BIRTH of SAINT PETERSBURG AGGLOMERATION UNDER the RULE of PETER the GREAT in 1703–1724 Sergey V

Home , Gdov, Governorate (Russia), Izborsk, Kalyazin, Kashin (town), Koporye

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 729 BIRTH OF SAINT PETERSBURG AGGLOMERATION UNDER THE RULE OF PETER THE GREAT IN 1703–1724 Sergey V. Sementsov1 Nadezhda A. Akulova2

Abstract. Relevance of this paper’s subject partly, newly conquered in 1702–1709). In is due to the necessity to elaborate a modern the 1703–1720s it went through three phases program of the development of Saint of the primary formation, and spatial Petersburg agglomeration in northwest development of the governorate and Russia for the following 15–20 years (up to agglomeration outpaced emergence and the 2030s) based on the historical and crystallization of their single center. Future genetical features of its origin and single center of the agglomeration and the development. The aim of the paper was to center of the governorate, Saint Petersburg, study the early stage of the uprising of the developed with a chronological gap with the initially urban (and subsequently territories development. Thus, in the case of metropolitan) Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg agglomeration, first of all agglomeration in the 1703–1720s on the territories, their nodes and routes were basis of the drastic functional alterations of formed by the administrative order, and only the rural resettlement scheme that had existed afterwards the center was formed which here over the centuries. The main approach to integrated them. This variant of the the problem was a comprehensive city- governorate, agglomeration and their center planning, functional and landscape analysis formation is unconventional for the history of based on the examination of historical agglomerations development. The data of the cartography and archival documents. article may be useful for both city-planning Principal study results include the findings historians and modern urban specialists. that a purposeful deliberate creation of the ‘’regular” metropolitan Saint Petersburg Keywords: Peter the Great, Saint Petersburg agglomeration on the orders of Peter the governorate, “ideal” Saint Petersburg and Great was conducted on the basis of the “ideal” Saint Petersburg agglomeration already existed rural resettlement scheme created on principles of regular planning and merging historically Russian territories and, development.

1 Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering 2 Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 730 implementation of the “regularity rules” so 1. Introduction typical of the “ideal” city-planning of the Identifying the particularities of the 18th century. foundation, formation and development of agglomerations in different regions of the 2. Methodological framework world is of the great historical, cultural and Investigation on the historical city-planning interest. Studying the development of urban agglomerations would mechanisms of the agglomerations’ birth and be impossible without involving a wide range growing-up and rising of their importance of sources. In this case, historical demands considerably refined studies. Such cartographic documents stored in several questions have been investigated by many Saint Petersburg collections, archival researchers in different scientific centers all documents, publications by historians over the world. Naturally, they interlink the specializing in different areas of the history problems of city-planning with the problems of culture, development of the state system, of human-made landscape formation and city-planning history. Comprehensive development in thesethe built-up areas parallel study of archival and historical and [1,2,3,4,5,6]. cartographic documents revealed trends and Amongsuch historical patterns of the spatial, city-planning, agglomerations of special interest are those functional and socio-cultural development of agglomerations whose history of birth and not only Saint Petersburg which had been development deviate from the traditional growing since 1703, but also its outskirts “rules”. One can mention here formings imultaneously in 1703–1725 within unconventionality of origin and further Saint Petersburg governorate and Saint development of the Russian metropolitan Petersburg agglomeration. Saint Petersburg agglomeration with Saint Petersburg as its historical and modern 3. Results center. Indeed, Saint Petersburgis one of the During the shortest, by historical few agglomerations with quite distinct time standards, period of time, from 1703 to 1724, frame of the birth and clearevidences of the almost simultaneously in East Baltic, circum- controllability of the development processes. Ladoga and circum-Neva regions within the Its creators, first of all Russian tsar Peter the boundaries of the newborn Saint Petersburg Great himself and his circle elaborated it governorate, a unique metropolitan Saint deliberately in the framework of Petersburg agglomeration was formed

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 731 intentionally and deliberately. It was regular predominance of purposefulness, and and “ideal” with regard to the principles of its “manual management” and conscious control spatial organization. Its central city was Saint over the processes of the spatial and city- Petersburg, a capital of the Russian state, and planning life. it included enormous area of thousands At the initial stage of the primary square kilometers, with scores of towns, crystallization of the capital, its governorate settlements and objects of different functions, and metropolitan agglomeration (starting united through a system of regular routes. from 1703) significant influence of the Creation and development of the city and spontaneity and randomness of the self- agglomeration were carried out through development, which are so typical of the reconstruction and transformation of the rural common conditions in which many provinces irregular settlement system that had existed and agglomerations are born, were still in this area up to the beginning of the 18th perceptible. However as early as by the mid- century. No other agglomeration of such type 1710s, owing to the efforts of Peter the Great was registered in the history of European and his administration, spontaneity of the city-planning till the middle of the 19th formation of the territories surrounded the century. city was replaced by the obvious regularity in

the spatial and functional development. Based on the numerous archival 3.1. The first stage of the territory materials from Russia, Sweden and other development. Forming Saint Petersburg countries it has been revealed that before the governorate as an initial stage of the territory 1700s (or, in other words, before these development territories were returned back toRussiaand Russian tsar (since 1721 – emperor) Saint Petersburg was founded) all the south Peter the Great was working on the coast of the Gulf of Finland was populated. development of Saint Petersburg for only 22 Over the centuries (at least in the 15th–17th years, from 1703 to 1724. During that time, centuries) a rather stable and compact rural on the huge circum-Neva territory not only settlement system existed here, with several one of the largest Russia capital city towns and fortresses, thousands of smaller appeared, but also its vast governorate and settlements, such as farmsteads of the agglomeration almost simultaneously began nobility, villages, hamlets, united through a to form. The whole history of their birth and complicated system of roads of the different development demonstrate significant significance, from state high roads to the

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 732 secondary roads, with a total length over the Moscow state [8], but in 1579–1580, thousand kilometres [7]. Sweden army invaded the territory, The history of the development of the heightened its military pressure during the territories on the Neva banks started in the Time of Troubles(the 1600s), and for a 5th–6th centuries, when Slavic tribes came century these lands became a periphery of here and occupied a huge area along the south Sweden under the name of Ingria (Swedish coast of the Baltic Sea up to Germany. Until Ingria) and Western Karelia (Swedish 1478 the lands on the south coast of the Gulf Karelia). This transfer to Sweden was of Finland and between Lake Ladoga and acknowledged by the Treaty of Stolbovo Lake Onega constituted a part of the (1617) (Fig. 1) [9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Novgorod republic. In 1478, they passed to

Figure 1.1580–1703. System of rural settlements on the territory of Swedish Ingria. (Reconstruction by S.V. Sementsov, E.V. Skogoreva, N.A. Akulova based on the topographic map of 1916)

Starting from 1702–1703, Russian waged on the territories under question. Up military operations against Sweden were to 1721 (up to the Treaty of Nystad between

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 733 Russia and Sweden), the lands were a Swedish town Nyen (founded in 1611) and gradually restituted to Russia. During the accompanying Nyenschantz fortress (built in Great Northern War Russia attempted to the 1630s). In 1704, Russian army appeared retrieve not only the territory of Ingria and in the territory to the east of Lake Peipus and Western Karelia, but also the Baltics, which the Narova (Narva) River, took by storm the in the 10th–13th centuries belonged to Russia cities of Narva in Estonia and Derpt (Dorpat) (according to the data of Russian chronicles) in Livonia. Thereby in 1702–1704, Ingria and later were seized by the Livonian Order was liberated from the Swedes. In the winter andformed Estonia and Livonia. This campaign of 1710, fortresses of Vyborg and territory was of special importance, taking Kexholm (in Finland) and Elbing (Elbląg), into account that here, on the route of Baltic Dünamünde, Pärnu (Perona), Revel (in Sea – the Neva River – Lake Ladoga – the Estonia and Livonia) were besieged and Volkhov River, the largest water trade routes taken. Thus, in 1710, the conquest of Finland, in Europe and Asia crossed and widely used Estonia and Livonia was finished. from the earliest times, namely, trade route In 1703–1710, simultaneously with from the Varangians to the Greeks and The these military operations, the territory of Great Volga River Route. These waterways Saint Petersburg governorate was formed. known from the 5th–6th centuries connected Initially, before 1702–1703, in the Northern Europe to both Southern Europe border zone of Russia and Sweden, a belt of (the Mediterranean) through the Dnieper and originally Russian lands formed. These lands the Black Sea, and Asia Minor, Western were characterized by a high fortification, Asia, India, China and the Far East through functional, industrial, cultural and ethnical the Volga and the Caspian Sea. unity. From the beginning of the Great The liberation of these lands by the Northern War (1700), the unifying processes Russian army and their transfer under became even more intense. Here, in the Russian jurisdiction took place in several borderline area, a single functional space stages. At first, in October 1702, the city- designed to solve the problems ofmilitary, fortress Noteburg, an ancient Russian town transport, construction and food supply of Oreshek, founded as early as 1323 by the defensive operations against advancing Novgorod prince Yuri Danilovich and Swedish troops, was being rapidly formed. situated at the Neva River source, was Thereby a system of different territorial- liberated. In May 1703, Russian forces functional objects developed, which occupied the estuary of the Neva River with combined gradually Russian and conquered

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 734 objects and ensured quartering of the troops; September 1710), Vyborg (since 13(24)3 maintaining a system of fortresses June 1710) with a new Russian Tronsund (“fortezzas” (fortresses), garrisons, fortress being constructed (since 1710– regimental settlements, etc.) in fighting trim; 1711), the fortresses of Riga (since July creation and development of manufactures of 1710), Dünamünde (since August 1710), different types (ferrous and non-ferrous Perona (since August 1710),Ösel island with metallurgy, ship-building, tanning industry, the Arenburg fortress (since September 1710) gunpowder and armor industry, linen and Dagö island (since September 1710) manufacturing, timber and stone were reinforced. At the same time, “smaller cutting,building goods production,fishing fortresses” were built in 1705–1707 near the and agriculture, etc.), accelerated former Nyenschantz, along the left bank of development of transport communications, the Neva, on the Spit of Vasilyevsky island, both by land and by water, reconstruction of on the islands along the coast of the Gulf of already existed cities, suburbs and villages Finland, in the estuaries of the Tosno river and construction of new ones. and Izhora river, on the banks of the For example, the system of Krasnenkaya river, Malaya river (later – the fortressesand settlements for the regiments Moyka river); artillery batteries and sconces and garrisons quartering included the Sankt- were also constructed in the delta of the Neva Peters-Burch fortress and its Crownwork river (since 1704). (since 1703), the Admiralty fortress(since In a similar way, creation of the 1704), sea port Kronshlot with the batteries Admiralty shipyard (since 1704) in front of and redoubts on the island of Kotlin (since the emerging city of Saint Petersburg 1704), ancient Koporye, Oreshek (Nöteborg), widened a system of shipbuilding facilities in Ivangorod fortresses (liberated by the this area. The shipbuilding system gradually Russian army in 1702–1704), Pskov, included a dockyards in the mouth of the Syas Novgorod, Ladoga, Izborsk, Porkhov, the river (in operation since 1702), Schlusselburg town of Yamburg – Yamgorod (liberated in dockyard (since 1702), Olonetsk (Lodeynoe 1704), newly conquered Sweden fortresses of Pole, Svir) dockyard on the Svir river (since Narva (since 1704), Kexholm(since 8(19) 1703), in Selitskiy Ryadok dockyard (since

3In Russia, the Julian calendar as a civil calendar dated either by the Gregorian calendar, or by the was replaced by the Gregorian calendar after the Julian calendar. Here and elsewhere in the paper, October Revolution on February 1(14), 1918. the double dating is given: the first date is by the Thus, all the events before this moment can be Julian calendar, the second is by the Gregorian calendar [Translator’s note].

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 735 1705), Novoladozsk dockyard (since Estonia and Livonia, that had become a part 1706(?)), Rytchard (later Kotlin) island of Russia again, were incorporated into Saint (since 1706(?)), on the Izhora river (since Petersburg governorate. 1710), Galernaya dockyard (since 1712), By the end of 1710, a single vast Patrikulyarnaya dockyard (since 1718), administrative industrial, socioeconomic and Okhta dockyards (since 1712), and others. cultural fortification territory had formed. It The war turning point in 1702–1703, ran from Northern Karelia with lake Roskolo when Russian army took on decisive action, in the north to Velikiye Luki, Toropets and led to the significant increase in territory and Rzhev in the south, from the coast of Gulf of administrative innovations. In 1703–1704 Riga in the west to Kargopol, Yaroslavl, annexation of Ingria resulted in creation and Romanov in the east. Later, by the decree of administrative formalization of the Izhora 29 May (10 June) 1719, Saint Petersburg lands under the rule of the prince A.D. governorate included more than 40 towns Menshikov. During this process, not only with their surroundings: Saint Petersburg Ingria itself, but Russian territories along the itself, Kronstadt, Schlusselburg, Koporye, former state border from Pskov and Yamburg, Vyborg, Kexholm, Nyslott, Narva, Ivangorod to Rzhev (Rzheva Volodimerova), Ivangorod, Derpt, Revel, Velikiye Luki, as well as newly conquered Derpt, Narva to Toropets, Novgorod, Staraya Russa, Pskov, the east of Lake Peipus and the Narova river, Porkhov, Ladoga, Gdov, Izborsk, Opochek, also were united. In 1706–1707 by the decree Ostrov, Rzheva Pustaya, Volok Lamsky, of Peter the Great,Veliky Novgorod, Staraya Tver, Torzhok, Staritsa, Rzheva Russa, Velikiye Luki, Toropets, Pskov, Volodimerova (Rzhev), Zubtsov, Yaroslavl, Gdov, Kholm, Yambugsky uyezd (district) Kineshma, Uglich, Kashin, Bezhetsky and Samerskaya volost (district) joined the Verkh, Poshekhonye, Romanov, Beloozero, already unified Ingrian governorate, to which Ustyuzhna-Zhelezopolskaya, Kargopol, they had been functionally related. Charonda. These territories of the same According to the provincial reform by the governorate, since 1719 divided into 13 decree of 18(29) December 1708, the whole provinces, existed up to 1725–1727. And the Russia was divided into 8 governorates. Saint whole governorate included at this moment a Petersburg governorate, successor of Ingrian huge area of 490 000 km2 (Fig. 2), which governorate, significantly expanded its surpasses an area of modern Germany boundaries and included 29 towns with their (357 021 km2), Denmark (43 094 km2), the surroundings. And since 1710, Finland,

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 736 Netherlands (41 526 km2) and Belgium (30 528 km2) put together. Figure 2. 1710–1725. Territory of “Saint Petersburg governorate” which included Russian lands to the east of the Russia-Sweden border (according to the Treaty of Stolbovo of 1617), newly-annexed territories of Ingria (1703–1704), Western Karelia (1703–1710), Finland (1710), Estonia (1704–1710) and Livonia (1704–1710) (Reconstruction by S.V. Sementsov, E.V. Skogoreva, N.A. Akulova)

All these territories of Saint development of different industries, Petersburg governorate even at that time maintaining and expansion of the road became a peculiar territorial-economic network, creation of transport hubs, etc. [14]. system targeted at successful ending of the Thus, initial defensive operations of Great North war and efficient development of the Russian army in 1700–1703 and, later, the territories themselves in the framework of military offensives of 1703–1710, led to the interrelated specialisations, including zones gradual enormous expansion of the of fortresses and fortifications, temporal and territories, united by the common military, constant regiment dislocations, zones of functional, transport, cultural, ethnic and spatial concentration of population, social tasks, which by 1711 were transformed

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 737 into a single administrative and territorial shipbuilding manufactures were established: system under the name of Saint Petersburg forged and cast wares production (anchors, governorate. Since 1710–1711 the cannons, nails, etc.), cables and sails governorate (still in the same area) it self and production; scores of new construction its constituent elements kept on developing, facilities were established, including these becoming stronger and improving producing bricks, tiles, glass, slack lime, significantly all the areas of human activity. construction products made of sawn Fortresses were reconstructed and limestone, etc. In addition, luxury goods strengthened and new fortresses of different manufactures were created, fore example, classes were built; historical towns and these producing laces, espaliers, mirrors, wall villages were reconstructed and new ones paper, furniture, etc. It is notable that by 1725 were founded; scores of new factories and the number of such factories and manufactures were created; numerous estates manufactures in the region had reached more appeared. Under significant improvement of than 250 [15]. the territories, a fast growth of the population Simultaneously, the sphere of food was observed, since thousands of people production was extended in order to produce were transferred here from central regions of food both the constant population of the Russia, first of all, from Moscow region, governorate and large groups of seasonal Vologda and Yaroslavl lands. population (military troops, Different industries and transport constructionbrigades and others), as well as services had been developed: existing fodder for horses, cattle, poultry, etc. factories and manufactures were extended and new ones were created; renovation works 3.2. Emergence of the future center of Saint were conducted; new roads were constructed; Petersburg governorate on its territory, navigation channels were built; towpaths, turned into the capital of Russian Empire in docking facilities, pierces and sluices were few years constructed. Open-cast minings for limestone Surprisingly enough, this fine and different ores extraction were created. territorial system, which rather quickly – in Wood cutting areas and scores of saw only 20 years – turned into a single productions were established in order to established governorate with several “belts” supply expanding networks of military and of spatial functional nodes, efficiently civil shipbuilding dockyards, as well as connected through a traffic network, housing and construction. Numerous

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 738 originally lacked its own center. What’s system), including two towns, Noteburg and more, at the initial stage, the governorate was Nyen. Of course, in 1703–1704, when future developed as an administrative unit without Saint Petersburg was emerging, there was no the governorate center. Practical and capital city at all. On a vast area of the administrative development of the territories circum-Ladoga and circum-Neva regions, a far outstripped the development of both system of fortresses, redoubts and ravelins, administrative and functional and territorial fortified points was being rapidly formed. center. It is very uncommon in the history of They were interconnected with many already urban planning. Usually, first a settlement as existent fortresses of the inner and outer a center of attraction emerges, then it turns circles, as well as with an emerging system of into a city, gains authority, and gradually a regiments, military units and garrisons governorate and/or agglomeration forms dislocations on the enormous territory from around it with a lag, which is a reflection of Yamburg and the Narova river to Kargopol its functional and areal significance, often and Beloozero. And since 1704 on the supported by the emergence of an territory of the Neva river delta, a powerful administrative-territorial zone (country, construction had started by the order of Peter governorate, district, etc.) subject to this the Great. Here shipbuilding industries were center. launched, Admiralty dockyard, with So how actually emerged and accompanying satellite industrial and developed Saint Petersburg, a future warehouse facilities, was established, which governorate center, agglomeration center and also formed a single system with other ultimately capital of the Russian Empire? dockyards and associated productions of the Initially the urban status of the settlements governorate (in these years, at least 7 emerging in the Neva river banks was not dockyards were in operation on the even supposed, awareness of the necessity to territory.). At the same time in the delta of the move to the next level and form ahigh-level Neva river, other industries were established: capital here came later as a result of many armory (since 1706), foundry (since 1711), steps taken often blindly, by trial and error. gunpowder production (since 1711), etc., Before Saint Petersburg was found, whose capacity increased capacity of the on these huge territories a rather dense net of already existing industrial centers in both smaller villages had already existed distant (peripheral) and central zones of the (typologically, it may be classified as a governorate. It resulted in the emergence and spontaneously formed spatial and terrain development of the spatial system of

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 739 industries of different assignmentin all the deliberate and consistent transformation: territories developed by the governorate, first, in 1706–1707, it became a city, in 1708– from the coast of the Gulf of Finland to lake 1709 – a governorate center, finally, in 1709 Onega, Yaroslavl and Moscow [16]. In a it became a de facto capital of Russian, similar way, since 1703, small though it is only in 1712 when functions of dockingfacilities had functioned, and since the capital were assigned to Saint Petersburg 1705–1706 emergence of new large docking officially (even still without confirmation by and transport infrastructure facilities had the tsar’s order). been observed [17, 18]. To sum up, Saint Petersburg, which At the same time, it should be noted had been developing since 1703, passed the that spatial nodes of growth and location of following stages of its growing ad such facilities were often ancient rural maturation: 1703 – foundation of fortification settlements well lived-in for previous facilities; 1704 – establishment of the first decades. And the role of such pre-Saint departmental multifunctional industries and Petersburg settlements in the future settlements; 1706–1707 – the first attempts to formation of the metropolitan Saint unify separate settlements and departmental Petersburg was crucial [19]. villages into a city; 1708–1709 – perception Note that the role of the rural of the nascent city as a governorate center settlements surrounding the city in the birth, (“capital of the governorate”); 1709–1712 – development and life of agglomerations is transfer of the Russian capital functions into not always taken into account [20]. But up to the city on the Neva river banks (“capital of 1709, it had been a rather dispersed proto- Russia”). urban structure with a purely functional Even the primary attempts to orientation. recognize the nascent city as a capital of the Administrative completion of Izhora state required to reject a spontaneously lands (later Ingrian governorate, and formed planning system and development of ultimately Saint Petersburg governorate) the proto-city and try to find its new required crystallization of the function of metropolitan look. It led to a repeated governorate control over these territories multistage reconstruction of the emerging since 1704–1705, as well as the city with a due account to the gradually transformation of the conglomerate of the realized requirements of its metropolitan settlements emerging in the Neva river delta nature. Since 1712, upon an initiative of Peter into a city with its surroundings, and the Great and military builder D. Trezzini,

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 740 principles of regularity had been applied, and maximum possible number of rectangles of since 1717, upon an initiative of Peter the a specified size were formed. These sectors Great and architect J.-B.A. Le Blond, the idea of a specific modular size should have been of ensemble formation, had been built up according to the unequivocal implemented (Fig. 3, 4) [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, indisputable rules stated in the tsar’s decrees 26]. Thus, instead of curved street and supported by the special projects. And all spontaneously laid at the first stage, straight of this was possible notwithstanding the streets of the normalized width were created; earlier formed blocks and spontaneous city- instead of spontaneously grown uneven- planning, which was subject to changes shaped blocks, rectangular blocks (or blocks according to new regularity rules. of other shapes, but regular-shaped) with the

Figure 3.1716–1717. “Grundriss der Festung Statt und Situation St:Petersburg”. Saint Petersburg. National Library of Russia, K 1-Pb 2/21. (A scheme of D. Trezzini’s projects on the Saint Petersburg planning based on the “regularity” principles)

Figure 4.1717 “General draft of Sankt-Peters-Burch” by J.-B.A. Le Blond. Saint Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, IX, 1, № 627. (Project of Saint Petersburg development created by J.-B.A. Le Blond based on the ensemble formation)

During the life of Peter the Great(till was replaced with a combination of January 1725), in order to ensure necessary “regularity” and ensemble formation in the city-planning and architectural qualities of city’s look, skyline and building; from 1721, the formed capital adequate to its when an idea of constructing not just a capital metropolitan status, the following big waves of the state, but a capital of the Russian of reconstruction operations were undertaken Empire was implemented, which required in the whole city: from 1712, when searching for new, more radical methods of spontaneous self-development was replaced ensuring metropolitan features of the urban by a regular system od city-planning; from environment. These staged qualitative 1716–1719, when a boring regular building reconstructions were accompanied and

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 742 provided by the system of the tsar’s decrees, rapidly into a multifunctional node, turning necessary for implementation by all officials from a system of rural settlements first into a and residents [27, 28]. proto-urban structure, then into a city with Almost at the same time similar surrounding settlements, then into a capital of reforms were carried out in many other the Russian state, and finally into a capital surrounding objects in the framework of their with even more distinct metropolitan transformation from spontaneously founded features, a capital of the Russian Empire. At and developed into cities, towns, villages, that the governorate itself had developed estates, harmonious from the point of view of rapidly before its center was created, and its the planning and perfectly shaped from the development served a basis and a stimulus for point of view of their look town, with a the emergence of both governorate center rectangular network of roads, highways and (now as a node of growth, core of the passages. Simultaneously, a corresponding subsequent crystallization) and particular reconstruction of the road network in the cores of the future agglomeration. governorate and agglomeration was carried 3.3. Initial stage of the metropolitan out, during which historically formed agglomeration emergence: generation of picturesque roads correlating to the features nodes (cores) around a nascent metropolitan of the landscape were straighten and acquired Saint Petersburg a regular shape with clear standardized Under political, social and cultural dimensions. perception of a nascent Saint Petersburg as Hence, 1712–1714 is a period when a Russian capital (even without any city- spontaneous rural and proto-urban planning or architectural manifestations of settlements transformed into a large Russian such functions), since 1710–1712, metropolitan city of Saint Petersburg, with a simultaneously with a territorial and well developed zonal system of satellite functional crystallization of the capital itself, settlements of different functions, a period on the most intensively used highways of the when principles of metropolitan nature of governorate, primary centres (zones, special changes established in the city-planning and territories) had strengthened. Later they architectural activities and public perception. became the nodes of the metropolitan Thus, in almost 10–20 years agglomeration. Surprisingly enough, even particular mono-functional objects created on these nodes formed on the basis of rural the vast area of the circum-Neva region and settlements and farms that had existed before scarcely related to each other, transformed

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 743 Saint Petersburg was founded. Among such increasingly clear specialization. Thus, even future largest “agglomeration nodes” one can from Moscow the following goods were distinguish the settlements and farms turned delivered: construction materials, arms, into an Emperor’s country site palace and gunpowder, decorating materials for garden residences: Strelina Myza (before buildings and other constructions. From 1703, since 1712 Strelna); Sarishof (before Karelia, especially from the area of the 1703, since 1710 Sarskaya Myza, then present-day Petrozavodsk, where big Tsarskoe Selo), and others; historical ironworks and metallurgical manufactures settlements turned into large fortification were launched in 1702, they delivered iron, nodes, for example, Kronstadt,the future sea anchors, nails, cannon-balls, etc. On the capital of the Baltic fleet, on Kotlin island; rivers of Tosno, Naziya and Mya (Moyka) settlements based on which large industrial limestone was quarried (in blocks it was used nodes formed (e.g., future Krasnoe Selo and in the construction or as slaked lime after numerous villages along the Izhora river), slaking), and logging was carried out. etc. [29]. Thereby several zones of future Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Pereslavl-Zalessky metropolitan agglomeration started to form: provided construction works with numerous an inner one (more than 300x150 km), brigades of workers, from bricklayers to middle one (up to 1200x1500 km), and outer dressers. From the faraway lands of Kazan a one (more than 1500 km) (Fig. 5, 6) [30].The fleet of float boards delivered ship timber by nodes of the agglomeration itself and zones water. The list goes on. of distant cities were characterized by an

Figure 5. 1710–1725. The largest multifunctional centers on the territory of Saint Petersburg agglomeration. The inner and middle zones of the future agglomeration (Reconstruction by S.V. Sementsov, E.V. Skogoreva, N.A. Akulova based on the topographic map of 1840)

Figure 6.1710–1725. The largest close centers of forming the future Saint Petersburg agglomeration. The inner zones of the agglomeration (Reconstruction by S.V. Sementsov, E.V. Skogoreva, N.A. Akulova based on the topographic map of 1916)

Chronologically, the waves of other part, demonstrate an impressive reconstruction activities in the city itself coordination in reconstruction processes. coincide with the waves of reconstruction of It can therefore be said that since these emerging nodes of future 1712, alongside with a nascent large regular agglomeration, also based on the principles (“ideal”) capital, an equally regular (“ideal”) of regularity (since 1712–1713) and agglomeration had formed, whose most ensemble formation (since 1717–1718). important nodes and elements formed on the Central city on the one part, and objects and basis of the regularity principle [31, 32, 33]. territories of future agglomeration, on the

4. Discussion governorate and proto-agglomeration Examination of the history of birth emerges, and only after this their and early development of Saint Petersburg administrative center is formed (in our case – and an agglomeration and governorate metropolitan city of Saint Petersburg), have surrounding it, has never been carried out not been found in the world history of city- before. Similar processes, when first a planning, particularly the cases, when both

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 746 the city and its agglomeration are formed important nodes’ transformation into primary deliberately according to the principles of unit-forming elements of a metropolitan “ideal” city-planning, as in the case of Saint Saint Petersburg agglomeration. Large-scale Petersburg, whose projects were created by reconstruction of Saint Petersburg and many request of tsar Peter the Great. towns and settlements surrounding it on the principles of regularity and ensemble 5. Conclusions formation, targeted at transformation of Saint As a result, chronological and Petersburg into an “ideal city”; qualitative analysis of the city-forming • 1722–1724. Birth of a full-fledged processes taken place or purposefully carried metropolitan Saint Petersburg agglomeration out in the 1700–1720s on the territory of (more than 3000x1500 km), which unified future Saint Petersburg governorate has structurally and spatially the core city of allowed distinguishing the following Saint Petersburg, a system of outer qualitative stages: (outbound) highways outspreading of it, and • 1703–1711. Formation of a single already generated nodes and zones on these administrative and economic territory of highways. The beginning of the Saint Petersburg governorate in its widest transformation of the forming agglomeration boundaries and gradual crystallization of into an “ideal agglomeration” on the Saint Petersburg as opposed to the principles of regularity (with straight and conglomerate of rural settlements up to the regular-shaped highways and rectangular stage of the governorate capital, with a planning of towns and villages). subsequent retention of the same area of the governorate in the following years; 6. Recommendations • 1712–1721. Crystallization of Saint The paper is of value for the Petersburg in the structure of the governorate researches in the history of city-planning, as and its public and political perception as a well as for modern urbanspecialists working capital of the Russian state. Retention of the on the issues of contemporary development spatial vastness of the Saint Petersburg of the largest cities and their agglomerations. governorate and the beginning of its most

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 9 - Nº 04 - Ano 2020 ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index 747 References Countryside’,J. Bolchover, J. Lin, Ch. Lang (eds.),Designing the Rural: A Isachenko G.A. Okno v Evropu: Istoriya Global Countryside in Flux.Hoboken, i landshafty ["Window to Europe": N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016, pp. History and landscapes]. Saint 14–19. Petersburg: Saint Petersburg State University Press, 1998. 476 pp. Tokunova G. ‘Transport infrastructure as a factor of spatial development of Kositskiy Ya.V. Arkhitekturno- agglomerations (Case study of Saint planirovochnoe razvitie gorodov Petersburg [Architectural and planning city agglomeration)’,U. Brannolte, P. Pribyl, development]. Moscow: "Arkhitektura- V. Silyanov (eds.), The Proceedings of S", 2005. 648 pp. reports presented at the 12th International Conference on Road Shvidkovskiy D.O. ‘Osnovanie Organization and Safety in Big Cities Peterburga’ [Saint Petersburg (St Petersburg, 28–30 September2016). foundation],A.I. Bondarenko (ed.), Elsevier, 2017, pp. 649–652. Arkhitektura v istorii russkoy kultury [Architecture in the history of Russian Sementsov S.V. ‘Territorialnoe razvitie culture], Is. 7: Sankt-Peterburg i Prinevya: preobrazovanie i stabilnost’ arkhitektura Rossii [Saint Petersburg and [Spatial development of the circum- Russian architecture].Moscow: Neva region: Transformation and KomKniga, 2007, pp. 8–24. stability],A.S. Mylnikov (ed.), Skandinavskie chteniya 1998 goda. Hehl R.‘Cultivating the Field in the Etnograficheskie i kulturno-istoricheskie Global Hinterland: Community Building aspekty [Scandinavian readings 1998: for Mass Housing in the Amazon Ethnographical, cultural and historical Region’, J. Bolchover, J. Lin, Ch. Lang aspects]. Saint Petersburg: MAE RAS, (eds.),Designing the Rural: A Global 1999, pp. 117–163. Countryside in Flux.Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016, pp. 34–41. Gnevushev A.M. Ocherki ekonomicheskoy i sotsialnoy zhizni Roskam C. ‘Inventing the Rural: A Brief selskago naseleniya Novgorodskoy History of Modern Architecture in the

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