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Home , Grape, Vitis vinifera

Agricultural Extension Service The University of Tennessee PB 1689

So You Want to Grow in Tennessee

1 conditions. American grapes are So You Want to Grow versatile. They may be used for fresh consumption (table grapes) or processed into , , jellies or Grapes in Tennessee some baked products. Seedless David W. Lockwood, Professor grapes are used mostly for fresh Sciences and Landscape Systems consumption, with very little demand for them in . Yields of seedless varieties do not match ennessee has a long history of production. Most recently, those of seeded varieties. They are T passage of the Farm Act in 1978 stimuated an upsurge of also more susceptible to certain interest in grape production. If you are considering growing grapes, the diseases than the seeded American following information may be useful to you. varieties. French-American hybrids are crosses between American bunch 1. Have you ever grown winery, the time you spend visiting and V. vinifera grapes. Their grapes before? others will be a good investment. primary use is for wine. uccessful grape production vinifera varieties are used S requires a substantial commit- 3. What to grow for wine. Winter injury and disease ment of time and money. It is a American problems seriously curtail their marriage of science and art, with a - seeded growth in Tennessee. good bit of labor thrown in. While - seedless Muscadines are used for fresh our knowledge of how to grow a French-American consumption, wine, juice and jelly. crop of grapes continues to expand, and are not very we always need to remember that muscadine susceptible to most and some crucial factors over which we Of the five main types of grapes diseases. The primary drawback to have little control, such as the grown in the United States, muscadine culture in Tennessee is , can offset even our best American and French-American a lack of sufficient cold hardiness. efforts. hybrid varieties are the best Injury to the aboveground portion of adapted to Tennessee growing the plant is quite likely to occur at 2. What is your intended market? ¥ Own use ¥ Commercial - table - wine - both Most grape production in Tennessee is for wine. A few sell a portion of their crop for fresh consumption. Either way, it is essential to thoroughly investigate the market to help you decide what to plant. If you want to sell to a winery, one of the first things you should do is visit several . This will help you determine their needs and, therefore, what types of grapes and varieties you might plant. Even if you plan to develop your own

2 temperatures of 10 degrees F or type” if cut back to ground level and mounded around the base of the lower. Death of these tissues will allowed to resprout, which may be vines in the fall to protect the lower occur at 0 F. necessary in the event of cold injury trunk and the graft union. This Not only is it essential to or when trunks are being renewed. mound be removed the discuss the type(s) of grape(s) to In a replant situation (where vines following spring. Mounding can be grow, but the varieties of each as have recently been removed and done mechanically. However, it is well. Within each type of grape, new vines are being set in the same an expensive practice that has the there are many varieties. site), survival, growth and fruiting potential of doing damage to the Considerable differences exist may be better with grafted versus trunks if not done correctly. among these varieties with regard own-rooted cuttings. to disease susceptibility, cold For V. vinifera varieties, grafted 5. Start small hardiness and fruit characteristics. are generally suggested. etting a is a fairly Extension PB 746, Tree Fruit, Tree Certain provide S expensive operation requiring Nut and Small Fruit resistance to grape , a substantial investment in money, Recommendations for an that attacks the of management and labor. Care of the Tennessee, available at your V. vinifera varieties. Desirable site prior to planting and of the county Extension office, lists growth characteristics may be vineyard for the first few years of its varieties that have performed enhanced by these rootstocks. The life will determine the vineyard’s satisfactorily in Tennessee or areas primary disadvantages of grafted potential throughout its life. For the with similar growing conditions. vines, in addition to price, include new grape grower, it is fairly the presence of the graft union, common to be overwhelmed by the 4. Type of plant (rooted which serves as a possible point for time and effort needed to set and vs. grafted ) crown development, and the develop a vineyard. Every planting or American, French- loss of the variety if the vine is killed is a new learning experience Ð F American hybrid and to ground level. New sprouts that especially the first one. It is for muscadine grapes, purchasing develop following dieback of the these reasons that you should start good-quality rooted cuttings is portion of the vine above the graft out with a small planting. Lessons suggested for most situations. would have characteristics of the learned with it will prove invaluable Such vines are less expensive than and not the desired in subsequent plantings. How small grafted vines and have the variety. To lessen chances of this is small? Here we have to go back advantage of remaining “true-to- occurring, soil is frequently to point number 2, What is your intended market? If you intend to sell fruit to a commercial winery, you need to discuss with the winery operator what he or she would consider the minimum quantity of juice of a given variety in which the winery would be interested. Wineries generally are not very interested in purchasing only enough fruit to a partial tank of juice. The following figures will help you get an approximate idea of how many vines to plant:

Expected yield (per plant or per acre): 10 to 15 pounds per vine 3 to 5 tons per acre

3 Yields will vary considerably 7. Establishment costs number of vines ordered exceeds depending on the variety, training Plants: certain levels. system, soils, water, rates, lant costs may vary depending Trellises: (costs will vary losses to pests and several other P on the nursery, quantity of depending on source and quantity) factors. However, the figures vines to be purchased, variety, The trellis should be designed to presented above are reasonable. grafted vs. non-grafted vines, support the vines and the crop, patent charges and or size of permit good light penetration Gallons of juice per ton of fruit: vines. Therefore, the prices listed throughout the and facilitate 130 to 150 gallons are not absolute, but should be ease of management of the sufficient to give you a good basis planting. A good trellis is expensive This figure will vary with the type of for planning purposes. to construct. However, a weak grape and with the individual trellis, while being less expensive winery. Expect muscadines to yield 1-year, #1 vines initially, may turn out to be much closer to the 130-gallon figure and American varieties more expensive if it fails during the other types of grapes to yield closer $0.95 to $1.50 each growing season or requires to the 150-gallon figure or higher. additional upkeep. French-American varieties Cost of materials for a single 6. Time until the first crop $1.35 to $1.90 each wire trellis, such as would be used ite preparation for a vineyard with the bilateral cordon system, S should begin at least six Seedless varieties has been estimated at $3,500 per months to a year in advance of $2.30 to $2.60 each acre (2001 prices). Labor costs planting. would be extra. Expect to receive the first Vitis vinifera varieties commercial crop of grapes four (grafted) years after planting. Under good $3.50 to $5.50 each conditions, it may be possible to reach this point in three years. Muscadines However, under less favorable $1.40 to $5.00 each conditions, it may take longer than four years. Full production in the Expect prices to be vineyard should be recognized substantially higher if your total about one year following the first order is less than 50 plants. Price commercial crop. discounts may be given as the

Item Specifications Unit Cost

end posts l0 ft. in length x 5 to 6 in. diameter $14.80 line posts , 8 ft. in length x 5 to 6 in. diameter 9.95 Steel, 8 ft. length 3.10 wire # 11 crimped, high-tensile with class III galvanized coating, 250 ft. roll 7.95 fence staples 1 inch, $0.69 per pound 0.03 anchors mobile home type 6.00 deadend wire tightener 2.40 splice repair wire (splice) 3.76 cross arms 4 ft. length for Geneva Double Curtain System 7.00

4 Example 1: Plant spacing 8 ft. inrow x 10 ft. between rows. Row length - 240 ft. (end post to end post) Training system - bilateral cordon (240 ft. inrow length x 180 ft. (18 rows 10 ft. apart) = 0.99 acre)

# items/row Item unit cost row cost acre cost 2 end posts $14.80 $29.60 $532.80 14 line posts (wood) 9.95 139.30 2507.40 (1/2 steel @$3.10, 1/2 wood@ $9.95) 9.95 91.35 1644.30 1 roll wire 7.95 7.95 143.10 2 anchors 6.00 12.00 216.00 2 deadends 2.40 4.80 86.40 14 Staples 0.03 0.42 7.56 $194.07 $3493.26 (Substituting steel line posts for 1/2 the wood line posts) 146.12 2630.16

Example 2: Vine spacing 8 ft. in row x 12 ft. between rows Row length 240 ft. (end post to end post) Training system - Geneva Double Curtain (240 ft. inrow length x 180 ft. (15 rows 12 ft. apart) = 0.99 acre)

# items/row item unit cost row cost acre cost 2 end posts $14.80 $29.60 $444.00 14 line posts (wood) 9.95 139.30 2089.50 (1/2 steel @$3.10, 1/2 wood@ $9.95) 9.95 91.35 1370.25 2 anchors 6.00 12.00 180.00 2 deadends 2.40 4.80 72.00 14 staples 0.03 0.42 6.30 16 4' crossarms 7.00 112.00 1680.00 3rolls wire 7.95 23.85 357.75 $48.13 $413.32 $6199.80 (Substituting steel line posts for 1/2 the wood line posts) 365.37 5480.55

While substituting steel line pushes against the trellis. Juice Processing in Arkansas, posts for wood may be a way to Indications are that wood posts of 1995, lists the cost of labor involved significantly lower trellis costs, the proper size set at the correct in installing a single wire bilateral switching entirely to steel posts is depth perform better. Finally, good, cordon trellis as $93.50 per acre not advisable. The primary function treated wood posts may outlast and $7.89 annual costs for of a line post is to hold trellis wires steel posts, thus giving the trellis a maintaining the trellis. The per-acre at set distances aboveground. Steel longer lifespan. For these reasons, cost of labor for installing a 3-wire posts will perform this task about as replacing more than one-half of the bilateral cordon trellis is listed as well as wood. However, line posts wood line posts with steel posts is being $108.50 with an annual must also resist lateral stresses on not recommended. maintenance cost of $9.90. These the trellis encountered when there The publication, Cost of figures need to be adjusted to is a curve in the trellis or when wind Producing Grapes for Wine and reflect current wage levels.

5 8. Costs/year (non-bearing) 10. Vineyard site selection lanting costs include site preparation, price of vines (see #7) and the (where to grow) P actual cost of planting the vines. If the trellis is not due to be or the commercial producer, constructed before or shortly after planting, the cost of a stake on which to F site selection is probably the train the developing trunk should be included in planting costs. most important of the thousands of During the period from when vines are set until the first crop year, the decisions that will have to be made following production practices need to be addressed: throughout the life of the vineyard. Ð Vines should be pruned back to a single shoot, which should Almost everything that happens in then be cut back to two before growth starts the year of planting. the vineyard will be at least training Ð Loosely tie one developing shoot to the stake or to the trellis to somewhat influenced by the site. promote the development of a straight trunk on the vine. Excess Accessibility is an important shoots should be clipped off or pinched back to promote the maximum consideration for the producer who growth in the remaining shoot. The straighter the trunk , the more wants to market on the farm. Is the productive and hardy the vine will be. In addition, vines with straight site close and convenient for the trunks are less apt to be hit by equipment than vines with trunks that customers? Is it visible? Are the bow out into the between- row area. roads leading to it paved and wide fertilization Ð Fertilize vines about one month following planting. In enough to permit safe passage? If subsequent years, vines should be fertilized in late winter. Depending you will be transporting your crop to on the amount of growth received, additional light fertilizer applications market, distance is still an important during early summer may be beneficial for nonbearing vines. Regular factor, as are road conditions. soil testing is a valuable tool for developing good fertilization practices. Several site characteristics Tissue analysis is another valuable tool for use in formulating optimum should be considered from a fertilizer rates. production standpoint. Elevated weed and grass control Ð Weeds and grasses compete more successfully areas (in comparison to the for water and nutrients than young vines. Therefore, it is advisable to immediate surroundings) tend to be maintain a clean area extending at least 2 to 3 feet out from the base less prone to and disease of the vine. With young vines, few herbicides are labeled or safe to pressures. The incidence of winter use. Be sure to refer to label recommendations for the proper injury to trunks and the chances for herbicides, rates and timing. Mechanical cultivation may be used. disease buildup may be less on However, take care to avoid damaging the trunks of vines or cultivating vines situated on a northeastern too deeply (in excess of 2 inches) and damaging the root system. slope than others. While grapevines String trimmers should never be used around vines as they can will grow and fruit well on very seriously damage trunks. steep land, such a site may be pest control Ð While most pests cause problems with the developing crop, dangerous to work. Considerable some pests can damage the vine itself. Japanese beetles can damage time will have to be spent with , resulting in reduced growth. Mildew can become a problem in equipment in the vineyard (removal nonbearing vines. Control may be based on prevention, as is the case of , fertilizer applications, with mildew, or eradication. Refer to pest control information available spraying, mowing and ). If at your county Extension office. the site is too steep to permit safe operation of equipment, it should be 9. Costs/year for bearing vines avoided. (excluding harvest costs) Grapevines grow and fruit best ommercial growers estimate annual production costs at about on soils with good internal and C $1500 per acre. Included in this figure are pruning, fertilizing, pest surface drainage characteristics. control (including weeds and grasses), canopy management practices The more area, both vertically and (such as cluster thinning, shoot positioning and removal), trellis repair laterally, that the roots can occupy, and mowing. Actual costs will vary from year to year and from grower to the more consistently productive grower. Some variation can be attributed to the type of grape and to the the vine will be. Do not plant in soils design of trellis used. These production expenses will not vary much offering less than 30 inches of among years in a bearing vineyard. rooting depth. Excessively wet soils, especially during the growing

6 season, will stress vines and lead to quality characteristics for wine may and/or nutrients found to be needed their decline or death. Unless actually decline. should be applied well before irrigation is to be used, drought- planting. prone soils should be avoided. 12. Timetable for vineyard Noxious weeds should be Highly fertile soils are not good development: controlled prior to planting. vineyard soils. The lush vine growth Preplant practices Herbicides that are not labeled for on such soils will provide excessive Much of the work in use in vineyards, but with no shade, which will result in poor fruit establishing a vineyard takes place persistent residues that would harm quality and reduced yields while prior to planting the vines. In young vines, may be used at this promoting high disease pressure. addition to deciding where to plant, time. In fields having a desirable can be added to soils what to plant and what market to sod cover, tillage or the use of an that are low to moderate in fertility pursue, several things can be done appropriate herbicide may be used to give the desired response. to prepare the site for planting and to prepare a vegetation-free strip in Information about soils and soil to promote good growth and which the vines will be planted. testing can be obtained at your survival of the vines. Where necessary, the vineyard county Extension office. Soil testing should be done at site may be seeded to a desirable least six to12 months prior to sod in advance of planting. The 11. Quality, quality, planting. Information and materials grass between rows will provide quality for soil testing may be obtained at support for equipment travel and ou have no doubt heard the your county Extension office. Lime serve as a deceleration and Y phrase, “Garbage in, garbage out,” in reference to computers. Well, the same is true for grapes and wines. You cannot make good wine out of poor- quality grapes. Enologists () claim that upwards of 90 percent of wine quality is made in the vineyard. It is the challenge for the to maintain the quality and the characteristics of the grapes throughout the process. Grape growers and winemakers are dependent on each other for their success. It is not reasonable to expect wineries to purchase fruit that is not at the correct stage of maturity or with high levels of damage due to diseases or insects. Likewise, wineries need to be realistic in their demands. It is a mistake to delay harvest until fruit reaches a () level that may be above what is normally attained for that variety. Unnecessary delays in harvest may result in heavy losses due to shatter ( drop, , insects and/or diseases) without any increase in fruit quality. In some situations, fruit

7 diffusion strip for runoff water, thus Post-plant (nonbearing) 13. Annual production lessening the threat of erosion. If the trellis was not constructed calendar: Order vines several months before or at the time the vines were pruning Ð later winter to early before planting time. To assure set, it should be built before the first spring receipt of certain varieties/ dormant pruning, unless vines have vineyard floor management Ð late rootstocks, it may be necessary to not made enough growth to be winter to early spring order a year or more in advance. trained to the trellis. fertilization Ð one month prior to the Early in the life of the vineyard, start of growth Planting your primary objective should be to pest control Ð dormant stage until The best time to plant new get the vines trained to the trellis. harvest, possibly with one or vines is in late winter to early Pruning should focus on trunk two postharvest sprays spring. In Tennessee, we development the first and possibly cluster thinning Ð as soon as fruit occasionally experience radical the second years. Once the trunk set is evident temperature changes in late fall to has been developed, canes or leaf removal Ð about four weeks early winter. New vines could be cordons can be selected. prior to anticipated harvest injured or killed if set prior to such Although the vineyard is not harvest Ð late July through an event. Also, it is difficult to get bearing fruit at this time, it is still September, depending on dormant vines from many nurseries necessary to protect it from certain varieties; October harvest for prior to this time. It is important to pests that can destroy enough leaf muscadines have vines planted before warm area to reduce vine growth. vineyard sanitation Ð after harvest weather begins. Plants that are set Grasses and weeds should also be remove dead vines, repair late may not survive and grow off controlled, as the competition for trellises, eliminate problem well the first summer, especially if water and nutrients can result in weeds. adequate rainfall is lacking. greatly diminished vine growth. Since the vines to be set will be Grape vines should be fertilized 14. Harvesting: relatively small, it is not necessary each year, including the year of hen to harvest will depend to dig a big hole to accommodate planting. Nonbearing vines should W on the use of the fruit. Table the root system. It is important, be fertilized before growth starts in grapes and juice grapes should be however, to dig a large enough hole spring. Weak vines might need a harvested when they are fully ripe. to allow the roots to be spread out. supplemental fertilizer application in Grapes to be used for jelly may be Having all the roots confined to a late spring to early summer. harvested prior to full ripeness to small area or severe root pruning lessen problems of crystals in the will weaken the plant and reduce jelly. survival rates. If the trellis has not been constructed at the time of planting, a stick, such as a tomato stake or tobacco stick, should be driven into the ground next to the base of the vine. When the new shoot(s) start to grow, they can be loosely secured to the stick to develop a straight trunk. New vines should be pruned before growth starts. Remove all shoots except one and prune it back to two buds. You need one for the trunk. The second bud is a back-up if the first bud should be injured or destroyed.

8 Grapes to be used for wines may grow slowly or may be infected 17. Equipment needs for a should be harvested when the with diseases that will compromise commercial vineyard: sugar level (degrees Brix), juice pH vine performance. In addition, the tractor Ð size will be dictated by the and total acidity reach the desired chances of getting the wrong type and size of air blast point for the type of wine to be varieties may be greater if ordering sprayer purchased. made. As grapes ripen, sugar levels from unknown nurseries. Nurseries trailer Ð for many jobs associated in the fruit will increase, total acidity that have been in business several with planting and caring for a of the juice will decrease and juice years and that have built good vineyard, a trailer that can be pH will increase. Crop sampling is reputations will stand behind their pulled behind the tractor will be essential to determine the optimum vines. virtually indispensable. time to harvest. Close contact with sprayer Ð an air blast sprayer is the winery as harvest approaches is 16. Expected returns: highly recommended by the essential. - no crop for the 1st and 2nd years time the vineyard starts to Grapes may be harvested by following planting produce a crop. Prior to that hand or mechanically. Mechanical - light crop the 3rd year time, the same sprayer may be harvesters are expensive and are, - first commercial crop the 4th year used for both therefore, not in widespread use - full crop the 5th and succeeding sprays and sprays for the vines, with small growers. Hand years if it is thoroughly cleaned harvesting involves cutting the Yields will depend on the type following herbicide applications. entire fruit cluster (except for and variety of grapes grown, weed sprayer Ð purchase a sprayer muscadine where individual the training system and trellis that can be accurately are harvested). The fruit is then put used, pruning levels and other calibrated and handle both in lugs for transportation to the cultural practices, such as liquid and wettable powder winery . fertilization and cluster thinning. herbicides. Ideally, grapes should be A yield of five tons per acre is a post hole auger Ð for planting vines harvested early in the day and reasonable average for all and for constructing the trellis, transported to the winery before the types of grapes except for V. an auger with a 6-inch and a “field heat” gets too high. Unless vinifera varieties. With these, 12-inch diameter bit is refrigeration is available, it is a limited experience would suggested. serious mistake to hold harvested suggest yields in the range of pruners Ð these will be needed at fruit for more than one day before 1500 pounds per acre or less. planting time to do necessary delivery to the winery, as it will root and top pruning. deteriorate seriously in quality.

15. Nurseries: rder grapevines from O reputable nurseries. It is not necessary to restrict orders to nurseries located in or near Tennessee. If the varieties to be ordered are those adapted to the state and if the nursery does its job well (including shipping the vines), vines from nurseries located in other parts of the country will be fine. Ordering “bargain” vines is a bad idea. Beginning a vineyard with less than the best quality plants available is false economy. Weak vines may have high mortality rates,

9 cultivation equipment Ð a plow, disk 19. A vineyard isn’t the success of the grape growers. and a harrow will be needed to forever: Wineries depend on growers for prepare the site for planting ith good cultural practices timely deliveries of good-quality fruit grass, unless the field already W and cooperation from of the needed type and variety. has a good sod cover. It may Mother Nature, a vineyard should Grape growers depend on the be possible to hire a local live and be productive for many wineries as a market for their crops farmer to prepare the site. years. Grape root borers can limit at a reasonable price. In mower Ð either a rotary mower or a the productive life of the planting if Tennessee, farm wineries cannot flail mower will do a good job allowed to go unchecked. Severe survive without a source of instate cutting grass. A flail cold temperatures during winter can fruit. Likewise, Tennessee growers mower can also be used to damage or kill aboveground parts of cannot survive without the instate chop prunings, because it the vine, especially in cold-sensitive market for their fruit that the chops them much finer than a grapes such as vinifera and wineries provide. Wineries cannot rotary mower. muscadine. Trunk damage due to be expected to purchase fruit in lugs Ð the number of lugs you need cold or mechanical injury can excess quantities, of poor quality or will depend on the number of weaken the vine and cause a loss of a variety that they cannot use or vines of a given variety or in productivity. To avoid decline due at an excessively high price. varieties that will need to be to trunk injury, developing multiple Likewise, growers should not be harvested at one time. One trunks and replacing trunks at set expected to supply fruit at low standard grape lug will hold intervals, or sooner if needed, will prices or to be penalized for the about 25 to 30 pounds of extend the productive life of the inability to attain unrealistic quality grapes. vine. parameters. Knowledge of the truck Ð a small truck is valuable for Even if the vineyard stays challenges that each group faces numerous chores around the healthy and productive, there may will help to make better farm. Depending on your need come a time when a shift in relationships for everyone. for a bigger truck, you may consumer demand necessitates choose to lease a truck at removing vines and setting new 21. Long-term relations harvest time to transport fruit to ones of different varieties. While with wineries: the winery . removing all or part of a productive on’t wait until just prior to vineyard is hard to accept, D harvest to start talking with You may choose to have maintaining varieties for which there wineries. Keep in touch with the additional equipment. However, this is no longer a good market is a poor wineries that you sell to throughout list contains the minimum number economic decision. Due to the the year. If you should experience of items needed in a commercial introduction of superior varieties, loss of a part of your crop due to vineyard operation. pest-resistant varieties or a loss of winter damage or frost or if it looks market, new plants are essential for like you will have a full crop, let the 18. Labor needs: growers wishing to stay in business. winery staff know so they can make ost operations in a vineyard Accurate records of problems in any necessary adjustments in their M require a lot of hand labor. a vineyard, yields and returns from long-range planning. Winery needs Pruning, thinning, cluster thinning, a vineyard are valuable in are dependent on sales. If the leaf removal and harvest are determining when vineyard winery anticipates an increase in generally done by hand in all except replacement should be considered. the need for a certain type or the larger vineyards. Due to the variety of grape or a change in short period of time during which a 20. Success depends on varieties needed, the sooner you crop should be picked, harvest is both the growers and the know about this, the more quickly one of the most intense times and wineries: you can make any changes in your requires more supplemental labor he success of the wine grape operation to respond to this need. than other vineyard operations. T grower depends on the Past performance will affect success of the wineries. The future sales. If you agree to sell fruit success of the wineries depends on to a winery, deliver quality, deliver the amount agreed upon and

10 deliver the fruit when it is ready and your goal, visit several wineries and Tennessee Extension resources: is needed by the winery. Wineries find out as much as possible about PB746, Recommended Tree Fruit, like to deal with dependable their needs and expectations. If Tree Nut and Small Fruit growers for delivering good fruit. possible, visit grape growers in your for Tennessee, available The more they know about your area. Contact your county at your county Extension office. vineyard and all the effort you put Extension office for any publications into it, the more apt they are to want and information they may have PB1475, Grape Growing in a long-term relationship with you as concerning grape production. Tennessee, by David W. a grower. Extension agents can provide Lockwood. This publication is valuable information concerning available at your county Extension 22. Other fruits for wine: soils and production. Join office. hile grapes constitute the associations that focus on grapes W main fruit used by and wines. In Tennessee, the Tennessee wineries, several others Tennessee Viticultural and Other sources: are used as well. Blackberries, Oenological Society (TVOS) is Miscellaneous Bulletin 111, raspberries, blueberries, apples and made up of persons interested in Cultural Practices for peaches are all used. These crops grapes and wines on all levels. The Commercial Vineyards, by T .D. can be grown in Tennessee and Tennessee Farm Winegrowers Jordan, R. M. Pool, T. J. Zabadal, may represent a way to diversify Association is made up of and J. P. Tomkins. your production activities to spread commercial growers and wineries. Order from: the risk of crop failure or to increase A lot of valuable information is Distribution Center your market appeal. Talk with presented and contacts can be 7 Research Park winery operators regarding their made via their meetings and the Cornell University need for fruits other than grapes. TVOS newsletter. Ithaca, NY 14850

23. Major pest problems: 25. References (the more Compendium of Grape Diseases. lthough good-quality grape you know, the better you Order from: A crops are being grown in all grow) The American parts of Tennessee, there are lot of information concerning Phytopathological Society several pests that can cause severe A grape production exists. 3340 Pilot Knob Rd. problems in either the fruit or the While it certainly isn’t possible to St. Paul, MN 55121 vines. Grape root borers can read everything that has ever been weaken vines and cause their written about grape production or The Mid-Atlantic Winegrape demise. Black rot is the most talk to everyone who has Grower’s Guide, by Tony K. Wolf important grape disease in the knowledge of this subject, it surely and E. Barclay Poling. eastern United States. is worth your time to learn as much Order from: Recommendations for control of about grape production and Publications Office these and other pests of grapes marketing as possible in advance of Department of Agricultural may be found in Extension PB1175, making a major commitment in time Communications Commercial Small Fruit Spray and money. Keep in mind that North Carolina State University Schedules. This publication is grapes are grown throughout the Campus Box 7603 updated annually and is available in many areas and that Raleigh, North Carolina without at your county growing conditions vary 27695- 7603 Extension office. considerably among these areas. Therefore, not all production Sunlight Into Wine, by Richard 24. Taking the first step: information is adaptable to all Smart and Mike Robinson. efore doing anything about areas. The following references Order from B starting your own vineyard, try may offer a good “starting point” to Australian Industrial Publishers to find out as much as you can acquaint yourself with some Pty Ltd. 2 Wilford Ave. about growing and marketing aspects of grape production. Underdale SA 5032 grapes. If producing is

11 PB1689-1M-12/01 E12-5115-00-005-02

The Agricultural Extension Service offers its programs to all eligible persons regardless of race, religion, color, national origin, sex, age, disability or veteran status and is an Equal Opportunity Employer. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AND HOME ECONOMICS The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and county governments cooperating in furtherance of Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Agricultural Extension Service, Charles L. Norman, Dean

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