HISTORY OF PRUSSIA BY HERBERT TUTTLE VOLUME 11. — (1740-174S.) ^^^^^ HISTOHY OF PRUSSIA UNDER FREDERIC THE GREAT 1740-1745 HERBERT TUTTLE PROFESSOR IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY 1888 Copyright, 1888, Bt HERBERT TUTOIiE. All rights reserved. Tht Riverside Press, Cambridge : Blectrotyped and Printed by H. 0. Houghton & Co. PEEFACE. The two volumes accompanying this preface are de- signed to be the second and third in a series, which began " some time since with the work entitled History of Prus- sia to the Accession of Frederic the Great." By them- selves they also form the first half of what it is hoped will be a complete account, descriptive and historical, of the reign of the third king of Prussia. A fourth volume, to be issued in the near future, will cover the period of the Seven Years' War, including the measures which were taken to heal the wounds left by that bloody struggle. The fifth will bring the story down to the death of Fred- eric. Such being the plan of the work, it will be neces- sary to refer to the earlier volume all readers who may desire a fuller knowledge of the antecedents of the great king, and of the inherited forces and problems of his reign, than can be given in the limits of a mere introduc- tion. But I have not the less aimed to make the nature and objects of Frederic's preliminary measures clear by a brief survey of the state of Prussia at the time of his ac- cession. After this account of their scope and connections the volumes might now be left to the general reader without any further explanation. But the critics and specialists would not be satisfied. The great name of Carlyle is as- sociated so commandingly with the reign of Frederic the Great that any other writer, who ventures to treat the same subject, is bound to make good in advance his claim VI PREFACE. to a hearing. I am certainly not wanting in respect for those who suspect, or even resent, any attempt by an in- ferior pen to write upon a theme which has been touched by the hand of the master. But my own faith was shaken when during a residence of several years in Berlin I dis- covered how inadequate was Carlyle's account, and prob- ably also his knowledge, of the working system of the Prussian government in the last century, — a system which it is absolutely necessary to understand if one de- sires to know as well why Frederic was able to accomplish what he did, as why his successors failed to accomplish what they undertook. A candid but indiscreet friend of Mr. Carlyle completed the disenchantment. Mr. Froude has shown that Carlyle was not called to the subject of Frederic by the imperative voice of duty, bidding him to erect a monument over one of the world's benefactors, but rather that, casting about for a topic on which to employ his professional pen, he fixed upon the third king of Prus- sia as the most available one which offered itself. This revelation destroys much of the romance which has hith- erto connected Frederic with Carlyle's general scheme of social philosophy, and compels his work to submit to the tests imposed on all ordinary, uninspired productions. Is it, with all its peculiar merits as a work of art, a true and adequate picture of the Prussia of Frederic the Sec- ond? The answer to this question I must leave to the judg- ment of readers who do me the honor to read my own ac- coimt of the same reign. But I may properly explain wherein the present work differs in plan and treatment from that of Carlyle's, and what sources I have been able to use that were either not open to him, or being open were not consulted. In regard to the first distinction it is enough to state PREFACE. Vll that I do not come forward as a biographer of Frederic. My task is rather to explain the part played by Frederic aad his reign in the process by which Prussia became what slie is to-day. That part was possibly determined more by the personal qualities of the king himself than by any other one influence, so that any history of his reign must be largely biographical in treatment. But there is still a distinction between the life of Frederic and the history of Prussia during his life. I have tried to give due atten- tion to those personal details which throw light upon the character of the and lend interest to king, the narrative ; but it is essentially the life of Prussia as a state, the de- velopment of polity, the growth of institutions, the prog- ress of society, which I have made it my object to de- scribe. In this work I have been aided by a vast literature which has grown up since the time of Carlyle. The au- " thor of the History of Friedrich II." studied most of the available material with care as of printed great ; and, one the few persons west of the Straits of Dover who have plowed their way through that dreary field, I can testify that Dryasdust is a real personage, fully deserving all the reproaches that have been poured upon his phenomenal dullness, yet deserving also perhaps more praise than he has usually received for the fidelity with which, according to his light, he arranged the records of his time for the use of future historians. But it does not appear that Mr. Carlyle, though he made two visits to Germany during the progress of his labors, undertook any researches in the Prussian archives. The principal works in which he found original, official material were the sumptuous edi- " tion of the CEuvres de Fr^d^ric le Grand," published under the auspices of the Berlin Academy of Sciences; " " Dr. Preuss' Friedrich der Grosse : and the first editions viil PREFACE. of Ranke's masterly contributions to Prussian history. From Austrian and Russian sources he had little or noth- from that laid claim t3 ing ; French, scarcely anything " His- official authority except the careless and inadequate " toire de la diplomatie fran^aise of Flassan. The Eng- lish material had been more liberally used, especially in these the various compilations by archdeacon Coxe, and the Carlyle himself supplemented by studies among papers of the British Museum and the Record Office. The subsequent publications which throw light upon the stand- reign of Frederic represent nearly every national the point, and almost every variety of literature. Among general histories at least two masterpieces must be named. " The elaborate Geschichte Maria Theresias," by Dr. von Arneth, director of the Austrian archives, not only de- rives a special value from the facilities which the author's official position gave him, and the faithful use which he made of them, but it is also written in a firm, clear, lumi- nous style, shows great independence of judgment, and rarely sins against good taste. His views are of course attacked Prussian critics sharply by ; and even Adolph Beer, who has examined the same material, dissents from some of his conclusions. But the work is by far the most complete and authentic account of Austria's great queen, and is in my judgment one of the best histories in the German language. The Prussian view of the relations between the courts of Berlin and Vienna from 1740 to 1756 is presented with great ability in the fifth part of " Droysen's Geschichte der preussischen Politik." The lamented death of the author two years ago left his work unfinished in the very portion which most needed his un- rivalled skill in solving obscure diplomatic problems, and tracing the lines of complex negotiations through masses of will bewildering correspondence ; yet nobody read PREFACE. ix Droysen for entertainment, or for judicial opinions. The style is harsh, abrupt, forbidding. The book is that of an advocate. But the laborious researches that he made, and the firm grasp of his material that he everywhere shows, give his work a value which is only lessened, not destroyed, by its violent and sometimes cynical partisan- ship. These two comprehensive treatises are supplemented by a niunber of historical monographs, which describe special periods, events, or persons with more detail. The " late professor Arnold Schaefer's Geschichte des sieben- " jahrigen Kriegs is now the standard history of the third war between Frederic and Maria Theresa ; and, notwith- standing slight errors which the critics have discovered, it may be followed with reasonable confidence. Dr. G. Griinhagen's "Geschichte des ersten schlesischen Krie- " I ges deserves even warmer recognition. The author had become favorably known by several studies from the ar- chives of Breslau before he published this learned, able, and candid it is that will feel work ; and to be hoped he encouraged to apply his admirable method to the history of the later struggles for his native province. The list contains many other books of more or less importance, only a few of which can be mentioned, and those by little " except the name. Count Vitzthum's Maurice de Saxe et Marie Josephe, dauphine de France," throws incident- ally some new light upon Frederic's Moravian campaign " " in 1742 ; Briickner's Katharina die Zweite is one of the few popular histories which may be consulted as an authority by the special inquirer; "Die erste Theilung " Polens by A. Beer is the most elaborate account, mainly from the Prussian standpoint, of a transaction which is not yet free from obscurity, and with it may be compared " " Ssolojof's Geschichte des Falles von Polen in the Ger- man translation of Sporer for the Russian version, and X PBEFACE.