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Chapter II Medical Science in Iran

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Chapter II Medical Science in Iran 2.1. Islamic Republic of Iran 2.2. Isfahan province 2.3. History of medical science in Iran 2.4. Education system in Iran 2.5. Higher education in Iran 2.6. Health care system in Iran Chapter 11 Medical Sciences in Iran 2.1. Islamic Republic of Iran Islamic Republic of Iran located in Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, is located between Iraq and Pakistan (shown in map 1). Area of Iran is 1,648,043 (sq km), [1] slightly larger than Alaska. Geographic features in Iran are rugged mountainous rim; high central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts. Population of Iran is 69,018,924 (July 2004). Density of population is 39.8 Per sq km. Average of age structure in Iran for 0-14 years is 28% (male 9,935,527; female 9,411,647) and for 15-64 years is 67.2% (male 23,608,621; female 22,744,128) and finally for 65 years and above: 4.8% (male 1,645,246; female 1,673,755). Median age in Iran is 23.5 years that for the male it is 23.3 years and female 23.7 years. The rate of population growth in Iran is 1.07%). Tehran is the capital of Iran. Administrative divisions in Iran comprise 28 provinces which include: Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e Gharbi, Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Pars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ham, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan, Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, 50 Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan (shown in map 2.1). Caspian Sea Tiirkey A \ ' / Tui'kamajiestan ___—— Aig hajiis tan Iraq Iran '__p^,^ Persian.^ Oman Sea %, Map 2.1. Location of Iran in Asia Major Cities in Iran are Meshad, Isfahan, Tabriz, Ahvaz, and Shiraz. Persian language is spoken by 58% of the people and it is also the national language. "Other languages are Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish \%, and others 2%. Regarding literacy in Iran; people in the age group of 15 years and above can read and write. Number of Internet hosts were 5,269 in 2003 and the number of Internet users are 4.3 million in this year" [2]. "The government of Iran is Islamic republic and got the independence in 1979. The present head of government and leader of the Islamic Revolution is Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-Khamenei" [3] and President of Iran is Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. TURKMENISTAN .N \y"'> Caspianisptun Q aOOkm Srfta •TatMTlz '-•'" 0 190 mi iMasul^ I Gombad-e Kavus • Maahhad Ali Sadr Tehran Caves m HBfnadon# o .V • Kashan IRAN Ersfahan IRAQ • ChoghaChogI , ZamO•lii • Yazd ^Karman KUWAIT SHTBz^p^rsepoHs Zahedani ^ P*f«a« Bushehr Bam Gulf Bandar-e SAUDI Bandar-« •Abbas ARABIA Maqam^ OMAN ©LooalyRanei Q^TAR Gulf of Oman Map 2.2. DifTerent cities of Iran 2.2. Isfahan province Covering an area of 105,937 square kilometers, Isfahan province is located in the central part of Iran. According to the latest divisions of the country, Isfahan province includes 17 townships which are: Isfahan, Ardestan, Borkhar and Maymeh, Khomeini-Shahr, Khansar, Semirom, Shahreza (Ghomsheh), Freidan, Freydoon-Shahr, Felavarjan, Golpayegan, Lenjan, Mobarake, Naein, Nadjafabad and Natanz. Map 3 shows different townships in this province. Isfahan, being the capital city of the province, is the most populated city of the province. The population of the province in 2002 was 4,316,767 with an area of 07,027 km of which 74.3% were urban dwellers and 25.7% were hving 52 in rural areas. Located in the central part of Iran plateau, Isfahan province, due to its vastness, consists of several mountainous and plain areas. These are: Ardestan mountainous area; north-east and east mountainous area with Natanz city located on its slope; western mountainous area encompassing Freidan and Freydoon-Shahr townships; and plain area which has come into existence from alluvium of Zayandeh Rood river and includes south-east parts of Isfahan. Freydun slnaria 7575884.9 mi Map 2.3. Different townships in Isfahan province Similar to the above-mentioned natural and topographical situation, the climate of the province is changeable as well. Although the province generally enjoys a dry and temperate climate, but it can be classified into three climatic regions depending on the distance from western mountainous area and desert (Kavir) plain in the east and south-east. These climatic regions are: arid, comprising of Naein, Biabanak and Anarak to the north of Ardestan; semi-arid consisting of Isfahan 53 Township; and semi-humid and cold encompassing west and southwest parts of the province. According to the reports of Meteorological Organization, maximum temperature of Isfahan is 40.6 °C, while the minimum temperature is 10.6 °C and the average annual temperature is 16.7 °C. The annual freezing days of the province are 76 days and the average annual precipitation is 116.9 mm. Photo 2.1. Siosehpol bridge (33 arches) "As a result of geographical conditions of Isfahan province, its eco- tourism attraction is less than that of other provinces like Gilan, Mazandaran and Azarbayjan. But certain parts of Isfahan enjoy valuable eco-tourism potentials both from local and national points of view. The largest river in the central plateau of Iran called Zayandeh Rood, passes through this province, and creates many impressive sights. There are recreational facilities both on Zayandeh Rood while flowing 54 through Isfahan and also near the large dam constructed across the river, 117 km. south of the city" [4]. Isfahan province got attraction by tourists due to its historical significance and architectural monuments belonging to Saljoughi and Safavid periods. Most of these historical monuments have international value reflecting their antiquity and historical ups and downs in this territory. Among these monuments, some of them are Ali-Qapoo edifice, Chehel-Sotoon palace, Siosehpol (33 arches) bridge, Khajoo bridge, Shahrestan bridge, Menar Jonban (shaking minaret). Imam (Naghsh-e-Jahan) square, etc. The other tourism potentials of the province are religious sites and buildings with their own antiquity, scattered throughout the province annually attracting so many pilgrims and tourists who have spiritual ties with them. Among them Jame' mosque. Imam Mosque, Sheik Lotfollah mosque, Chahar-Bagh school, and tens of Imamzadeh, shrines and tombs of luminaries can be pointed out. Isfahan province, since a very long time ago, had been the residence of different peoples including Aryans, Semitic, Turks, Armenians and Georgians who were under the influence of Iranian culture. Cultural interactions of these people resulted in widespread rituals and traditions throughout the province including various ceremonies, mourning, celebrations, music, and local dances. In addition, existing tribes and nomads in the region including Ghashghai, Bakhtiari, Boyirahmedi, and Semirom, have retained major parts of their own native culture and are hung up on them. 55 Isfahan Township is located 424 km. south of Tehran and is the capital city of the province; Isfahan is situated between two mountain ranges. In the west, mountainous area runs upto Chahar Mahall Province and in the east there are Ghahrood and Karkas mountains. In Sassanides time, Isfahan was residence of and governed by "Sporrans" or the members of seven noble Iranian families who had major royal positions. Moreover, in this period Isfahan was a military center with strong fortifications. Arabs occupied this city after final defeat of Iranians. After Islam, Isfahan was under domination of Arabs, like other cities of Iran, till the early 4th century AH and it was paid attention to only by Caliph Mansour. In the reign of Malekshah Saljoughi, Isfahan was again selected as capital and began another golden age. In this period, Isfahan was one of the most thriving and important cities of the world. Mongols conquered this city in 639 AH and they massacred the people. After the invasions of Mongols and Taymour, as the result of its suitable geographic situation, Isfahan flourished again especially in Safavid time and developed considerably. After selection of Isfahan as capital by Shah Abbas in the year 1000 AH. it reached to its pinnacle of briskness. Defeat of Safavid dynasty by Mahmood Afghan and conquest of Isfahan in a 6-month siege started a degeneration period for this city. In Afsharieh and Zandieh times it flourished again but during Ghajars reign, due to them choosing Tehran as capital, Isfahan began to decline once more. "Isfahan, regarding its historical and geographic conditions, was paid attention during Pahlavi time and some endeavors were made for repair and restoration of historical monuments. Moreover, Isfahan Township 56 and the province redeveloped and industrialized rapidly. During last two decades, Isfahan developed with a very high rate of acceleration from urban development point of view, with restoration of historical monuments. Isfahan was a hunting ground of royal family in Ghajar time and there are some vestiges belonging to this period" [5]. Researcher has studied seventeen health centers from the following townships: Ardestan Township is located 416 km. south of Tehran on the eastern outskirts of central mountains adjacent to Kavir (desert). There are isolated mountains, extensions of Karkas Mountains, to the south of the city. The climate is warm in the northern parts of the city and cold in mountainous area of the south. According to different narratives, Ardestan is an old city founded by Dastan Saam, father of Rostam. Ardeshir, the founder of Sassanides dynasty built a fire-temple there. It is also the birthplace of Anooshirvan. In early 4th century AH it was a fortified city with 5 gates covering an area of 1 square mile.
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  • Resources for the Study of Islamic Architecture Historical Section

    Resources for the Study of Islamic Architecture Historical Section

    RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION Prepared by: Sabri Jarrar András Riedlmayer Jeffrey B. Spurr © 1994 AGA KHAN PROGRAM FOR ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION BIBLIOGRAPHIC COMPONENT Historical Section, Bibliographic Component Reference Books BASIC REFERENCE TOOLS FOR THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE This list covers bibliographies, periodical indexes and other basic research tools; also included is a selection of monographs and surveys of architecture, with an emphasis on recent and well-illustrated works published after 1980. For an annotated guide to the most important such works published prior to that date, see Terry Allen, Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass., 1979 (available in photocopy from the Aga Khan Program at Harvard). For more comprehensive listings, see Creswell's Bibliography and its supplements, as well as the following subject bibliographies. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND PERIODICAL INDEXES Creswell, K. A. C. A Bibliography of the Architecture, Arts, and Crafts of Islam to 1st Jan. 1960 Cairo, 1961; reprt. 1978. /the largest and most comprehensive compilation of books and articles on all aspects of Islamic art and architecture (except numismatics- for titles on Islamic coins and medals see: L.A. Mayer, Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics and the periodical Numismatic Literature). Intelligently organized; incl. detailed annotations, e.g. listing buildings and objects illustrated in each of the works cited. Supplements: [1st]: 1961-1972 (Cairo, 1973); [2nd]: 1972-1980, with omissions from previous years (Cairo, 1984)./ Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography, ed. Terry Allen. Cambridge, Mass., 1979. /a selective and intelligently organized general overview of the literature to that date, with detailed and often critical annotations./ Index Islamicus 1665-1905, ed.