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Clausewitz-Gesellschaft E.V. Jahrbuch 2009 Clausewitz-Gesellschaft e.V. Jahrbuch 2009 Eine Zusammenfassung von Beiträgen aus der Arbeit der Gesellschaft 2009 Die Jahrbücher der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft e.V. Band 5 Jahrbuch 2009 Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Ein Titeldatensatz für diese Publikation ist bei der Deutschen Bibliothek erhältlich. Herausgeber und Copyright 2009 Clausewitz-Gesellschaft e.V., Hamburg Manteuffelstraße 20, D-22587 Hamburg Internet: www.clausewitz-gesellschaft.de Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenze des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft e.V. bzw. der Autoren unzulässig. Redaktion und Lektorat: Werner Baach, Wolfgang Fett, Clausewitz-Gesellschaft e.V. Layout und Satz: Sebastian Reichold, Zentrum Operative Information Umschlaggestaltung: Sebastian Reichold, Zentrum Operative Information Gesamtherstellung: Clausewitz-Gesellschaft e.V. Umschlagabbildung: Clausewitz-Gesellschaft e.V. Bilder: Bundeswehr (Informations- und Medienzentrale, Standortkommando Berlin), Clausewitz- Gesellschaft, ddp, defenceimagedatabase.mod.uk, Europäisches Parlament, NATO, Vereinte Nationen, wikimedia.commons, Stadt Payerne/CH, Zentrum elektronische Medien der Schweizer Armee Druck: Kommando Strategische Aufklärung Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (chlorfrei gebleicht). ISBN: 978-3-9810794-4-9 2 Inhalt Seite Editorial 6 Feierliches Gelöbnis der Bundeswehr am 20. Juli 2009 in Berlin Gelöbnisansprache der Kanzlerin der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dr. Angela Merkel 8 Kapitel I Die Nordatlantische Allianz in ihrem siebten, die Europäische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik auf dem Weg in ihr zweites Jahrzehnt Bericht über das gemeinsame Berliner Colloquium 2009 von Clausewitz-Gesellschaft und Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik Werner Baach Wolfgang Fett 13 Die NATO – Bündnis mit Zukunft oder quantité négligeable? Dr. h.c. Klaus Naumann 25 Zehn Jahre Europäische Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik Aufbruch in die 2. Dekade bei unterschiedlichen Vorstellungen und Interessen Dr. Klaus Olshausen 46 Kapitel II Zum Einsatz und zur Legitimation militärischer Gewalt im 21. Jahrhundert Zusammenfassender Bericht über die 43. Sicherheitspolitische Informationstagung der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft e.V. mit der Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr Werner Baach Wolfgang Fett 65 Von der Legitimation militärischer Einsätze Dr. Christoph Bertram 78 Krieg und Terror – Asymmetrischer Kampf von außen betrachtet Dr. Gerd Roellecke 90 3 „Märtyrer” - Waffengattung im "Heiligen Krieg" (Djihad) Berndt Georg Thamm 108 Generale vor Gericht Die Rechtsprechung des Internationalen Jugoslawientribunals zur indirekten Vorgesetztenverantwortlichkeit Doris Brehmeier-Metz 124 Kapitel III Beiträge zu Sicherheits- und Verteidigungspolitik der Schweiz Forum 2009 der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft in Luzern Bruno Lezzi 142 Die Sicherheits- und Militärpolitik der Schweiz Anton Thalmann 149 Herausforderungen der Schweizer Armee Eugen Hofmeister 156 Deutschland und die Schweiz Dr. Jürg Stüssi-Lauterburg 162 „Sicherheitspolitik“ Dr. Konrad Hummler 176 Kapitel IV Beiträge zu Politik und Militärphilosophie General Antoine Henri Jomini – Schweizer Militärstratege von Weltrang Dr. Johann Ulrich Schlegel 183 Was können wir aus Clausewitz und Jomini lernen? Dr. Jean-Jacques Langendorf 189 Erinnerung an einen fast vergessenen Schweizer Militärdenker und Strategen – Was hat uns Jomini heute zu sagen? Michael Arnold 197 Clausewitz, Jomini und die Kriegsgeschichte Matthias Kuster 203 4 Sunzi und Clausewitz im Vergleich Namil Al-Sabah 209 Kapitel V Beiträge aus der Arbeit der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft Die Rolle des Militärs in komplexen Friedensmissionen Dr. Nicole Schilling 220 Stolz ein Deutscher zu sein? Über die nationale Identität der Deutschen in Europa Dirk Reimers 242 Militär, Politik und Staat im Denken Ludwig Becks Dr. Klaus-Jürgen Müller 251 Die Rezeption deutschen Führungsdenkens im britischen Führungsverständnis unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von „Auftragstaktik“ und „Innerer Führung“ Dr. Dirk Freudenberg 268 China – ein neuer verantwortungsbewusster Akteur im Bereich der nuklearen Nichtverbreitung? Oliver Schmidt 288 Schwerpunkte der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft für das Jahr 2010 295 5 EdItorIal Mit dem Jahrbuch 2009 setzt die Clausewitz Gesellschaft e.V. ihr 2005 begon- nenes Projekt erfolgreich fort. In diesem Jahr haben unsere Themen der drei zentralen Veranstaltungen und die zusätzlichen Beiträge eine etwas andere Glie- derung ergeben. Denn die Mehrzahl zusätzlicher Beiträge lassen sich direkt oder komplementär den Hauptthemen dieser Veranstaltungen zuordnen. Wie im vergangenen Jahr haben wir die Gelöbnisrede, diesmal „...wie denn überhaupt von Bundeskanzlerin Dr. Angela Merkel, beim Gelöb- Tätigkeit das große nis der Rekruten des Wachbataillons vor dem Reichs- Geheimnis ist, die Theorie tag am 20. Juli als "besonderen Beitrag" vorangestellt. praktisch zu machen.“, Der Zusammenfassung unseres Berliner Colloquiums, das der Nordatlantischen Allianz auf ihrem Weg in ihr Strategie aus dem Jahre 1804 siebtes Jahrzehnt gewidmet war, und dem perspekti- Carl von Clausewitz vischen Beitrag zu ihrer Zukunft von General a.D. Dr. h.c. Klaus Naumann, haben wir einen Beitrag zu 10 Jahren ESVP zur Seite gestellt. Damit soll auch unterstrichen werden, dass die Nordatlantische Allianz und die Europäische Union nur sicherheitspolitisch relevant bleiben werden, wenn die Mitgliedstaaten endlich die strategische Part- nerschaft zulassen und gestalten, die sie seit Jahren mantrahaft nur im Munde führen. Unsere Tagung in Hamburg zum Thema „Legitimität militärischer Gewalt im 21. Jahrhundert“ hatte die politischen, völkerrechtlichen und ethisch-mora- lischen Grundlagen und Orientierungen erörtert. Dabei führte der Beitrag von Dr. Christoph Bertram als Einstieg in die schwierige Thematik zu anregenden Diskussionen. Eine Reihe unserer Mitglieder haben bei Vorträgen in unseren Regionalkreisen oder mit Veröffentlichungen diese Thematik aus unterschied- lichen Blickwinkeln behandelt. Wir haben diese unter dem Thema unserer Ta- gung mit aufgenommen. Die Beiträge von Dr. Roellecke und von Dr. Breh- meier-Metz zeigen aus rechtlicher Sicht Anforderungen, Grenzen und mögliche Konsequenzen auf, wenn die Anwendung militärischer Gewalt politisch ange- ordnet wird. Berndt Georg Thamm zeigt, dass heutige Selbstmordattentäter als Waffengattung Teil einer langen Geschichte religiöser Märtyrer sind. Das Forum 2009 in der Schweiz war nach Ort und Inhalt für alle Teilnehmer ein besonderes Ereignis, ein Höhepunkt im Jahr 2009. Die Deutlichkeit und kritisch konstruktive Beurteilung der heutigen Sicherheitspolitik der Schweiz und deren Auswirkungen auf Auftrag, Ausstattung und Budget der Schweizer 6 Armee haben mich als deutschen Zuhörer beeindruckt. Wir haben deshalb ei- nige Beiträge im Wortlaut aufgenommen, um sie allen Mitgliedern und Lesern zugänglich zu machen. Der Bedeutung der beiden strategischen Denker Jomini und Clausewitz für heutige Führungspersönlichkeiten war der zweite Teil des Forums gewidmet. Viele deutsche, aber auch schweizerische Teilnehmer haben das Werk und die Bedeutung Jominis erstmals vorgestellt bekommen. Immerhin hat das „Regel-Werk“ Jominis für die amerikanischen Streitkräfte von 1860 bis nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wichtige Grundlagen beeinflusst, ja geprägt. Auch diese Beiträge möchten wir möglichst breit weitergeben. Mit einer Reihe von Beiträgen berichten wir aus der Arbeit der Clausewitz- Gesellschaft. Einen besonderen Platz nimmt die Arbeit von Frau Dr. med. Schilling ein, die als Lehrgangsarbeit im Generalstabslehrgang 2007 mit der Clausewitz-Medaille ausgezeichnet worden ist. Ihre Ausführungen zeigen über- zeugend, dass unsere Soldaten für die dynamischen, komplexen, ja widersprüch- lichen Situationen in den Kriseneinsätzen vorbereitet werden müssen, um un- klare, unsichere, auch dramatisch wechselnde Gegebenheiten einordnen und physisch und psychisch aushalten zu können. Oliver Schmidt berichtet von einer „Summerschool in Oxford“. Seine Teilnahme hatte die Clausewitz-Gesellschaft mit einer Zuwendung unterstützt. Schließen möchte ich mit meinem persönlichen und sehr herzlichen Dank an Herrn Oberst a.D. Werner Baach. Erneut hat er mit großem persönlichen Ein- satz diesem vierten Jahrbuch Gestalt und Gesicht gegeben. In diesem Jahr hatte er von Oberst a.D. Wolfgang Fett, unserm neuen Vorstandsmitglied für Pres- se- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, wirksame Unterstützung erhalten. Beide haben mit ihrem koordinierten Einsatz ein inhaltsreiches und ansprechendes Jahrbuch vorgelegt. Mein Dank und der Dank der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft geht an alle Autoren für ihre fundierten und interessanten Beiträge, die sie uns kostenlos zur Verfügung gestellt haben. Das Zentrum Operative Information und das Kom- mando Strategische Aufklärung haben maßgeblichen Anteil, dass wir das Jahr- buch 2009 im I. Quartal 2010 und im Rahmen unseres Budgets fertig stellen konnten. Ich danke den Kommandeuren, Oberst Wolfgang Richter und Oberst Thomas Berghoff, sowie ihren Mitarbeitern sehr herzlich für ihren engagierten Einsatz in einer Zeit, in der beide Dienststellen selbst vielfältige Aufgaben zu gestalten und Veränderungen zu organisieren hatten. Dr. Klaus Olshausen Präsident der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft 7 Feierliches Gelöbnis der Bundeswehr am 20. Juli 2009 in Berlin Gelöbnisansprache der Kanzlerin der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Dr. Angela Merkel Sehr geehrter Herr Minister, sehr geehrte, liebe Soldatinnen und Soldaten, liebe Rekruten,
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