0a 32.1a ) 92 90 85 0 0 0 c with 2570to3140m vineyard locatedinthe Talca Valley, Chile,drip-irrigated values of-0.4to -1.6MPa fora ‘Carménère’ commercial reported (2015) al. et Jara-Rojas MPa). -0.6 (> deficit water Leeuwen et al. (2009) for grapevines as an indicator of no study, were higher than the threshold proposed by Van measured at midday during the three seasons in the present It is important to point out that stem water potential values, were found among treatments in almost all evaluated data. criterion to improve the quality of winegrapes(Ferreyra et veraison (dayofyear26),which isawatermanagement could be caused by a 50% reduction in applied water after progress (Figure 4). The decrease in stem water potential potential forthefourirrigation treatmentsastheseasons possible to detect a general decreasing trend in stem water decreased to-0.8MPa. increased to6.0kPainCalifornia,stemwaterpotential five locationsinCalifornia. However, when VPD values 1.0 and4.0kPaforfourfully-irrigatedcultivarsgrown at between -0.3and-0.5MPawhen VPD variedbetween obtainedstemwaterpotentialvaluesBaeza (2007),who values arecomparabletothoseindicatedby Williams and 4.49 kPa(mean3.51kPa). These stem water potential at midday(Figure4),whichrangedbetween2.73and potential valuescouldberelatedto VPD valuesmeasured considered inmostauthors’ reports. at 2m), but this background information hasnot been al. (2010)for‘Carménère’ grapevines(phreatic level depth water tableinChilehasonlybeendescribedbyFredeset irrigation (Chai et al., 2016). The presence ofa shallow water table would permit root water uptake as sub-surface deep root systems, andthatthepresence of ashallow indicate permanent and effective activity of thevineplants’ in the treatment without irrigation. This situation would respectively. at 40% and 120% of estimated vineyard evapotranspiration, of -1.3MPaand-0.6for‘Merlot’ grapevinesirrigated experiment. Additionally, Williams (2012) obtained values By excluding cloudydays(daysofyear 350and38),itis Another explanation for these high stem water Water stress was not found in the present study, not even 3 ha -1 season -1 , during a3-yr

175 CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 77(2)APRIL in the 2005-2006season, were the higherdaily VPD stem waterpotentialattheendofperiod,especially water uptake. Other factors that could have caused lower al., 2002;Junqueraet2012)andwouldinfluence root after veraison(dayofyear 26).Data are meansoffour replicates. ‘Carménère’1.0 mforof 0.1,0.4,and plants,atdepths the2005-2006season. Applied waterreduced was to50%ineachtreatment Figure 3. Seasonal course of matric potential just before irrigation for five volumes of applied water treatments on vineyard management assumesthatlow yieldsledtohighquality grape yield ranged from5100 to 8600kgha Prior toourresearchinthe study area,historicalirrigated Fruit production (Σ∆ summation amplitude thermal diurnal and (τ) time thermal and/or anactiverootwateruptake fromwatertable. water potential values could be attributed to stomata control al., 2010; Chaves et al., 2010).Inour study, the high stem temperature, solar radiationandsoilwatercontent(Prietoet stem water potential combined with stomatal control, air authors mentioned that VPD has an important effect in the response ofgrapevineto VPD isunclear. Infact,several (Table 1).However, itisimportant tomentionthatthe T max-min ), whichoccurred in this season after veraison ET Applied watertreatments: c : Estimatedcropevapotranspiration. ♦ 100% ET c - -1 , JUNE 2017 ■ as usual 75% ET mean c , , ▲ 40% ET and the treatment without irrigation (0% ET difference appearsbetweenthefourirrigationtreatments However,(Table2). a large and significant treatments differences in yieldamong the four applied water eachseason,therewerenonsignificantwine. For at thesamelocation onsoilwithbetter growth potential and effects of cluster thinning and pruning weight combinations between 12 200 and 29295kgha the Curicó Valley, Chile. The same authors obtained yields Fredes etal.(2010)fora‘Carménère’-growing vineyard in to the historical range of 9000to11 000kgha offsetting deficitirrigationpractices. water table conditions explain about 50%oftheproduction, irrigation. Thus, a plausible explanation is that shallow- irrigation treatmentswastwicethatoftreatmentwithout productionunderthe 2005-2006and2006-2007seasons, by approximately 30% for the 2004-2005 season. For seasons. Thus, theeffect production ofirrigationincreases c , Grape productioninthe2004-2005seasonwassimilar ● 20% ET c , and ■ 0% ET c (withoutirrigation). -1 when evaluating the -1 reported by c ) for all

176 CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 77(2)APRIL where ahighergrapeskin/volumeratioisdesirable. quality wine influences size berry because important is This (14.2 mm)andthe2004-2005seasonlowest(11.7 mm). season exhibits the highest mean berry diameters values between treatmentsthe 2005-2006 duringthethreeseasons, diameters atharvestdidnotshowanysignificantdifferences berry the treatmentwithoutirrigation(74to95g). Although to 37),larger clusterweightatharvest(105to178g)thanin (41 to49)larger thaninthetreatmentwithoutirrigation(28 seasons, isduetoanumberofestablishedclustersperplant as comparedwiththatwithoutirrigationduringthethree Valley, Chile. Higher yield in the four irrigated treatments, for adrip-irrigatedCarménère’-growingvineyardinthe Talca Rojas etal.(2015)informedyieldof9000to11 000kg ha tabledepthofapproximately2m.Likewise,a water Jara- season, which had a higher τ, diurnal thermal amplitude thermal diurnal τ, higher a had which season, values couldbeduetothe climaticconditionsofthis dehydrated onthevinedue toexcessiveheat. These could indicatethatthefruit wasoverripeorpartially contents inthe2005-2006 season(25.0to26.9°Brix) practice toreduceherbaceous strains,highsolublesolids of‘Carménère’delaying theharvest acommon is Valley, Chile(Obreque-Slier etal.,2012). Although were obtainedin‘Carménère’ grownintheMaipo However, valuesofup to25.7ºBrixforalateharvest vigor andlowyieldvinestocks(Fredesetal.,2010). 25 ºBrix obtained in the Curicó Valley, Chile, forlow Valley, Chile(Obreque-Slieretal.,2010),andthe24to 24 ºBrix obtained for the same vine stock in the Maule especially in 2005-2006; these values are higher than the all treatments in the three seasons (23.0 to 26.9 °Brix), High soluble solids values were obtained at harvest for characteristics Effect ofapplied water and must Data are meansoffour replicates andeightmeasurements ‘Carménère’ plants,for the2005-2006season.Daysofyear 350and38correspond tocloudydays. Veraison begandayofyear 26. Figure 4.Dailystemwater potentialandvapor pressure deficit(VPD)atmiddayfor fiveirrigationtreatments onvineyard ET Applied watertreatments: c : Estimatedcropevapotranspiration. ♦ 100% ET c , - ■ JUNE 2017 75% ET . c , -1 ▲

40% ET acidity exhibited lowvalues(2.2to3.3gL harvest in the 2005-2006season. Ingeneral, total must thenormalrangeat generallywithin were levels and pH of clustersperplant,greaterberrydiameter, mustacidity during thelast30dbeforeharvest(Table 1). season (November 2005 to harvest in May 2006) and the almostcompletelackofrainfallduringgrowing alongwith phenologicalstages, andharvest veraison summation Σ∆ summation close totheminimum. the treatment without irrigation showed TPI values (32.1) Segade etal.,2008).However, inthe2004-2005season,only the rangeshownbyotherauthors (Chonéetal.,2001;Río obtained inthe2005-2006and 2006-2007seasonsarewithin In comparison withotherredwinecultivars,the TPI values effects onthefuturequalityofwine(Chonéetal.,2001). values inthemustistheirrelationshipwithpositive highest ineachseason(Table 2). The importanceofhigh TPI waterapplicationthe treatment without tobetheTPI tends (Briceño etal.,2009). Additionally, itcanbeseenthatinthe (Table 1),whichmayproducegrape fungi,affecting quality harvest before d 30 final the during rainfall high to related be of the three study periods (Table 2). This low TPI value could however, the total polyphenol index (TPI) was the lowest out and lowmustaciditywerewithintheoptimalrangeatharvest; the smallest berry diameters, the low soluble solids content and terroirfeatures. other factorsthanirrigation volumes, such asmicroclimate couldbeattributedtotreatments (datanotshown),which total mustacidity, andpHshowednodifferences among each ofthe three seasons, levels ofsoluble solids content, which are characteristics of‘Carménère’. Likewise, in valueswerehigher(3.81to4.05)inthethreeseasons,pH c , Regardless ofhigherfruitproduction,thelarger number Even thoughtheresultsof the 2004-2005seasonshowed ● 20% ET c , and ■ 0% ET T max-min

c (withoutirrigation). , anddailymean VPD forthe -1 H 2 SO 4 ) while

177 CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 77(2)APRIL is possibletoinferthatthe1300016kgha last twoseasons,without reducing wine quality. Thus, it it ispossibletoincreasegrapeproductionlevels,asinthe Given the climatic and soil conditions of the Peumo Valley, scores, but this treatment exhibits inefficient water use. period (Table 1). to harvest2006)andduringthelast30dbefore lack ofrainfallduringthegrowingseason(November2005 stage from veraison to harvest, and the almost complete from 13to16tha irrigation conditions.Grapeproductionvaluescouldrange areas withsimilarcharacteristicscouldbeachievedunder ‘Carménère’ winewithgreaterthannormalproductionfor Given thePeumo Valley conditions,ahigh-quality CONCLUSIONS and 40%ET irrigation rate. Wine quality ratings fortreatments 20% was not clearly affected neither by grape production nor wine quality, withthe exception of the 2004-2005 season, (Briceño etal.,2009). Taste panelresultsindicatethat and affect inChile qualityforredgrapevinecultivars prior to harvest (Table 1); this can produce grape fungi caused bythehighrainfallthatoccurredduringmonth score, the lower values of the 2004-2005 season could be Although thetreatmentwithoutirrigationreceivedahigh seasons with values greater than80(Premium quality). Table 2.Resultswererelativelysimilarfortwoofthethree oenologists of the Concha y Toro Winery are shown in Values of the wine evaluation conducted by the panel of Sensorial analysis ofwine Σ summation amplitude thermal diurnal and τ greater a with season, this of conditions climatic measured variables and TPI levels. This could be due to the the 2005-2006season was ofhigher quality, according to the have negativelyaffected thequality–mustobtainedin of clusters per plant and larger berry diameter – which could the vineyard (100%ET to 40%ofthetheoreticalorpotentialwaterrequiredby could be obtained, with a low applied water level of 20% irrigation waterafterveraison. the wineundertreatment100%ET without irrigation,butdoublingtheyield(Table 2).Even applied water volume ranging from 1400 to 9400 m number ofclusterspervine andhighclusterweight. The with thepresenceofashallow watertable,evenwithalarge evapotranspiration). This could be obtained under irrigation water requiredbythevineyard (100%ofestimatedvineyard be producedbyapplying20% to40%ofpotential irrigation meanproduction-andhighqualitywinecould the historical during theirrigationseason,maximumyieldvalues-double well asthepresenceofawatertableat1.5to2.2mdepth climatic and agro-ecological conditions into account, as Regardless ofthehigherfruitproduction,larger number c wereclassifiedassimilartothetreatment -1 withPremiumquality. Taking the c ) andwitha50%reductionin T max-min overthephenological c obtainedhigh - JUNE 2017 -1 range 3 ha -1

DGA. 2016. Información oficial hidrometeorológica y de Cook, M.G.,Zhang, Y., Nelson, C.J.,Gambetta, G.,Kennedy, Choné, X., Van Leeuwen,C.,Chéry, P., andRibérau-Gayon, P. Chaves, M.A.,Zarrouk,O.,Francisco,R.,Costa,J.M.,Santos, T., Chai, Q., Gan, Y., Zhao, C., Xu, H.L., Waskom, R.M., Niu, Y., Campbell, G.S.,andNorman,J.M.1998. An introduction to Briceño, E.X., Latorre, B.A., and Bordeu, E. 2009. Effect Arumí, J.L.,Rivera, D., Holzapfel, E.,and Muñoz, E. 2013. Arumí, J.L., Rivera,D.,Holzapfel, E., Boochs, P., Billib, M., Acevedo-Opazo, C., Ortega-Farías, S., and Fuentes, S. REFERENCES support oftheresearchstudy. grateful totheConchay Toro Winery fortheirvaluable CONICYT/FONDAP/15130015. The authorsare Resources Centerfor Agriculture and Mining. Chile, BMBF-CONICYT 231-2010, and the Water of Water Resources ofthe Universidad de Concepción, This researchstudywasconductedattheDepartment ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS significant reductioninyield. yield, althoughatreatmentwithoutirrigationshows ‘Carménère’ on differences non-significant had season per BNAConsultas/reportes (accessedJanuary 2016). Código BNA 06019007-0. Available athttp://snia.dga.cl/ Ministerio deObrasPúblicas. PozoEstadioPeumo, calidad deaguasenlínea.Dirección Generalde Aguas. 66:266-278. doi:10.5344/ajev.2015.15006. central California. merlot is ameliorated bylight and irrigation in J.A., andKurtural,S.K.2015. compositionof African JournalofEnologyand Viticulture 22:8-15. top statevineyard,SaintJulienarea,Bordeaux,1977).South development, must andwinecomposition (example of aMedoc non-irrigated CabernetSauvignon( 2001. influence on water status and nitrogen statusof 105:661-676. doi:10.1093/aob/mcq030. hints from physiological and molecular data. Annals of Botany irrigation: deficit under Grapevine 2010. al. A.P.,et Regalado, doi:10.1007/s13593-015-0338-6. stress. A review. Agronomy forSustainable Development 36:3. drought under crop for irrigation deficit Regulated 2016. al. et environmental biophysics2 Research 7:119-128. compounds of red wine. Spanish Journal of Agricultural of Cladosporium rot onthe composition and aromatic Management 166:231-241.doi:org/10.1680/wama.12.00064. valley. Proceedings ofthe Institution of Civil Engineers-Water Effect ofdroughton groundwater in a Chilean irrigated Research 69:12-20. the Cachapoalriver, Chile.ChileanJournalof Agricultural surface and groundwater interactions in the lower valley of and Fernald, A. 2009.Effect ofirrigationcanalnetworkon j.agwat.2010.01.025. Agricultural Water Management 97:956-96. doi:10.1016/ scheduling applicationtoachieveregulateddeficitirrigation. consumption, vegetative growth andgrape quality: An irrigation 2010. Effects ofgrapevine(

American Journal ofEnologyand Viticulture nd ed.Springer-Verlag, , USA. Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera L . ) waterstatus ). Vegetative

178 CHILEAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 77(2)APRIL Obreque-Slier, E.,López-Solís,R.,Castro-Ulloa,L.,andRomero- Montes, C.,Pérez-Quezada, J.F., Peña-Neira, A., and Tonietto, Mira de Orduña, R.2010.Climate change associated effects Medrano, H., Tomás, M.,Martorell, S.,Escalona, J-M.,Pou, Junquera, P., Lissarrague,J.R.,Jimenez,L.,Linares,R.,andBaeza, Jara-Rojas, F., Ortega-Farías, S., Valdés-Gómez, H., and Acevedo- Holzapfel, E., Jara, J.,and Coronata, A.M. 2015.Number of Fredes, C.,Moreno, Y., Ortega,S.,and Von Bennewitz,E.2010. Ferreyra, R., Sellés, G., Peralta, J., Burgos, L.,and Valenzuela, J. Fereres, E.,Martinich,D.A., Aldrich, T.M., Castel,J.R.,Holzapfel, Doorenbos, J.,andPruitt, W.O. 1977.Guidelines for prediction of Deloire, A., Carbonneau, A., Wang, Z., and Ojeda, H. 2004. Vine doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2012.02.007. LWT-Food Scienceand Technology-LEB 48:134-141. Cabernet Francgrapeseeds( parameters of Carménère, , Merlot and Díaz, C. 2012. Phenolic composition and physicochemical doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2011.00165.x. Australian Journal ofGrapeand Wine Research 18:20-28. J. 2012. Climatic potential forviticulture in Central Chile. International 43:1844-1855.doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.05.001. on grape andwine quality and production. FoodResearch 014-0280-z. Sustainable Development35:499-517.doi:10.1007/s13593- of vineyards in semi-arid regions. A review. Agronomy for use efficiency S.,etal.2015.Improvingwater A., Fuentes, 30:351-361. doi:10.1007/s00271-012-0348-y. cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon ( on yieldcomponents,vinevigour, andgrapecompositionin P. 2012.Long-termeffects ofdifferent irrigationstrategies doi:10.21548/36-2-956. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture 36:231-242. (cv. Carménère)growingunderirrigated fieldconditions. Opazo, C.2015.Gasexchange relations of ungrafted grapevines j.agwat.2014.10.001. Agricultural Water Management 148:207-212. doi:10.1016/ fruit size of highbush blueberry grown in a sand soil. drip lateralsandirrigationfrequencyonyieldexportable 37:143-150. Investigación Agraria Vine balance: astudycase in Carménère grapevines. Ciencia e calidad delvino. Agricultura Técnica 62:406-417. desarrollo de la vid cv. Cabernet Sauvignon sobre producción y 2002. Efectos de la restricción del riego en distintos períodos de young almondorchards.California Agriculture 36:12-13. E., and Schulbach, H. 1982. Drip irrigation saves money in 24. 2 crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper nr la Vigne etdu Vin 38:1-13. and water: a shortreview. JournalInternational des Sciences de nd ed.FAO, Rome,Italy. Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera L.) Irrigation Science L.)duringripening. - JUNE 2017 Ribéreau-Gayon, P., Glories, Y., Maujean, A., andDubourdieu, Prieto, J.A., Lebon, É., and Ojeda, H. 2010. Stomatal behavior Ortega-Farías, S.,Fereres,E.,andSadras, V.O. 2012.Special issue OIV. 2005.Le recueil desméthodes internationals d´analyse des Obreque-Slier, E.,Peña-Neira, A., López-Solís,R.,Zamora-Marín, Wines ofChile.2015. The wineregionsofChile. Available at Williams, L.E., and Baeza, P. 2007.Relationships among ambient Williams, L.E.2012.Interactionofappliedwateramountsand Van Leeuwen,C., Trégoat, O.,Choné,X.,Bois,B.,Pernet,D., Spring, J.L., et Zufferey, V. 2009. Influence de l´irrigation sur Smart, D.R.,Schawss,E.,Lakso, A., andMorano,L.2006. Salgado, L.2000.Manualdeéstandarestécnicosyeconómicos Río Segade, S., Soto-Vázquez, E., and Díaz-Losada, E. 2008. Vol. 2.2 Enology. The chemistryofwine,stabilization andtreatments. D. 2006.Phenoliccompounds.p.141-204.InHandbookof Science dela Vigne etdu Vin 44:9-20. and air water vapor pressure deficit. Journal International des of different grapevine cultivars in response to soil water status 337. doi:10.1007/s00271-012-0356-y. on water management in grapevines. Irrigation Science 30:335- vins etdesmoûts. Vols. I,II,Sect.3.OIV, Paris,France. Chemistry 58:3591-3599.doi:10.1021/jf904314u. vinifera Carménère andCabernet Sauvignon grape varieties ( study ofthephenoliccompositionseedsandskinsfrom F., Ricardo-DaSilva,J.M.,andLaureano,O.2010.Comparative http://www.winesofchile.org (accessedDecember2015). Journal ofEnologyand Viticulture 58:173-181. American grapevines. field-grown irrigated, fully of potentials water stem and and deficit pressure vapor and temperature doi:10.1007/s00271-012-0355-z. and productivityofMerlot.IrrigationScience30:363-375. leaf removalinthefruitingzoneongrapevinewaterrelations International desSciencedela Vigne etdu Vin 43:121-134. can it be assessed for vineyard management purposes? Journal grape ripeningandvintagequalityforredBordeauxwine.How and Gaudillère, J-P. 2009. Vine water status is a key factor in Arboriculture Horticulture41:103-111. dans lesconditions du Valais central. RevueSuisse Viticulture le comportementdelavigneetsurqualitédesvinesrouges review. American JournalofEnologyand Viticulture 57:89-104. Grapevine rooting patterns: a comprehensive analysis and a Nacional deRiego,Chile. para obrasdedrenaje.Ministerio Agricultura, Comisión j.jfca.2008.04.006. Food Compositionand Analysis 21:599-607.doi:10.1016/ of grape skin in different cultivars. Journal of extractability and accumulation on ripeness of Influence L.)duringripening.Journalof Agricultural andFood nd ed.John Wiley andSons,Chichester, UK. Vitis

179