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Appendix I: Interdoc Conferences Appendix I: Interdoc Conferences 250 Appendix II: Interdoc Publications 253 Appendix III: Interdoc Contacts in Eastern Europe 261 Notes Introduction: The Communist Challenge 1. Rolf Geyer, ‘Conclusions’, in Communist Reassessment of Capitalism, Its Resultant Strategy and the Western Response (The Hague: Interdoc, 1968), p. 68. 2. George F. Kennan, Memoirs 1925–1950 (Boston: Bantam, 1969), p. 588; Reagan’s 8 March 1983 speech to the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida, is his first recorded use of the phrase ‘evil empire’. 3. Melvyn P. Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War (New York: Hill & Wang, 2007), p. 8. 4. Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 4. 5. Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), p. 6. 6. Philip Taylor, Munitions of the Mind: A History of Propaganda from the Ancient World to the Present Day (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), p. 250. 7. Nigel Gould-Davis, ‘The Logic of Soviet Cultural Diplomacy’, Diplomatic History, 27 (April 2003), p. 195. 8. Wyn Rees and Richard J. Aldrich, ‘European and US Approaches to Counterterrorism: Two Contrasting Cultures?’ in Ronald Tiersky and Erik Jones (eds), Europe Today: A Twenty-First Century Introduction (Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007) pp. 441–442. 9. See Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008). 10. Richard J. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelli- gence (London: John Murray, 2001), p. 5. 11. Stella Rimington (Director General of MI5 1992–1996), quoted in Aldrich, Hidden Hand,p.9. 12. See H. Bradford Westerfield, ‘America and the World of Intelligence Liaison’, Intel- ligence and National Security 11 (1996), pp. 523–560; Chris Clough, ‘Quid Pro Quo: The Challenges of International Strategic Intelligence Cooperation’, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 17 (2004), pp. 601–613; Jennifer E. Syms, ‘Foreign Intelligence Liaison: Devils, Deals, and Details’, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 19 (2006), pp. 195–217. 13. Wesley Wark, ‘The Origins of Intelligence Cooperation between the United States and West Germany’, in Detlef Junker (ed.), The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1968, Vol. 1 (Washington, DC: German Historical Institute, 2004), p. 248. 14. See Giles Scott-Smith, ‘Not a NATO Responsibility? Psychological Warfare, the Berlin Crisis, and the formation of Interdoc’, in A. Locher and C. Nuenlist (eds), Challenges Beyond Deterrence: NATO in the 1960s (London: Routledge, 2006), pp. 31–49; Linda Risso, ‘ “Enlightening Public Opinion”: A Study of NATO’s Infor- mation Policies between 1949 and 1959 based on Recently Declassified Docu- ments’, Cold War History 7 (February 2007), pp. 45–74; Valérie Aubourg, ‘Creating the Texture of the Atlantic Community: The NATO Information Service, Private 264 Notes 265 Atlantic Networks and the Atlantic Community in the 1950s’, in V. Aubourg et al. (eds), European Community, Atlantic Community? (Paris: Soleb, 2008), pp. 390–415. 15. Sean McMeekin, The Red Millionaire: A Political Biography of Willi Münzenberg (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003); Martin Ceadel, ‘The First Communist “Peace Society”: The British Anti-War Movement 1932–1935’, Twentieth Century British History 1 (1990), pp. 58–86. 16. ‘Report by the National Security Council on Coordination of Foreign Information Measures’, NSC 4, 17 December 1947, Document 252 in C. Thomas Thorne Jr. and David S. Patterson (eds), Foreign Relations of the United States 1945–1952: Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1996), pp. 640–641. 17. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (London: Allen Lane, 1999), p. 361. 18. Marshall Shulman, Stalin’s Foreign Policy Reappraised (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), pp. 80–103. 19. Zubok, A Failed Empire, p. 102. 20. See Rolf Steininger, The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Prob- lem of Reunification (New York: Columbia University, 1990); Klaus Larres and Ken Osgood (eds), The Cold War after Stalin’s Death: A Missed Opportunity for Peace? (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006). 21. Quote taken from a report submitted by Soviet atomic scientists to the Politburo in March 1954. See Wilfried Loth, Overcoming the Cold War: A History of Détente 1950–1991 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 34. 22. Robert Tucker, The Soviet Political Mind: Studies in Stalinism and Post-Stalin Change (London: Pall Mall Press, 1963), pp. 180–222. 23. Khrushchev, ‘Peaceful Coexistence’, Foreign Affairs (October 1959), pp.126–128. 24. Ken Osgood, Total Cold War: Eisenhower’s Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad (Laurence, KA: University Press of Kansas, 2006), p. 24; Ken Osgood, ‘The Perils of Coexistence: Peace and Propaganda in Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy’, in Larres and Osgood (eds), The Cold War after Stalin’s Death, pp. 40, 41–42; see also Blanche Wiesen Cook, The Declassified Eisenhower (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981), pp. 149–183. 25. Evron Kirkpatrick (ed.), Year of Crisis: Communist Propaganda Activities in 1956 (New York: Macmillan, 1957), p. 7. This book was prepared with material from USIA’s Office of Research and Information. 26. See ‘Statement of Policy on East-West Exchanges’, NSC-5607, Foreign Relations of the United States 1955–57, Vol. XXIV: Soviet Union; Eastern Mediterranean, pp. 243–246. 27. Sir Humphrey Trevelyan (Foreign Office) to M.A.M. Robb (British Embassy, Washington, DC), 19 February 1962, FO 1110/1489, Papers of the Informa- tion Research Department, National Archives, London (hereafter IRD NAL); ‘The Answer to Peaceful Co-Existence’, n.d. [1962], FO 1110/1489, IRD NAL; Christopher Mayhew, Coexistence-Plus: A Positive Approach to World Peace (London: Bodley Head, 1962). See also Lynn Smith, ‘Covert British Propaganda: The Information Research Department, 1947–77’, Millennium 9/1 (1980), pp. 67–83. 28. M.A.M. Robb to Sir Humphrey Trevelyan, 1 March 1962, FO 1110/1489, IRD NAL. 29. Sir Humphrey Trevelyan (Foreign Office) to M.A.M. Robb (British Embassy, Washington, DC), 19 February 1962, FO 1110/1489, IRD NAL. 30. M.A.M. Robb to Sir Humphrey Trevelyan, 1 March 1962, FO 1110/1489, IRD NAL. 266 Notes 31. National Security Action Memorandum No. 61, ‘An Effective Counter Theme to “Peaceful Coexistence” ’, 14 July 1961, National Security Action Memoranda, Meetings and Memoranda Series, National Security Files, John F. Kennedy Presi- dential Library, Boston, MA. 32. Lucius Battle, oral history interview, 23 June 1971, Oral History Collection, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library. 33. Von Dellingshausen (Ministerium für Gesamtdeutsche Fragen), “Geistig- Politische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Kommunismus in Deutschland,” 15 October 1957, File B 137, Collection 16429, National Archives, Koblenz (hereafter NAK). 34. Uwe Holl, interview with the author, Cologne, 18 December 2005. 35. “Maar bovenal was internationale samenwerking noodzakelijk om te komen tot een uitwisseling van gegevens over een wereldomvattende beweging, die vanuit enkele centrale punten (Moskou en later Peking) gedirigeerd wordt.” Louis Einthoven, Tegen de Stroom In (Apeldoorn: Semper Agindo, 1974), p. 200. 36. Details of Geyer’s biography from Michel Garder, Rolf Geyer et al., Einstellung zum Krieg in West und Ost (Kopernicus Verlag: München, 1980), p. 144; Gunhild Bohm- Geyer, interview with the author, Würthsee, 4 July 2008 and correspondence thereafter. 37. Rio Praaning et al. in Strijdbaar Toen en Nu: Vriendenbundel bij de 80ste verjaardag van Kees van den Heuvel; Pieter Koerts, interviews with the author, Amsterdam, 2 June 2004, and Leiden, 24 June 2009. 38. On the Albrecht Group see C.M. Schulten, ‘En verpletterd werd het juk’: Verzet in Nederland 1940–1945 (The Hague: Sdu, 1995); J.W.M. Linssen, ‘De Albrechtgroep: een fenomeen ontleed’, in P. Koedijk et al. (eds), Verspreiders voor het Vaderland (The Hague: Sdu, 1996), pp. 37–84; Anon., Albrecht meldt zich (Wageningen: Zomer en Keunings, 1946). 39. Rens Broekhuis, Chris Vos et al., De Geheime Dienst: Verhalen over de BVD (Amsterdam: Boom, 2005), pp. 13, 34–35. As former BVD officer Frits Hoekstra put it, the World War II experience defined the outlook of both the Christians and the communists: ‘they were each other’s mirror image’ (“zij waren elkaars spiegel- beeld”). Herman Veenhof, ‘Hoofdrol orthodoxe christenen in BVD’, available online at http://intel.web-log.nl/intel/2006/07/hoofdrol_orthod.html (accessed 22 June 2011). 40. Anthony Dake, interview with the author, The Hague, 27 July 2011. 41. C.C. van den Heuvel, interview with the author, The Hague, 6 August 2002. 42. C.C. van den Heuvel, ‘De Psychologische Oorlogvoering van het Communisme in het Kader van de Koude Oorlog’, n.d. [1954–1955], Inzagedossier: Psychologische Oorlogvoering, Freedom of Information request (Wet Openbaar Bestuur) to Ministry of Justice / AIVD, 12 December 2005. 43. On Van den Heuvel’s “dirty tricks” campaign against the Dutch Commu- nist Party see Dick Engelen, Geschiedenis van de Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (The Hague: Sdu, 1995), pp. 222–224. A similar campaign was success- fully waged against the Danish Communist Party: see Peer Henrik Hansen, ‘Upstairs and Downstairs:
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