Xylella Fastidiosa HOST: GRAPEVINE

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Xylella fastidiosa

HOST: GRAPEVINE

What is Xylella fastidiosa

and why is it so serious?

A dangerous bacterium threatening

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hundreds of species of plants in the UK It is spreading across southern Europe from its origins in the Americas Can be transported by sap-feeding insects such as spittlebugs Causes plant death by blocking water transporting vessels (xylem) Currently no cure

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Vitis vinifera

Deciduous climbing shrub

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Flaky bark

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Climbs by tendrils reaching 15–18m high Three- or five-lobed, coarsely toothed

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leaves, 7.5–15cm long and wide, with stalks half as long as the blade, hairy underneath and of variable colour Tiny greenish flowers Oval or globose fruit

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What is

Healthy Diseased

BRIGIT?

A collaborative project aimed at reducing the risk of a Xylella introduction into the UK and mitigating the risks in the event of an outbreak. Please turn over to find out more.

What to look out for

1
2

◆ Marginal leaf scorch

◆ Leaf chlorosis

◆ Premature loss of leaves

◆ Matchstick petioles ◆ Irregular cane maturation

(green islands in stems)
◆ Fruit drying and wilting

◆ Stunting of new shoots

◆ Death of plant in 1–5 years

Where is the plant from?

◆ Plants sourced from infected countries are at a much higher risk of carrying the disease-causing bacterium

Do not

panic!

How long

There are other reasons for disease symptoms to appear. Consider if the plant is under stress from:

have you had the plant?

◆ Root or stem damage ◆ Drought
◆ Imports from the last couple of
◆ Hot weather

◆ Sun exposure ◆ Frost years pose the highest risk
◆ Nutrient imbalance Look for a yellow margin between the healthy green and dead brown tissue

How to report Xylella fastidiosa

Collect together all available details including the host plant name, symptoms, origin, and import history and report your suspicions on

TreeAlert at: bit.ly/2I0rwfq

Please DO NOT send plant samples to the RHS. More information on BRIGIT and Xylella can be found at: bit.ly/2UZCV1E Information on the government’s response to Xylella and other pests and diseases can be found on the UK Plant Health Information Portal at: planthealthportal.defra.gov.uk

Recommended publications

Xylella Fastidiosa – What Do We Know and Are We Ready

Xylella fastidiosa: What do we know and are we ready? Suzanne McLoughlin, Vinehealth Australia. Xylella is a major threat due to its multiple hosts Suzanne McLoughlin, Vinehealth Australia’s (more than 350 plant species, many of which Technical Manager, analyses the grape and wine do not show symptoms), its multiple vectors community’s preparedness and knowledge about and its continued global spread. The pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, which is known to the industry causes clogging of plant xylem vessels, resulting as Pierce’s disease. This article first appeared in Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and in water stress-like symptoms to distal parts of Winemaker Magazine, June 2017. the grapevine, with vine death in 1-2 years post infection (Figure 44). The bacterium is primarily Introduction transmitted in the gut of sapsucking insects and Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative, rod-shaped the disease cannot occur without a vector. bacterium known to cause Pierce’s disease in viticulture. Xylella fastidiosa was the subject of an While Xylella fastidiosa is known as Pierce’s international symposium held in Brisbane in May disease in grapevines, it is known as many other 2017, organised by the Department of Agriculture names in other host plants. It is inherently difficult and Water Resources (DAWR). A broad range of to control and there are no known treatments to international experts shared their knowledge and cure diseased plants. experience on Xylella with Australian federal and Xylella fastidiosa has been reported on various state government biosecurity personnel, as well host crops, either symptomatic or asymptomatic, as a small number of invited industry participants.
So You Want to Grow Grapes in Tennessee

Agricultural Extension Service The University of Tennessee PB 1689 So You Want to Grow Grapes in Tennessee 1 conditions. American grapes are So You Want to Grow versatile. They may be used for fresh consumption (table grapes) or processed into wine, juice, jellies or Grapes in Tennessee some baked products. Seedless David W. Lockwood, Professor grapes are used mostly for fresh Plant Sciences and Landscape Systems consumption, with very little demand for them in wines. Yields of seedless varieties do not match ennessee has a long history of grape production. Most recently, those of seeded varieties. They are T passage of the Farm Winery Act in 1978 stimuated an upsurge of also more susceptible to certain interest in grape production. If you are considering growing grapes, the diseases than the seeded American following information may be useful to you. varieties. French-American hybrids are crosses between American bunch 1. Have you ever grown winery, the time you spend visiting and V. vinifera grapes. Their grapes before? others will be a good investment. primary use is for wine. uccessful grape production Vitis vinifera varieties are used S requires a substantial commit- 3. What to grow for wine. Winter injury and disease ment of time and money. It is a American problems seriously curtail their marriage of science and art, with a - seeded growth in Tennessee. good bit of labor thrown in. While - seedless Muscadines are used for fresh our knowledge of how to grow a French-American hybrid consumption, wine, juice and jelly. crop of grapes continues to expand, Vitis vinifera Vines and fruits are not very we always need to remember that muscadine susceptible to most insects and some crucial factors over which we Of the five main types of grapes diseases.
Citrus Blight and Other Diseases of Recalcitrant Etiology

P1: FRK August 1, 2000 18:44 Annual Reviews AR107-09 Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2000. 38:181–205 Copyright c 2000 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved CITRUS BLIGHT AND OTHER DISEASES OF RECALCITRANT ETIOLOGY KS Derrick and LW Timmer University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850-2299; e-mail: [email protected]fl.edu, [email protected]fl.edu Key Words citrus psorosis, citrus variegated chlorosis, lettuce big vein, peach tree short life, replant diseases ■ Abstract Several economically important diseases of unknown or recently de- termined cause are reviewed. Citrus blight (CB), first described over 100 years ago, was shown in 1984 to be transmitted by root-graft inoculations; the cause remains unknown and is controversial. Based on graft transmission, it is considered to be an infectious agent by some; others suggest that the cause of CB is abiotic. Citrus varie- gated chlorosis, although probably long present in Argentina, where it was considered to be a variant of CB, was identified as a specific disease and shown to be caused by a strain of Xylella fastidiosa after if reached epidemic levels in Brazil in 1987. Citrus psorosis, described in 1933 as the first virus disease of citrus, is perhaps one of the last to be characterized. In 1988, it was shown to be caused by a very unusual virus. The cause of lettuce big vein appears to be a viruslike agent that is transmitted by a soilborne fungus. Double-stranded RNAs were associated with the disease, suggesting it may be caused by an unidentified RNA virus.
Dual RNA Sequencing of Vitis Vinifera During Lasiodiplodia Theobromae Infection Unveils Host–Pathogen Interactions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Dual RNA Sequencing of Vitis vinifera during Lasiodiplodia theobromae Infection Unveils Host–Pathogen Interactions Micael F. M. Gonçalves 1 , Rui B. Nunes 1, Laurentijn Tilleman 2 , Yves Van de Peer 3,4,5 , Dieter Deforce 2, Filip Van Nieuwerburgh 2, Ana C. Esteves 6 and Artur Alves 1,* 1 Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; [email protected] (M.F.M.G.); [email protected] (R.B.N.) 2 Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; [email protected] (L.T.); [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (F.V.N.) 3 Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; [email protected] 4 Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium 5 Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa 6 Faculty of Dental Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada da Circunvalação, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-234-370-766 Received: 28 October 2019; Accepted: 29 November 2019; Published: 3 December 2019 Abstract: Lasiodiplodia theobromae is one of the most aggressive agents of the grapevine trunk disease Botryosphaeria dieback. Through a dual RNA-sequencing approach, this study aimed to give a broader perspective on the infection strategy deployed by L. theobromae, while understanding grapevine response. Approximately 0.05% and 90% of the reads were mapped to the genomes of L.
Pierce's Disease Research Symposium Proceedings

Pierce’s Disease Control Program Symposium Proceedings 2004 Pierce’s Disease Research Symposium December 7 – 10, 2004 Coronado Island Marriott Resort Coronado, California California Department of Food & Agriculture Proceedings of the 2004 Pierce’s Disease Research Symposium December 7 – 10, 2004 Coronado Island Marriott Resort Coronado, California Organized by: California Department of Food and Agriculture Proceedings Compiled by: M. Athar Tariq, Stacie Oswalt, Peggy Blincoe, Amadou Ba, Terrance Lorick, and Tom Esser Cover Design: Peggy Blincoe Printer: Copeland Printing, Sacramento, CA Funds for Printing Provided by: CDFA Pierce’s Disease and Glassy-winged Sharpshooter Board To order additional copies of this publication, please contact: Pierce’s Disease Control Program California Department of Food and Agriculture 2014 Capitol Avenue, Suite 109 Telephone: (916) 322-2804 Fax: (916) 322-3924 http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/pdcp E-mail: [email protected] NOTE: The progress reports in this publication have not been subject to independent scientific review. The California Department of Food and Agriculture makes no warranty, expressed or implied, and assumes no legal liability for the information in this publication. The publication of the Proceedings by CDFA does not constitute a recommendation or endorsement of products mentioned. TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1: Crop Biology and Disease Epidemiology Xylem Chemistry Mediation of Resistance to Pierce’s Disease Peter C. Andersen.......................................................................................................................................................................
The Muscadine Grape (Vitis Rotundifolia Michx)1 Peter C

HS763 The Muscadine Grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx)1 Peter C. Andersen, Ali Sarkhosh, Dustin Huff, and Jacque Breman2 Introduction from improved selections, and in fact, one that has been found in the Scuppernong River of North Carolina has The muscadine grape is native to the southeastern United been named ‘Scuppernong’. There are over 100 improved States and was the first native grape species to be cultivated cultivars of muscadine grapes that vary in size from 1/4 to in North America (Figure 1). The natural range of musca- 1 ½ inches in diameter and 4 to 15 grams in weight. Skin dine grapes extends from Delaware to central Florida and color ranges from light bronze to pink to purple to black. occurs in all states along the Gulf Coast to east Texas. It also Flesh is clear and translucent for all muscadine grape extends northward along the Mississippi River to Missouri. berries. Muscadine grapes will perform well throughout Florida, although performance is poor in calcareous soils or in soils with very poor drainage. Most scientists divide the Vitis ge- nus into two subgenera: Euvitis (the European, Vitis vinifera L. grapes and the American bunch grapes, Vitis labrusca L.) and the Muscadania grapes (muscadine grapes). There are three species within the Muscadania subgenera (Vitis munsoniana, Vitis popenoei and Vitis rotundifolia). Euvitis and Muscadania have somatic chromosome numbers of 38 and 40, respectively. Vines do best in deep, fertile soils, and they can often be found in adjacent riverbeds. Wild muscadine grapes are functionally dioecious due to incomplete stamen formation in female vines and incom- plete pistil formation in male vines.
Improved ELISA Detection of Xylella Fastidiosa in Woody Plant Tissue Using Sap Extracted by a Pressure Chamber J

Improved ELISA detection of Xylella fastidiosa in woody plant tissue using sap extracted by a pressure chamber J. M. French 1, J. J. Randall2, R. J. Heerema1, S. F. Hanson2,N. P. Goldberg1. Department of Extension Plant Sciences1,New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003; Department EPPWS2, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 Abstract Chitalpa No. ELISA Result % PCR Culture Grape No ELISA Result % PCR Culture PB 50 + 80 + + Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited, fastidious bacterium which causes scorch and dwarfing 1 + 8 + + diseases in many plant species. We recently reported X. fastidiosa in chitalpa, an ornamental 11 +/- 18 1 +/- 8 landscape tree. In evaluating chitalpa trees, we observed that some trees tested positive by PCR, 1 - 2 LV-2 11 - 84 but consistently tested negative or borderline using ELISA, which is preferred for ease of use and W1A 18 + 90 + - 2 + 16 + - cost effectiveness compared with PCR. This inconsistency may be due to significant within-plant 2 - 10 LV-3 11 - 84 and plant-to-plant variability in bacterial titer, thereby making detection using small amounts of tissue CB 17 + 24 + + 2 + 17 + - and ELISA more difficult. We evaluated the use of four extraction techniques, mortar and pestle, 3 +/- 4 1 +/- 8 - hammer, mini-bead beater, and pressure chamber, for their ability to extract X. fastidiosa from A 50 - 72 LV-4 9 - 75 chitalpa and grape, and compared the results from ELISA with those from PCR. For each extraction W2A 6 + 50 + + technique, except the pressure chamber, 0.3g of tissue was ground in 3 ml buffer.
Sustainable Viticulture: Effects of Soil Management in Vitis Vinifera

agronomy Article Sustainable Viticulture: Effects of Soil Management in Vitis vinifera Eleonora Cataldo 1, Linda Salvi 1 , Sofia Sbraci 1, Paolo Storchi 2 and Giovan Battista Mattii 1,* 1 Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; eleonora.cataldo@unifi.it (E.C.); linda.salvi@unifi.it (L.S.); sofia.sbraci@unifi.it (S.S.) 2 Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA-VE), 52100 Arezzo, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: giovanbattista.mattii@unifi.it; Tel.: 390-554-574-043 Received: 19 October 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract: Soil management in vineyards is of fundamental importance not only for the productivity and quality of grapes, both in biological and conventional management, but also for greater sustainability of the production. Conservative soil management techniques play an important role, compared to conventional tillage, in order to preserve biodiversity, to save soil fertility, and to keep vegetative-productive balance. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate long-term adaptation strategies to create a balance between the vine and the surrounding environment. This work sought to assess the effects of following different management practices on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon during 2017 and 2018 seasons: soil tillage (T), temporary cover cropping over all inter-rows (C), and mulching with plant residues every other row (M). The main physiological parameters of vines (leaf gas exchange, stem water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, and indirect chlorophyll content) as well as qualitative and quantitative grape parameters (technological and phenolic analyses) were measured.
First Report of Grapevine Dieback Caused by Lasiodiplodia Theobromae and Neoscytalidium Dimidiatum in Basrah, Southern Iraq

African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(95), pp. 16165-16171, 27 November, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB12.010 ISSN 1684–5315 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper First report of grapevine dieback caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Basrah, Southern Iraq Abdullah H. Al-Saadoon1, Mohanad K. M. Ameen1, Muhammed A. Hameed2* Adnan Al-Badran1 and Zulfiqar Ali3 1Department of Biology, College of Science, Basrah University, Iraq. 2Date Palm Research Centre, Basra University, Iraq. 3Departments of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan. Accepted 30 March, 2012 In Basrah, grapevines suffer from dieback. Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum were isolated from diseased grapevines, Vitis vinifera L. and identified based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The results of the pathogenicity test conducted under greenhouse conditions for L. theobromae and N. dimidiatum reveal that both species were the causal agents of grapevines diebacks in Basrah, Southern Iraq. A brief description is provided for the isolated species. Key words: grapevine, dieback, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), rDNA, Iraq. INTRODUCTION Grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. is the most widely planted fruit thern part of Haur Al-Hammar (at Qarmat Ali) to a new crop worldwide and is cultivated in all continents except canal, the “Al-Basrah Canal”, which runs parallel to Shatt Antarctica (Mullins et al., 1992). The area under planta- Al-Arab river into the Arabian Gulf (Bedair, 2006). Many tion in iraq is 240,000 hectares, and it has an annual environmental stress factors weaken plant hosts and production of 350,000 tons grape (FAO, 1996).
Chemical Composition of Red Wines Made from Hybrid Grape and Common Grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) Cultivars

444 Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, 2014, 63, 4, 444–453 Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, 2014, 63, 4, 444–453 doi: 10.3176/proc.2014.4.10 Available online at www.eap.ee/proceedings Chemical composition of red wines made from hybrid grape and common grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars Priit Pedastsaara*, Merike Vaherb, Kati Helmjab, Maria Kulpb, Mihkel Kaljurandb, Kadri Karpc, Ain Raald, Vaios Karathanose, and Tõnu Püssaa a Department of Food Hygiene, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 58A, 51014 Tartu, Estonia b Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia c Department of Horticulture, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia d Department of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia e Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Ave., Athens, Greece Received 21 June 2013, revised 8 May 2014, accepted 23 May 2014, available online 20 November 2014 Abstract. Since the formulation of the “French paradox”, red grape wines are generally considered to be health-promoting products rather than culpable alcoholic beverages. The total wine production, totalling an equivalent of 30 billion 750 mL bottles in 2009, only verifies the fact that global demand is increasing and that the polyphenols present in wines are accounting for a significant proportion of the daily antioxidant intake of the general population. Both statements justify the interest of new regions to be self-sufficient in the wine production. Novel cold tolerant hybrid grape varieties also make it possible to produce wines in regions where winter temperatures fall below – 30 °C and the yearly sum of active temperatures does not exceed 1750 °C.
In Vitro Clonal Propagation of Grapevine (Vitis Spp.)

In vitro clonal Propagation of grapevine (Vitis spp.) By Magdoleen Gamar Eldeen Osman B.Sc. Agriculture Science (Honours) Sudan University of Science and Technology Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science in Agric Supervisor :Prof.Abd El Gaffar Al Hag Said Co supervisor :Dr.Mustafa .M.El Balla Department of Horticulture Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum October 2oo4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication………………………………. Acknowledgment………………………….……… i Contents…………………………………………… ii Abstract……………………………………………. iv Arabic Abstract…………………………………… vi 1. Introduction ………………………………………. 1 2. Literature review………………………………… 3 2.1 Origin and distribution of grape (vitis sp)………. 3 2.2 Botany……………………………………………... 3 2.3 Soil and Location………………………………… 4 2.4 Yield and storage…………………………………. 4 2.5 Pests and diseases…………………………………. 2.6 World production………………………………… 2.7 Propagation methods…………………………… 7 2.7.1 Traditional propagation ………………………… 7 2.7.2 Propagation by tissue culture……………………. 8 2.7.2.1 The ex-plant……………………………………….. 9 2.7.2.2 Media composition ……………………………….. 11 2.7.2.2.1 Inorganic nutrients ……………………………… 11 2.7.2.2.2 Organic nutrien…………………………………… 13 2.7.2.2.2.1 Carbohydrates…………………………………… 14 2.7.2.2.2.2 Growth regulators………………………………… 15 3. Materials and methods…………………………… 19 3.1 Plant material……………………………………... 19 3.2 Sterilization……………………………………… 19 3.3 Preparation of ex-plants …………………………. 19 3.4 Basal nutrient medium…………………………… 20 3.5 Culture incubation……………………………….. 20 3.6 Experimentation………………………………….. 20 3.6.1 Effect of MS salts mix……………………………. 20 3.6.2 Effect of supplementary phosphate …………………….. 21 3.6.3 Effect of ex-plant……………………………. 21 3.6.4 Growth regulators………………………………… 21 3.6.4.1 Combined effect of kinetin annaphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on 21 different growth parameters…… 3.6.4.2 Induction of roots………………………………….
Use of Phytomonitoring to Evaluate the Irrigation Scheduling in Vineyards (Vitis Vinifera L.) of Itata Valley Chile

Horticulture International Journal Research Article Open Access Use of phytomonitoring to evaluate the irrigation scheduling in vineyards (vitis vinifera l.) of itata valley Chile Abstract Volume 4 Issue 5 - 2020 The phytomonitoring is a technology that provides information in real time of crop water status and allow to make a feedback between crop and grower to improve the irrigation Celerino Quezada, Ricardo Merino, control. The aim of this investigation was to asses the plant water status and your effect Alejandro Chandía, Marcos Cassanova on yield and quality parameter in a commercial vineyard under drip irrigation in an Ultic Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chile Palexeralf soil during the 2008-2009 growing season at Central Southern of the Ñuble Region, Itata Valley, Chile. The experimental design was split-plot with three treatments Correspondence: Celerino Quezada, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chile, Tel 56-42-2208927, of soil texture: clayey loam, sandy clay and clayey, and three sub-treatments of ‘Cabernet Email Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’ and ‘Syrah’ cultivars. Stomatal conductance, leaf-air temperature, cluster weight, berry diameter, berry weight, and soluble solids content were evaluated. The Received: June 25, 2020 | Published: September 07, 2020 results showed that the phytomonitoring is useful to evaluate the irrigation management in vineyards. Stomatal conductance and leaf-air temperature showed good performance as indicators of vine water status and grapevine quality. This study highlight the effect of soil texture on yield and wine quality in grapevines of semi-arid zones with drip irrigation. Keywords: stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, soil texture, yield components Introduction in terms of plant physiology and agronomy5 and has demostrated great potential for assessing vine water status.6 Different instruments measure various aspects of soil-water relations, but none direct assesses the portion available water to Water status parameters such midday stem water potential (Ψs), the vine.