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C:CNTENT5 r!CL. X~~ . rue. 3

June 1984

News stories Begin on page Chronology. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Articles. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13 Report from Nouristan...... 23 Organizations...... 24 Recent Publications...... 25 Consumer Notes...... 26 Book Reviews. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 7 Kabul Chronology. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 2 Labor Law of the DRA. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38

Jlr[;~J1Nl5TJ1N rC~Uill, lNL. 20~ E.Q5T ?~5T 5T~EET.. 2~ NErr! l.IC"~· Nl.f j.002~ Line Drawings from the 1982 Afghanistan Calendar The Chicago Afghanistan Relief Committee

ABBREVIATIONS USED PT - Pakistan Times CSM - Christian Science Monitor KNT - Kabul New Times NYT - New York Times FEER - Far Eastern Economic Review AWSJ - Asian Wall Street Journal WSJ - Wall Street Journal AICMB - Afghanistan Information Ctr. Monthly Bulletin PDPA- People's Democratic Party of Afghan~stan CC - Central Committee -NFF - National Fatherland Front NWFP - North West Frontier Province DYOA - Democratic Youth Organization of Afghanistan ORA - Democratic Republic of Afghanistan WDOA ~Women's Democratic Organization of Afghanistan RTV - Refugee Tent Village

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$10.00 per year (US & Canada) $12.00 per year (foreign) $15.00 per year (institutions) .· - --- .With physical en:e.rgy and mental JSt.rength, . to· j a new life. ' l 11 From the editor: Two extras accompany this issue of the FORUM: 1) a Forum Paper,* "The Central Asia Analogy and the Soviet Union's War in Afghanistan," by Mark Storella, and 2) a list of back issues of the Afghani­ stan Council & Afghanistan Forum News­ letters which will be orderable until October 1, 1984. Should you - or your library - want a complete set or need to fill gaps in your collection, now is the time. We shall not process orders until October 1 so that we can do them SPORTS: from the KNT 2/lll all at once, but don't let that keep you from getting your orders in early. from the NYT 5/20 ~ The deadline for the October issue is September 1. We would like to hear about Fall activi­ ties, publications, etc., as we like to be able to say "will be" in ar­ ticles instead of "was." A great "was," how­ ever, was a concert on 5/20 by Wali Taranasaz (harmonium --& VC?ice i ~ - C~et_ram .. -- Sahni (tabla), Moh'd Quraishi Roya (rehab) and Nairn (dhamboura & voice) at the Alternative Museum in New York City. These former Radio Afghanistan musicians played Afghan folk & popular songs for an Another new masthead for the Kabul appreciative Afghan & kmerican New Times audience (some of whom had paid the $9 The KNT changes its makeup oftener than ticket price) who responded with this publication! Its new masthead, rhythmic hand-clapping & enthusiastic applause. greatly reduced, appears below: *To librarians: Forum Papers replace Afghanistan Occasional & Special Papers. If you are numerically minded, Mr. Storella's paper is #25 (Occasional) ll~8IJL or #5 (Special) in the old papers series. The next Forum Paper will be 11 26. NEW TIMES From THE OREGONIAN 3/21

Afghan ·New Year . TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY •••••••••• · . Debra Denker is a writer, photographer 8Ild filmmaker Those calling for a Soviet _B_D_E_B_R_A_D_E_N_K_S::_R_ currently working 011 a video documentary 011 the Afghan pullout from Afghanistan Y '- . . refugees that .is being sponsored by Portland's MUSIC-Gen- . . ter forthe Presenratio.'!,_ of E!1!1!!!1$1!Ted Aris. include Bangladesh, the . AS SPRING toucltes the mountain valleys of Afghani- , United Arab Emirates, the stan, there will be little reason for the Afghan people to All-Pakistani Motamar al- celebrate Nawroz, literally "New Day," their traditional Alam al-Islami Convention New Year. · . · ·. · · Before the first Soviet-backed roup in Aprill978 and the. and the European Economic So~iet invasion, the first day of spring was an occasion of Conununity • great merriment in Afghanistan, celebrated with singing, rejoicing. feasting · and great tournaments of buz kashi. or The 5/12 PT reports that Mujahideen wiped out "drag the goat," the national game of Afghanistan. In Kabul, ca 500 Soviet paratroopers in the Dari Anawa the first leaves budded, the fruit trees blossomed, and the scent of lilacs filled the air as a nation celebrated the melting area of the Panjshir; 1200 Karmal troops de­ of the snow and the hope of another season of planting, fected in Anawa & mujahideen shot down 16 heli­ Now, Afghanistan's poet laureate, Khalilullah Khalili, has copters. On May 14, the PT stated that rnujahi­ written in his poem, "New Year of the Wanderers": "Tell deen attacked the Soviets~n Herat last week; Nawroz not to come this year, say not to pass through this and killed 50 of the 3,000 paratroopers dropped country of bloodstained shrouds : ..•" · ·Slx years aft-er the first coup and more than four years · in the Panjshir. The paper says the Soviet since the invasion, the leaves and flow!!rs still bud. But the advance in the Panjshir stopped on 4/28. But only rejoicing ~II be when mujahedeen freedom· fighters . the 5/16 PT says that the DRA began attacks in . win _battles, and the only singing will be the refr;dn of · Kandahar,~erat & Farah after the Panjshir of­ : defiant hope in the spontaneous poetry created and sung by fensive; that 20,000 more Soviet troops were .. •the ·people of Afghanistan. ·• · · -- sent to Afghanistan and that a consignment of There will be no feasting, either in Afghanistan or in the refugee camps in .Pakistan. where nearly 3 tnilli«?~ .refugees . helicopter gunships arrived in Kabul (see chrono­ ' live. If they are registered officially, they survive on 'some 30 logy 4/18). cents a day; if not registered, they survive any way they can, pooling resources _with extended family members who Regarding refugee relief - Turkey donated $1 lakh preceded them into exile. for refugees; Pres. Zia announced that Pakistan Inside Afghanistan, the situation is far worse. Perhaos a will continue its assistance; V.P. Bush, in million internal refugees have fled bombed homes and rJeva­ stated fields. Due to Soviet' attempts to wear down the Pakistan, pledge~ $15m to refugees and visited resistance by plowing under crops and cutting off water refugee elders on 5/17 in Peshawar. . supplies to villages in liberated areas, the 1981 harvest was only half that of 1978. Thus, more than 25 percent of the prewar population has been forced into exile. ! «:;.;!t;J. 1-Q:-~ •·v t • ~ ...... , _ ,.. _ _ ~·-. ~ _ · 'The people who remain are living and fighting on little more than bread, tea, yogurt and lumps of brown.sugar . This ' was·the diet on -which I and my escort of mujahedeen existed during my trip last April into KunarProvince. Yet I was struck by the stoicism, stubborn resistance and, always, the generosity of these besieged people. The few eggs available >always·were pressed upon me, the foreign guest, while the .-:mujahedeen marched for 12 llours, often through the night, ·· .on weak green tea and brown sugar. Yet these drawb8cks do not break spirits, and I have _ · heard men vow lrom their hospital beds to return to the · front as soon as a bullet wound is .healed or bandages re­ moved from the stump of a foot amputated due to severe frostbite. ·Another recurring refrain in tbe converSation of men,' women and children, both in refugee camps and inside Af· ghanistan, is the question: "Why won 't America help us more?" They do · not ask for handouts, or for troops or training. They only seek effective weapons to combat heli- CO!)ter gunships. _ A solemn, black-bearded man, .just back from Afghani· stan, once stopped me in a refugee camp and said impas­ sionedly: "Tell your government not to give us rations, but give us anti-aircraft guns to fight the helicopters.", .. ., Spring is a time of hope, and the ·Afghan people in 1984 live on little else but hope and faith. New Year Rally Forum Foto

2 2/23 - FEER - Mohan Ram reports: "By means 3/8 - AICMB - New army regulations an­ of a high voltage line from a point inside nounced: Army service is now 4 years, Uzbekistan ••• Afghanistan is now connected to students who fail courses will go directly the Soviet electricity grid. The link was into the army, secondary students will made in late January & soon Soviet electri­ have to do their army service before at­ city will be available to the fast-growing tending university and students can go industrial town of Mazar-i-Sharif." FEER abroad to study only after they have com­ also r~ports that on 2/11 the DRA accused pleted their military service. On 3/14 the Reagan administration of installing the Bangkok Post reported that a "massive atomic weapon~ in Pakistan. firefight possibly caused by a mutiny, and a rash of desertions among government 2/28 - AIC~ffi - A time bomb exploded in the soldiers hit Kabul after authorities ex- Parchami Student Organization office at tended the term of military service." Kabul University. The desettioD.s contin­ Karga. Som~ sources said ued into last Friday when the fighting was sparked 3/1 - FEER - "An important element in the government soldiers in by a major rebel attack, recently stepped-up war effort by the Af­ the Rishikor area of but others said the rebels joined the fray .after "a ghan resist~nce is the upgrading of weapons Kabul fled, blowing up two mili~ posts behind riot broke out as the word it continues to acquire from clandestine them, according to t!le of the extension of· mili• sources. It is now using with telling ef­ -diplomat. · tary ·service spread... and fect US-made Redeye surface-to···air missiles At nearby Qalawahed, the riot quickly evolved soldiers . who deserted into a chaotic mutiny." & armor-piercing, shoulder-fired missiles from two posts joined in a The more than two - against aircraft & tanks of both the Soviet rebel attack on a third, hours of fighting, which which they blew up with was he.ard all over Kabul, . & Afghan armies. The control it continues rockets and mortars; kill­ involved· mortar fire, to retain over large areas in the Khost­ ing all 15 defenders, the heavy machine guns· and even tank canon fire, the Urgun region of eastern Afghanistan is source said. But the fiercest fight­ diplomat said. partly ascribed to this factor. Worried by ing broke out at the Af. Rebels joined in and ghan army's 8th division provided covering fire for the rebel activity, Soviet diplomats are deserting soldiers, the hea~ near the arguing that their reverses can be explained Kii)UICifYn...rvoir at source said. only by active & direct support. Pakistan has allegedly begun supplying the guerrillas 3/11 - AICMB - Aslam Watanjar, Minister of in the hope of negotiating from a stronger Communications and rumored to be the new position when the next round of UN-sponsored Defense Minister, visited Kandahar garrison. talks. ll - Pakistan Times - The DRA is trying to draft 15 & 16-year-old boys. 3/3 - AIC}ffi - A bomb exploded inside the Mohabat Restaurant near the Park Cinema in 3/12 - PT - Brig. Gen. Watay, head of the Kabul. The restaurant, a Khad favorite, was chemica~dept. of the 99th Rocket Unit of badly damaged & 9 Khad members were killed. the Afghan Air Defense, defected to Paki­ - Pakistan Affairs - Brzezinski Plan: stan. (See 3/21)

ISLAMABAD- Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, na­ 3/14 - SCMP - The Soviets moved su~25 jet tional security adviser to President Carter, on fighters into Afghanistan after efforts to March 3 suggested that a peace keeping force renegotiate the Panjshir truce failed last from Islamic countries could replace Soviet month. troops if Moscow decided to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan. - NYT - Richard Bernstein writes from the Delivering a lecture on U.S. foreign policy UN that the US was the only major country in Islamabad at the Institute of Strategic Stud~~ singled out for criticism by name during he suggested that contingents for the Islamic the last UN General Assembly. In spite of peace keeping force could be drawn from coun­ tries such as Syria and Algeria. the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan (among Dr. Brzezinski said it would ultimately be in other things) the USSR was not mentioned the interest of the Soviet Union to reconsider by name in any UN resolution. its involvement in Afghanistan. He said the Soviet Union had lost its prestige in the Third ~ 3/15 - SCMP - Zia is not keen on Brzezinski's plan: "It's a practicable proposal Gen Zia ruled out any World and Islamic countries because of its in principle," said Gen Zia of military intervention in Afghanistan. prospect of trying to solve the a suggestion by the former US problem by talking directly to presidential adviser, Mr Z.big­ the Soviet-backed regime in 3/7 - SCHP - Both the Soviets & the guerrillas niew Brzezinski, during a pri­ Kabul, headed by President vate visit to Pakistan two Bahrak Karma! ••• reportedly are stockpiling fooa and ammunition weeks ago. in the Panjshir Valley. "We cannot, therefore,. l However, Gen.Zia cau­ shake hands with those, who tioned that the idea is unlike~ have come sitting on foreign Iy to win acceptance by the tanks to rule their people," he · Soviet Union. · said. 3 3/15 - FEER - The magazine reports that not cooperate with the inquiry. The vote was the Soviet offensive against the Panjshir 27 to 8 'vith 6 abstentions. was announced in Peshawar on 3/5. 3/21 - PT - Radio Beijing says that Afghan 3/17 - PT - Between 15,000 & 25,000 young defecto~Brig. Gen. Wasi (see 3/12), re­ Afghans~ave been awarded scholarships in vealed that the Soviets killed villagers Soviet universities in the past 6 years. with phospharas [sic] chemical weapons a The 1st batch is returning home to take month ago in Ghazni Province • . its place in the military & civil services - Afghanistan Day rallies were held in New and the PDPA. All the students are fluent York, New Delhi and other places. in Russian and Soviet political theory. Kabul Univ. is now reported to be only a staging post. The best students are siphoned off in their first year, given a basic Russian course and then flown to the USSR.

3/19 - SC}~ - Archaeologists have unearthed a "majestic" 1,600-year-old Buddhist temple in Kabul according to the Soviet Embassy in Pakistan. The site is at Maranj Hill & also yielded terra cotta statues, bronze & copper coins. (See Forum v~ XII, #1, p. 39) - PT - The DRA has appointed Ajmal Khattak (former Pakistani Nat'l Awami Party leader) to dispatch Pakistani tribal students to communist states for training. Over 400 students have already been sent & funds & weapons are at Khattak's disposal for "nefarious designs against Pakistan." - PT - Peter Sager in the Swiss Press Re­ view writes that the Afghan war has cost the USSR over $12 billion and about 30,000 3/22 - PT - Pres. Reagan in his Afghanistan casualties. The USSR has1·9··motorized & 3 Day proclamation said that "a solution to the airborne infantry divisions with a total of 110,000 men in the DRA; also 400 aircraft & Afghan problem must begin with the removal 300 helicopters. The DRA army has 11 in­ of the Soviet troops ... so that the Afghan people can live freely in their own country fantry divisions & 3 tank divisions but and be able to choose their own way of life only 30,000 men & many of these are working with the mujahideen. He says there are & government." 60,000 mujahicicen but they are equipped - NY Tribune - United Front: with obsolete weapons. Tad Szulc, in an PESHAWAR, Pakistan, March 21 _.:. An Afghan resistance -~ · _ leader today said efforts were being made to form a. broad~ based article cited in the PT on 3/4 gives other united front of resistance groups against the Soviet military· - figures: Soviets- killed or wounded -13,500; presence in Afghanistan. · . . DRA killed-~ · 17;000 with 26, 000 desertions! Sibghatullah Mujaddidi, president of an alliance of three- . resistance groups, told Afghan refugees who gathered in Pesha- · Soviet losses: 546 aircraft, 304 tanks, 436 war to mark the Afghan New Year that this was being done on the- . armored personnel carriers and 2,758 vehicles. Initiative of former King Zahir Shah, who now lives in exile in He estimates the freedom fighters at 100,000 Italy. . · . . ,_,_ .... with 31,000 killed and 10,000 captured. "We have accepted an invitation from. : . Zahir Shah for· the establishment of a broad-based united front, and work·is in . He numbers the Soviet troops at 105,000 ~rogress ~or this;• Miljaddidi said'. · & DRA draftees at 50,000. - The UN Human Rights Commission meeting in 3/23 - NY Tribune - 4 mullahs were killed & Geneva adopted a resolution expressing con­ other people were injured in a bomb blast at cern over the continuing presence of foreign the Kabul Polytechnic Inst.'s mosque. troops in Afshanistan and voted to undertake an investigation into human rights vio­ lations in Afghanistan. Afghan delegates told the group that the Karmal regime would

4 3/25 - SCMP - Mark Frankland writes from defecting as he carried foreign currency in- Moscow: cluding dolliars. (See Kabul chron. 3/27) . THE Soviet announce- ·~Drivers keep their auto- ment two weeks ago that the niatic rifles and a bag of gre- d h nades in their cabin and the 3/28 - NYT - At least 15 Afghan Communist Afghan Army had cleare · t e convoy's rear is brought up Party officials Urgun valley, near Pakistan, by two gunners. on twin anti- reportedly have been slain of guerillas loyal to t~e ex- aircraft guns fixed to a truck. during the past 10 days in a series of as­ king was as unforthcommg as . The impression is left that usual about'the one thing that sassinations in the Khair Khana district of ·nterests Russians most: di_d · these 'convoys are regular1 y l harassed with many casual- Kabul. their own troops take part m ties, especially around the Sa- the a.ssault? km f I FEER- S.J. Rasheed reports: "Hundreds Attentive Russians know lang Pass, s s 0 tunne s 3/29 - that the Soviet Army _d~s and anti-landslide gallerieS of Afghan students are now studying in local have combat infantry umts m through the mountains [Pakistani] colleges & universities paying Afghanistan tliough they are where, according· to a rece~~ never shown in offensive ac- report in the Army paper Reo their way by supplying drugs." tion. Russians with sons near- Star, "there are always adven- ing 18 and compulsory mili- tures." · 3/30 - FEER [of 4/12] - Diego Cordovez left tary service, talk readily of Very occasionally wound- for another round of consultations with Iran, their fears of an Afghan post- ed-veterans get publicity. Last · year one paper told-the touch- Afghanistan & Pakistan. ,ng.A very ordinary Musco- ing story of a sapper who - ~N Tribune - The US State Dept. stands by vite expressed horror at the after being invalided out was thought of his boy in such a eventually reunited with the its findings that deaths in Afghanistan, Laos place - "all those ~erillas tracker dog he had wor~ed & Cambodia have been caused by illegal toxic with towels over their heads with, a vast black Alsa\lan jumping around the moun- called"Amur. weapons & not by bee droppinr,s, as claimed by tains." · · A ·-dramatiCally- different 2 US scientists. (See 5i15 & 5/17) . The Soviet Government ;and alarming note has just~ has to provide at least a J)l!r- been sounded by the youth 3/31 - PT - Mujahideen attacked the Soviet tial explanation of how 1ts. paper Komsomolskaya troops~ come to be killed and Pravda. Embassy-rn Kabul on 3/23 & destroyed a tank wounded. A story called "Duty" stationed outside. The favourite way is to covering almost an entire describe troops engaged in page described the shabby 4/1 - Pakistan Affairs peaceful; not to say . noble, treatment given by his home activities such as mme-de- town authorities to a soldier ISLAMABAD - The United Nations High tecting or convoying, and paralysed in th~ legs. ·. Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) pro­ enough has been published. to The boy' was shot in the gram for 1984 envisages an expenditure of make it plain that even With the Russian war in its fifth back trying to-rescue his com-. $64.8 m!llion, besides $8.5 million in other con­ _ y~r... ~th rc;main scary work. , manding officer during ·an tributions in kind, to assist Pakistan maintain Even the convoys along ambush, and awarded the· Afghan refugees. ·ti · prestigious Order of the Red the Afghan regime's 11 ehne ·star for his bravery. But for 4/2 - NYT - Shift in Soviet tactics: from the railhead at Termez two· years most local organi- in Soviet Uzbekistan· to sations ignored or at best. (Reuters)- Afgban reoeJS assen tnat :. . Gulbuddin Bekmatyar, leader of ;ui Kabul are quite dangerous dealt casually with his efforts ~e Soviet· Union bas' stepped up its Islamic ~entalist group called military operations. to remake his life ftom an l;lOmbing of villages and guerrilla su~ Hezb.i-Islami, said he thought the for- Convoys of big "Kamaz" imported wheelchair. P.lyroutes in Afghanistan,in a spring of- •mer Soviet policy of establlshing posts trucks are usually command- fensi · t anti-Government .during the wtnt lull in the ~;.-._ ed by lieutenant assisted by . The story reflects the Gov- :ve agams ; ' . · er -~ · a ·fOrces. · bad probably backfired~ , a political officer. . ernment's-dil emma: h ow d o The rebels based in Peshawar in . • - . . - . - - -- - ~-- -- . Each has its own cook and you do justice to those who \ Pakistan's Northwest Frontier Prov-l He S&ld the Soviet ~Y. :OVhich for- medic for the journey takes are fighting a war that no one ,, .d in . terviews that the Soviet merly stay~ close to 1ts fortified bases from five to six days at an wants t<' boast about at home w~. 881 m . and protective armored columns, was average speed, in daylight orabroad? i See --~· ) 'Cmon was alsoel ~ ~ ~ \nowsending,sotdiersintocombat'witb. 1 of 50 kph. ' 14 more extens1 v Y• I'lllSmg pros the guerrillas more often "They are on y,. -· ~heavier fighting and a fUrther em--' coming out of their tanks ·and so tb - PT - Malaysian Prime Minister Datuk Seri dusofrefugees. 1 are also taking higher ~ties,'':! p Dr.- Maha t h ur Bl.n· Mo h' d announce d l.n· a k l.-· .ties, "They said are usingBarhanuddin more offensive Rabbani, tac- , said__ ·. . . -- - . .. . . - stan that Malaysia will permit an Afghan .~~ of Jamiat-i-Isl~, the milin ~ a.!:r:;~~~ot ~~~~ refugee office to open in Kuala Lumpur. ~fightingforcemnorthem~- heexplained. ''The Russians probably ~~· . . could not tolerate such expenditure and 3/26 - PT - At a US Committee for a Free . PreviousSovietstrategybadbeento casualties" .- . . d 'establish Afghan Army ~ in the : Then~ tactics also a ...... - to be Afghanl.stan conference l.n Wash1.ngton, Ree ·ftope of having those forces engage in; . ed t ... t+t-i .... off ..__,.,:...-.ts._.. and. . M d . . d h . mall clashes 'th tb rrill 'um a uuus ma cne1 Irwin, hea d of Accuracy l.n e l.a, sal. t at •S _W1 • e gue as :moral support--·-..ue for the guerrillas by Pres. Reagan "should be visiting refugee ra~~~~ettroopstoen-1spurring_the flow_of ~fugees to Iran camps in Pakistan instead of ~eeking a sum- -~etOugher ~,'- tliey said, fo- J:td~~~df3-.e5~~tici:i mit with the Kremlin." He sal.d that the Q.JSes on strategiC supply routes ,Liberation Front and head of a three-- Reagan administration had so far failed to --:;~;;:-a:f:~~· ~ ~~~lalliance.• :.o • _- match its rhetoric with action in aid to 'tWeen Kabul and the Soviet Union and

the Afghans. '_&round· thesouthem.cityofKandabar, \ Mr. Rabbani ~ Mr._Hekma~ar · the rebel leaders said. - · . both reported mcreased. fighting 3/27 - PT - The body of an Afghan pilot ·:·••Tbis.time they are not-worrying· aroundtheeastemAfgbancityofJala-~ - ·about establishing military posts;" Mr. labad, e$pecially near a bridge used by killed in a plane crash on 3/25 was handed Rabbanisaid.. ''Theyarea~ckingvil- guerrilla81:lPP1Ycaravanstocros8the over to a representative of the Afghan con- ~ges and patrolling our supply. ~bulRiveratKama. · sulate in Quetta. The pilot was apparently

5 105,000 men in Afghanistan. 4/3- Bangkok Post - Guerrillas report that The reinforcements should enable the the Soviets are fighting as close as 2~ Russian and Afghan armies to push into a ·1es to the Pakistan border. The Sov1et number of guerrilla-held areas. In the m1 1 · past, the Russians have tended to hit one campaign appears to be aimed at ~ea 1n~ area at a time; now, they seem ready to off all routes from rebel bases 1n Pak1stan attack at Mazar-i-Sharif in the north, to the Panjshir Valley . Villages east of Khost in the east, Herat in the west and Jalalabad were heavily bombed last week & Nangarhar, to the east of Kabul. Soviet troops have massed to block a 1 The biggest blocks of troops, however, bridge used by guerrillas at Kama on the ~re around the Panjshir valley; and fight- Kabul River. Soviet troops also attacked the Ali Shang Valley in Laghrnanon 3/14. The Pakistan Times reports that the So­ viets have retreated from the Ali Shang Valley to Kama and that there has been heavy fighting since 3/14. 4/4 - NYT - Guerrillas overran a Soviet post at Pashmoi near Ghazni & ki:led 25 Soviets & captured half the sold1ers man­ ning the post. The guerrillas put.the captured Soviets on display at a .v1llage near Kandahar. In a separate ra1d, guer­ rillas attacked a military convoy in the Arghandab region west of Kandahar. 4/7 - From the Economist: The United Nations special envoy to Afghanistan, Mr Diego Cordovez, went to Kabul this week for another round of negotiations on a Russian withdrawal. There is even less chance than usual that he will get anywhere; for the Russians are preparing for what looks like one of their biggest offensives yet against guerrilla strongholds. They are particularly keen to neutralise the well organised resistance . in the strategically important Panjshir valley. All has been quiet on the Panjshir front for the past year. After two big battles ~ ~,_\::> ...... there in the summer and autumn of 1982, W~ 'JI!tlo. (n .t: t~ ~ " - 1: ,....,.,s the commander of the local resistance, Mr Ahmed Shah Masood, negotiated a \' L~ bel th e.W1 , ' Produd of AfdhM,; STnr:! 17 ceasefire with the Russians. Different Nyack Jou2nal News 519 interpretations were put on the deal. His Soviet Union. Groups of mujaheddin opponents said he had sold out to the from the Panjshir have an irritating ten­ Russians. His supporters- said he was dency to attack Soviet supply convoys on ing has already started there. The Rus­ giving his battered valley a breathing main roads. This sort of attack was not sians seem to be trying to cut the supply space. · ·. · prohibited by the ceasefire, which covers lines between the valley and the mujahed- In February the Russians asked Mr only the valley. 1 din bases near Peshawar in Pakistan. So Masood to renegotiate the ceasefire. He Partly as a result of these ambushes a far, the ploy has worked: Mr Masood has refused, unless they would agree to ex­ shortage of fuel has hit the Russian-held ordered convoys that are now on the tend it to a much wider area. They would - bits of Afghanistan. Until a few days ago border to stay there until things calm not, so it has lapsed. In the meantime, Mr Kabul's taxis had been off the streets for down. Big concentrations of troops at Masood has managed to reorganise, en­ several weeks. The same fuel shortage either end of the valley are presumably large, _and re-equip his forces. For in­ may account for the fact that the big new waiting to enter it. Mr Masood ~~~ks stance, his men now have 250 machine­ offensive has started so slowly. they will: he has ordered the ctvtban guns , compared with only 13 two years But since March 24th there has been a population to leav_e . I! m~y _be. that the ago . Peanuts, perhaps; but machineguns bigger flow of aircraft between the Soviet Russians are hopmg to mturudate Mr can be effective in the hands of the agile Union and Kabul than had been seen Masood into renewing the original cease­ mujaheddin. since the invasion in 1979. The aircraft fire agreement. But they are ready to hit The Russians are particularly worried !lave been bringing in both troops and him hard if he does not. about the Panjshir valley, not just be­ fuel to the air base at Bagram. One report cause Mr Masood's feats have been de­ suggests that as many as 50,000 soldiers scribed in glowing terms in the western have arrived, but some may be replace- press, but also because the valley lies on a mC?nts for troops returning to Russia. supply route between Kabul and the Previously it was believed that Russia had 6 4/9 - WSJ - US cautious aid; Ritch repor~ David Ignatius writes: ' 4/10 - NYT - The number of Af­ ghan war wounded coming into Paki­ · WASHINGTON-SibjhatullahMojadedi, bat." He contends that for humanitarian a leader of the Moslem resistance move- and propaganda reasons, the U.S should stan has risen steadily since the ment in Afghanistan, met here in Novem- help these prisoners escape to the West. end of last year. According to ber with a senior Reagan administration The Reagan administration's dilemma the ICRC, nearly 2,900 were treated j)fficial. After pleading for more covert aid in dealing with the war in Afghanistan is from the U.S., the rebel leader is said to this: What's good for the resistance there in January & February in Peshawar have exclaimed: "You're making us die could be bad for Pakistan, an important & Quetta. too cheap!" U.S. ally. ·: The resistance leader's frustration is Pakistan provides important sanctuary 4/11 - NY Tribune - The Soviets \mderstandable. While the U.S. is provid:. for the resistance groups in the border bombed villages along the route ing rhetorical support_ for the anti-Soviet areas near Peshawar. To bolster Paki­ from Kabul to the USSR killing guerrillas-and small secret shipments of stan's defenses against any ·soviet incur­ weapons-the Reagan administration has sion, the Reagan administration is proVid­ about 40 civilians. Reportedly, deliberately avoided making any large ing a five-year, $3.2 billion military-aid on 4/2, the Soviets mined a road :commitment to them. - program. In recent months, the Soviets . in the Shomali area & stood by as The main reason for the restrained have warned that the Red Army might American aid, U.S. offiCials say, is that the carry the·war across the border if the U.S. the mine blew up a bus loaded with U.S. doesn't want to provoke the Soviets and Pakistan don't curb their support for· civilians killing 18 & injuring Into attacking Pakistan, where most of the the rebels. ·- many others. _Afghan resistance groups have, their head- U.S. officials say that this year's' $80 quarters. "If we escalate, then the Soviets million covert-aid program for the Afghan 4/12 - NY Tribune - The DRA or­ go after the Pakistanis," explains one U.S. resistance includes guns, ammunition and dered Richard Vandiver, 3rd Sec'y official. - other military equipment, as well as train· at the US Embassy in Kabul, to Moslems 'Won't Win' ing inside Pakistan. To mask American in- . The result is probably a continuing war volvenient, the u:s. generally provides leave Afghanistan in 48 hours for only Soviet~type weapons. U.S. policy also espionage, collecting of infor­ of attrition in Afghanistan, U.S. officials precludes any American advisers or train­ say. "The professionals say (the Moslem mation & actions against the DRA. rebels) aren't going to win," says one u.s. ers inside Afghanistan. "We train the The acting Afghan charge d'af­ jntelligence source. "The most we can do trainers," says one official. faires in Washington, Moh'd is; give them incremental increases in aid, U.S. Supplies Missiles 'and raise the costs to the Soviets." . The U.S. provides Soviet-designed SAM- Haider Refq, was called to the A U.S. intelligence source says that co-· 1 shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles, State Dept to hear the US denial vert American aid to the Afghan rebels which the guerrillas say they need badly. of the charges. (see 4/29) currently totals about $80 million annually. But sources say the U.S. has decided The aid level has risen gradually since the against providing large numbers of anti­ - Pakistan Times - In an article Carter administration requested about $30 tank .weapons, such as . rocket-propelled in the Statesman [India] , Richard million in January 1980, just one month af· grenades, on the theory that the resistance Owen writes that Edith Piekha, a ter the Soviets invaded and installed a new fighters would have difficulty using them Polish pop star, journeyed to leader, Babrak Karma!, to bolster a totter· effectively. _ t ing Marxist regime. . Aid to .the Afghan rebel groups also Kabul to boost the morale of So­ The war in Afghanistan receives little · _comesArom China and Egypt, which also viet troops but she later told _attention in the American news media and . provide Soviet-type weapons, and from Red Star [the Red Army paper] Congre~,_.TI!!!UQU.!Q_c!lange slightly this Saudi Arabia, which offers about the same that there were 30 entertainers week with the publication of a Senate For- _value of, support that the U.S.

rilla sympathizers who arranged for her 4/21 - PT - 400 Russian & Afghan troops were to escape in a chador. [She went to West reportedly killed in clashes in Kunar & a few days later.] ,c,·;:-·,--M Baghlan. 4/24 - PT - Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Abdulla~bin Abdul Aziz will give 5 crore of Saudi riyals & 1,000 tents for Afghan refu­ gees plus $5m for the NWFP. ~ A comprehensive & scientific survey on the incidence of CTB among Afghan refugee-s will ----begin this month ~ - -A special TB controf'pro~- gram is operating in the NWFP & similar pro­ grams will be started in Baluchistan & Mian­ wali [Punjab] . - NYT - Drew Middleton writes on the Soviet attack on the Panjshir: The drive began the 1st week of April & intensified this weekend. The Soviets sent 1 motorized division (ca, 12,000 men) into the area & bombed the val­ leys - perhaps with TU-16 medium-range bom­ bers (Badgers). They also used vast numbers of helicopter gunships. Guerrillas repor­ tedly destroyed the Mattock Bridge over the Ghorband River. Three squadrons of TU-16 bombers were moved to the frontier area as the Soviets were attacking the Shakardarah & Guldra Valleys north of Kabul. A Pakistani official estimates that 90% of the severely Kerstin Beck SCMP 4/17 wounded guerrillas die because of lack of adequate medical facilities. 4/14 - PT - 735 Afghan students were ad­ mitted to colleges & universities in Paki­ 4/25 - PT - The Pir Sahib of Pagara who is stan. 430 were also admitted to gov't president of the defunct Pakistani Muslim schools in the NWFP. League announced his party's full support of - Mujahideen killed the commanders of the the Pakistan Government on the issue of 17th Division & the 28th Brigade in Herat. Afghanistan. ~; : - NY Daily News - The Soviets overran the 4/15 - PT - The commander of the 18th Afghan Panjshir using an estimated 20,000 troops, Army Division in Pakti~ Azad Khan, was 500 tanks & 60-80 helicopter gunships. The killed on 3/8. NYT said 14,000 troops, 250 tanks, 150 4/16 - Le Monde - Burhanuddin Rabbani, on a armored personnel carriers and 60-80 gunships. visit to France, was officially received by Air strikes were carried out by TU-16s the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The (Badgers) & SU-24s (Fencers). The Badgers DRA lodged a protest with the French Embassy bombed from high altitude, the Fencers from in Kabul. closer to the ground. Guerrillas in the Panjshir Valley were estimated at from 5,000 '4/18 - PT - According to an Afghan Air Force to 10,000 but included families as well as defecto~ Moh'd Nasim Shadidi, mujahideen fighters. British intelligence believes that have shot down 164 Afghan planes & killed 230 there may be a political reason behind the pilots. He also said that the Soviets have Panjshir attack - that the 3 most active sold 100 Mi 17 helicopters to the DRA & will guerrilla groups there are fundamentaliE.'t transfer them to Afghanistan this month. Moslems who are akin to those who support 4/19 - FEER - Resistance sources in Iran re­ the Khomeni regime in Iran. ported that mujahideen captured Chast-e­ - NY Tribune - When asked if the US was Shari£ on 4/6 after a 2-week siege. shipping arms to the Afghans, US Defense - PT - Pakistan & Qatar issued a joint com­ Dept. spokesman Michael Burch said: "The munique calling for the withdrawal of foreign Dept. of Defense is not shipping arms to troops from Afghanistan. Afghanistan."

8 4/26 - NYT - Drew Middleton writes that concentrating on regions close to Kabul, such Afghan guerrillas were withdrawing into as Parwan, Kapisa & Logar provinces & the the mountains; that Gulbuddin ordered Panjshir Valley. The vital supply line of the his Hezb-i-Islami guerrillas to support internal resistance forces from Pakistan's Masood and to expand their operations at NWFP is reportedly under intensive surveillance, Jabal-us-Seraj and Gulbarhar at the both from the air & by agents of the Kabul mouth of the Panjshir Valley. He also Gov't planted along the route. What had been reports that Soviet losses from illness well-established & relatively safe tracks for have fallen in the last 18 months be­ slow moving horse, mule or camel trains car­ cause higher standards of sanitation rying arms, ammunition or other necessary sup­ have been adopted and base hospitals plies far into Afghanistan are fast becoming have been established. He also says death traps. A large consignment of weapons that Soviet publications have begun was destroyed in March when Soviet Hind gun­ describing conditions in the field in ships shot up over 80 pack-horses at Torkarneh, Afghanistan and in late February an army en route to the Panjshir Valley. Resistance newspaper reported an attack on a Soviet commanders I talked to in Peshawar clearly supply convoy. (See 3 I 25) believe that Soviet commanders are now prepared to take the war directly to the guerrilla enemy. 4/27 - PT - Oman's Foreign Minister as- Often commandos have been dropped into areas - sured Afghan refugees at Nasserbagh Camp that the resistance had viewed as safe territory." of Oman's continued support. - No more Afghan refugees will be re­ 4/28 - PT - Zahir Shah yesterday accused the gistered in Peshawar. Unregistered re­ Soviets-of employing double standarss by fugees in the area will be shifted to launching a large military offensive while Manki Sharif. "The number of registered saying it wanted a political solution to Af­ refugees in the NWFP is 21 lakh & while ghanistan's problem. no registration has been maintained in 4/29 - PT - "A report from Kunduz said that Kurram & Bajaur Agency, ca 130,000 have the ·flag-of the Mujahideen was still visible been sheltered in the Kurran Bajaur & over the famous Mazar of Imam Sahib" although Agency & the Gov't is planning to shift Soviet forces have been trying to capture it them to the Waziristan Agency." for two weeks. Supposedly Kunduz Governor - The Guardian - A remarkable degree of Abdul Ghani, Afghan General Gul Aqa & Soviet unity between resistance groups is being CdL Nazarov have been directing the operation. shown in the Panjshir campaign, according Mujahideen reportedly kept the town of Khullam to Western diplomats in Islamabad. (60 km from the Hairatan bridge) under siege - NY Tribune - The USSR rejected a US for 5 days cutting the supply line from Turmuz proposal for a treaty outlawing chemical to Kabul. They lifted the siege on 4/14 when weapons at the 40-nation Geneva dis­ they ran out of ammunition. armament conference. - NYT - The Soviet paper Izvestia asserted - Gemini News Service - Anthony Hyman that Richard Vandiver (see 4/12) was a CIA writes from Peshawar that conservative agent "duped into thinking that an Afghan estimates put the increase of Soviet citizen recruited during a visit to the US was troops in Afghanistan at 30,000 (plus relaying valuable information about Afghanistan's the 110,000 already there). nMost, if guerrilla war, movements of its leaders," etc. not all, of the fresh forces seem to be Izvestia identified the Afghan as Abdul from commando units, trained for assaults, Hajid and claimed he was a double agent hand-to-hand fighting or parachute drops. planted by Afghan security forces. In training in equipment, the Soviet & - Rallies were held yesterday to protest the commandos are said to be much better April Revolution in New York & New Delhi. suited to fight the anti~guerrilla war than the reservists who normally guard 4/30 - HK Standard - All major exile groups military bases & airfields & do convoy have pledged support to Masood and are sending duties ••• Many resistance commanders arms & fighters to the Panjshir. A Jamiat fear that Soviet commandos will act as a spokesman in Peshawar· reported that the speed mobile strike force, hitting hard & fast of the Soviet advance in the Panjshir was 9 - at targets inside Afghanistan. This year 10 km/day. Guerrilla sources also reported Soviet air & ground forces seem to be heavy fighting in Kandahar & Herat. Kandahar

9 has been under air attack for 7 weeks forcing people to flee to Pakistan. WINS radio reported that over 10,000 refugees had fled from Kandahar recent~y. r Map WOR Radio reported that Pres. Reagan, ~n from a speech in Shanghai, had condemned the AFRAN~ Suviet invasion of Afghanistan. ( in 5/1 - NY Tribune - Reuters reports that AfghaPl.~- Masood is using his time-tested strategy stan of tactical retreat indicating that the Info, Panjshir campaign will last several weeks. No 10, Jan/Feb 5/2 - NYT - Soviet forces are believed 1984.) to control half the Panjshir Valley but had not yet entered the side valleys which the guerrillas have m~ned~ F~om 10,000 to 20,000 -Soviet troops a,re__Jnvolyed in - the action --with- 2,000 Afghan soldiers - although 400 reportedly deserted to the 5/7 - PT - An --Islamic group attacked----- a Soviet guerrillas. The Soviet forces reported­ cultural center in Beirut in revenge for Soviet action in Afghanistan. ly came from Kabul, Ghazni & Jalalabad and had advanced to Rokha by 4/24 & then 5/8 - NYT - Western intelligence analysts to Bazara. say the Soviets are showing a flexibility not 5/3 - PT - Japanese Prime Minister before associ-ated with the Red Army in Afghani­ Nakasone backed Pakistan's stand on Af­ stan. The new operations favor heavy bombing ghanistan. On an official visit to followed by light tank & infantry advances. Pakistan, he visited a refugee camp near In some instances the Soviets have landed light Peshawar yesterday. Japan intends to tanks from helicopters. Guerrilla sources are give $6m to UNHCR for refugees in addition putting the number of Soviet troops in Af­ ghanistan at 200,000. to its $1. 5m contribution last !-!arch. - Jalaluddin Wardak, "a Karmal army of­ 5/8 - PT - Abd~l Ghaffar Khan, after staying a ficer " :1as joined the mujahideen with > II d d month in Afghanistan, returned to Aghhanistan. 700 soldiers. Reports are that hun re s - WOR Radio - When told the Soviets had pulled of detainees of the Pul-i-Charkhi jail out of the Olympics, NY Mayor Ed Koch said: "I have been brought to the Panjs~ir & wish they had pulled out of Afghanistan." over 100 of them joined the mujahideen. The Soviets air dropped paratroopers in Kohistan & Kapisa. The same article says the mujahideen still control the Salang highway wit:1 roadblocks at 4 poj-nts on it· - NYT - The Soviets reportedly ~nded troops at the Anjuman Pass at the eastern end of the Panjshir Valley 5/4 - NYT - Hasood reports that the So­ viets have landed troops in the And~rab Valle~ The Hezb-i-Islami are fight~ng in that area and the fighting has extended to Khinjan north of the Salang tunnel. - PT - 8 Soviet Muslim soldiers joined the Mujahideen on 4/27. Over 1,000 civilians have been killed in the Panjshir campaign. 5/6 - PT - A guerrilla unit reportedly lj captured & killed a Soviet general in the Qanduz Valley 30 miles south of the Oxus in early April. However, all of the guer­ rillas involved in the action were killed ~-"':k:'iiP!># including their commander, Moh'd Rahimullah. , Mother Russia L.A. Times 4/29 10 5/13 - NYT - Vice President Bush in New 5/15 - NYT - "Yellow Rain" evidence is fading. Delhi said that Soviet intervention in Philip Boffey writes from Washington: Afghanistan had upset the military balance •:tn au of 1983 and 1~. not a single en­ in the region & had created the world's Vironmental sample taken from sites biggest refugee problem. Bush hoped to (eportedly attacked by chemical weap. onsJn Southeast Asia has been found to discuss the Afghan issue with Indira Gandhi. Contain poisons, and only two supposed Afghanistan withdrew from the Los An­ ~ctims of, such attacks have shown poi­ geles olympics. sOns In th'*' \U'Ine, according to a status sheet circulatirig in the Govern-_ 5/15 - NYT - Drew Middleton comments on ment._- . - .:.. ------:- -- .. (see the Ritch report (see 4/9): • The trail ~ negative results does not oecessartly - mean that the United page 2 The report was made public as Soviet Soviet ~uence in Afghanistan does· ~tates wrong . In .. its original for ground and air forces launched an of- not rest on~ alone, the report as- j was . fensive that, according' to the guerril- serts. Russian is now a compulsory lan- I charges that the Soviet Union and, its late las, has spread to the northern Kunduz guage in Afghan _schools, ~ds of ' jllies had· waged_ chemical warfare news Province · on· the Soviet frontier Afghan young _peQJ>le are studying In ~ resistance fighters in Laos, from Cambodia ai1d Afghanistan and had un-. Kapisa Province and the Shomali Val: Soviet -~~ties and. the Afghan the ley south of the Hindu Kush Mountains. ~economy 1S being steadily integrated Jeasbed a· new group of toxic chemi­ Mr. Ritch listed seven reasons for as- Into the Soviet bloc. __~______.. cals. known as trichothecene mycotox­ Pakistan suming a continuation of the Russians' · Aigbali SeCUrtty Service ins; which dertve from funguses. · · · Times.) presence in Afghanistan, · ~hich ~ · . Although the Soviet-backed ·Afg!ian ! -What appears to have happened, n~ ~ longet: than SOVIet partia~ Government of Babrak Karma! has lit- , Government officials say, is that SoViet. - pation m Wo~d W~ II. Germany m: tie popular support. the reporrsays, it, jmd allied forces have switched to less ~t agents, perhaps because of the andvad-ed the the war Soviet in EuropeUmon on ended Jun. e ~·m 1941,May. has.Service- established. which has a ~- betweenState 15 Security 000 and I public. charges brought by the United _ 1945. Soviet forces entered Afghanistan 20,000agents. _ . 1,. ' , • Dec.27,1979.· .. . "Modeled under Soviet guidance," ~tates#. • . The reasons. listed by Mr. Ritch m- the report says "this. intelligence ap. The Government has also .-quietly elude the substantial commitment of i --· · · ·,• .- ··- · --- ·· - · ; '· · backed away from some of the prelimi­ Soviet resources and prestige to date a 1· paratus has seized thousands of politi­ sustainable'level of cost, the absence'of pri~ers a!!-d, report~y, engages .nary laboratory evidence it once cited leal to demonstrate that yellow rain was ti ·ti· t ... - ..~- .. ~ systematically m torture. - .· any d om~. c opposl on ~a con.... _ The study also reports "brutal" re- being used as a weapon In Afghanistan; . war, the ~tic Im}?t'rative of, I prisals taken by the Soviet fOrces That charge now rests on a single pieee never admitting mJStakes,. the bene-. _,.,.tt · h the Afghan · fits to the Soviet forces of combat ex-: a_. areas w ere msur­ of physical evidence, a gas mask Ob­ perience, the geopolitical Pins of any' ~have a~cked convoys. Th~ ':""" tained from undisclosed sources near eventual victory and the uncertaiuty· p~, the ~rt sa~, include- l'Bld-. Kabul, which was found to have poisons .d el ts if lng villages;'; destroying crops and a bout Afghan political ev opmen bayonetingw:omenandchildren" on its surface. Another gas mask and a the Soviet fOrces were to withc:ln!-w · The report says the lnsurgen~ have a, sample of vegetation from Afghanistan An Eighth Reason liinited supply of heavy machine guns, that were at first thought to contaiil United States Intelligence S01U'C"es most of them captlll'ed""from the At­ toxic chemicals 'turned out to be false cite an eighth reason. The Soviet Union ghan Army; and a few Soviet SAM-7 alarms, according to Govef!1D1ent offi- Is aware, they say, that about 70 per- missiles. . _ . . · · . cials. 4 .. • - cenLoL the Afa:han_rebels_ The report says that the West may i .Government officialS point to the mentalist Moslems f . ...;.r the rebels believe the Insurgents are receiving an testimony of hundreds of refugees that were. to triumph, thefeugious fervor effective supply of weapons, but that chemicals have been used against could spread to the Moslems In Soviet among ~e rebels "it is an article ·of Hmong tribesmen In the mountains of Central Asia. , - faith that the West's failure to supply Laos, and resistance forces In Cambo­ , Soviet strategic options, the report adequate arms"- is keeping them from dia and Afghanistan. These refugee re­ I maintains. have been limited bY the 1m. victory. ports dovetail, in many cases, with In­ I preparedness of the ground forces ''tor Two Main Groaps of Rebels telligence reports from defectors indi­ the rigors of guerrilla warfare " - ,- cating that lethal chemicals were being The option of an extensive·increase' Referring to ''the notorious disunity'' dropped In the areas. There are also se­ in Soviet forces - it is estimated that of the Insurgent groups, the report say8 cret photographs of villages dusted there are 105,000 Soviet troops 1n Af-: the rebels ~ve managed to coalesce with powder. And there Is testimony gbanistan - has apparentiy not been, Into two mam &rOUps. froiD doctors and relief workers that - considered, according to intelligence~ One is an alliance dominated by many refugees were suffering from sources. · ' 1 three groups - the Islamic Society of symptoms that suggested chemical a~_ Th~ Initial Soviet strategy, according j Afghanistan, the Afghan. Islamic Party tacks. .. . ; to the report, was to secure the coun- 1 and a breakaway faction of the latter But all such evidence falls short of I tryside with the Afghan Army. Thia led by Maulavi Younes Khalis. These conclusive proof, so the United States I failed, it said, because of that army's groups have an Islarilic Afghan state as has sought for more than five years to I high desertion rate and low morale. their objective. , · · - clinch the case. At first, the search The Afghan Army's strength was over ' . · proved futile. Not a single munition 80,000 when the Soviet forces entered . Three other gx:oups are ~ified as clearly associated with chemical war­ the country, and it is now estimated at ! a moderate alliance. They are the fare has ever been found. And all of the about 30.000, with its members exhibit- Movem~t for the !slarilic RevoluUon, initial laboratory . tests on ~materials lng "little will to fight ·~ the report the National Is~c Front and the At- disclosed no traces of. conventional says. ' gban National Liberati~ Movement. chemical agents. · 'f!1e report ~Y_S Soviet control of the The report says hopes for forging Then Government analysts came up mam Afghan aties enables Moscow to "some sort of practical unit" among with a new hypothesis. They worked "pursue the gradual assimilation-of Af-- the rebel factions focus on Ahmed Shah backward from puzzling symptoms de­ gbanistan into the Soviet empire." Masood who has emerged "as the scribed by refugees, including vomit­ · But Mr. Ritch estimates that the ablest 'coinmander In the Afghan Ing, diarrhea and hemorrhaging. These rebels have gained and hold control of 'resistance" and who is the leader of did not fit conventional chemical weap. 80 to 90 percent of the countryside. rebel units now under attack by Soviet ons, the ~~ ~uded, but they , forces In the Panj~ Valley. · 11 did seem to fit the trtchothecene myco­ civil court, defected to Pakistan and said that only 50 out toxins, poisons produced naturally by of 230 courts were functioning in Afghanistan. He also said certain funguses. Laboratory tests eventually detected the trichothecenes that Soviet advisers had taken over the Afghan Supreme Court. in·two dozen samples of environmental or medical materials from areas re~ ported attacked by yellow rain. These. toxins were described by Government <- NY Tribune officials as the "smoking gun" that 4/7 clinched' the case. The vast majority of scientists briefed by the Government we~ said to agree_with this verdict. 11 Some Doubt the Connection · ' S But a few knowledgeable scientists -who have studied the issue closely be­ lieve the Government got off the track in focusing on the trichothecenes. They· believe the trichothecenes either occur naturally and have nothing to do with chemical warfare or are such a small 1 part of the chemical warfare picture 1 that they are hardly worth worrying I. about. 7 . · I A top European chemical warfare of- 1 ficial who has studied the evidence said : in a telephone interview that he was i "pretty well convinced" that chemical I warfare agents had been,used in both : Afghanistan and Cambodia but. · doubted "very very much" that the tri:.; I THE ECONOMIST MAY 19. 1984 chotheceneswere among them, Only in More o~ _ chemical warfare: The Russians have had their first setback ' ~ Laos, he said, did it seem likely that. in Afghanistan since the beginning of the some form of toxic chemical weapon _ ISLAMABA."D, Pakistan; May 16 has been used, and then only "on rather post-Andropov drive to stamp out the ::-' Festering sores on two Afghan guerrilla resistance. In the Panjshir valley few occasions." The official, one of the. guerrillas who have arrived in continent's leading chemical warfare Pakistan could have been caused·, north · of Kabul, nearly· 30,000 Russian experts, asked that !'tis name be with­ and Afghan soldiers have suffered heavy by a Soviet chemical weapons~ held and said he was presenting his i attack in the strategic Panjshir Val- casualties in an unsuccessful attempt to personal views, not those of his Govern- capture the strongholds of some 2,000 l ley, the rebels' Jamiat-i-Islami ment. (See 5/17) 1 party said today. mujaheddin. American intelligence Jamiat spokesman . Masood sources estimate that the Russians have 5/16 - NY Tribune - At least Khalili said the two men developed lost 500 men in the Panjshir in the past 500 Soviets have been killed the -sores after visiting the embat­ week and 2,000 throughout the country or wounded in the Panjshir tled valley, where they said a yellow since the offensive began in mid-ApriL -~ offensive according to Western dust cove_red. !!t~ 8!.9.\!l.!~·- •--·- __ -- During the first week in May, Soviet · Khalili said the two were part of I diplomats in Islamabad. Some tanks and foot-soldiers pushed up the a group of about eight ·men who tributary valleys of Khenj and Bazarak~ of the wounded are being went to the Panjshir Valley from while troops were lifted by helicopter on treated at Bagram, others in Jhe nearby _Sa lang Pass area 2 weeks ago after a major Soviet to the crests of the hills surrounding the the USSR. Ambuiances full of Panjshir. The main body of Russian and ·offensive began on April 21. . ;ugnan troops stayed in the south-eastern Soviet casualties have been 1 They waited before entering the half of the central valley. Reinforcements seen recently in Kabul the 1 mouth of the valley because of & moved in from the Andarab to the west gravediggers at Martyr's reported gas attacks there, Khalili . said. and the Anjuman to the north to try to Cemetery in Kabul are working "When they entered Panjshir, root out any guerrillas hiding up the overtime with up to 40 funerals they saw a blanket of yellow color northern eud of the valley. per day. Soviet soldiers on everything - on the trees, the The fighting continues, but most of the machine-gunned civilians at a stones, everything." Russian and government troops have After staying in the.area about 1 been pushed back into the valley. The bus stop in Kabul on 5/7, day, the group· returned to the mujaheddin claim to have captured a lot killing 6, wounding 12 others Salang Pass. They developed the of arms, and, in Khenj, 900 Afghan and nearly getting a major skin irritations and pus began to soldiers. They do not say what will hap­ form 2 or 3 days later. Their com-. pen to the prisoners: both sides in this war general passing by in a mander sent the two to Pakistan for limousine. Afghan sources treatment. · _ ignore the Geneva rules. ~-. say Soviets parachuted dum­ , "Unless these people are abso­ 5/21 - NYT - ~ -3 Soviets cap- mies into the Panjshir to ,lute liars, it looks very much like some sort of chemical agent has tured by Afghan guerrillas were draw & spot guerrilla sniper been used," one diplomat said. freed in Switzerland after 2 years fire. Afghan Communist Party "But whether it is toxic or' not, I of internment. Two chose to remain chiefs reportedly will arm would · not like to say. From their aescnption, though, 1t seems to Ge. in Switzerland and were given 1-year workers, farmers & civil damaging plant life in the area." renewable resident permits. 11 servants to protect work ' Khalili said the two were not in captured Soviet soldiers have been places. Sayed Gharib Nawaz, serious cnnditjon · hut "Tamjat . wanted them to be admitted to a interned in Switzerland. c~ ~-~ j ustic~_ of a _ ~~~-~, hospital in Peshawar. "We should __L - --- know more about their condition in a day or 2:• he said. 1 2 TOM HENEGHAN filed a series of reports on how Afghanistan's tribal life is being threatened by war, exile and power struggles. The reports, which appeared in the SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST, appear below. (Juetta, Mar 10. Once in Pakistan, the refugees set- several tribes and· even between the When Mr Habibullah Karzai tied into camps along tribal lines, creal- P~sht_u_n and the Persian-speaking enters the room, three dozen ing a kind of segregation their over- mmont1es from Afghanistan. fi h" p 1 · whelmed hosts initially accepted. · ·Jt w~ a kind of social interchange men rom IS opa zat tribe rise "The tribes are an institution, .Jike many tnbesman probably never ex peri• from the floor to greet him. th~ C:hurch in mediaeval Europe," enced before. , He is their·Ieader. B~~d1er Khadim Hussain, the com- . Chiefs f!om these tribes often lived Mr Karzai, a former Afghan diplo- m~ss10ner _fo~ Afghan refugees in· Balu- m houses m the cities rather than the mat who once served at· the United ch1stan, sa1d m Quetta. adobe ~uts or tents of the refugee camp. Nations in New York moves slowly Recalling the traditional rivalries be- · Their absence threatened their influ- around the sparsely-furnished room. tween the twcf main tribal blocs in ence. · He shakes hands with the wizened Afghanistan, he admitted: . One tribe even offered to build their village elders and chats with rebels just "It was impossible for us to put <:h1ef a house in their camp if he·would . back from war across t))e nearby border Ghilzais into a Durrani camp. hve with them rather than in P!!shawar, in Afghanistan. "Neither side would accept it." a memberofthe tribe said. ' The tribesmen, like many other Af- The Pakistanis also distributed His answer was a telling omen for gha~ .!"Cfugees who have recreated· their internationally-donated food aid the future of Afghan tribalism - he traditiOnal way of life in exile, give the through tribal chiefs, known as maliks refused. -Reuter. tall. and· gracious chief the same respect until charges of corruption prompted their grandfathers showed his grandfa- NWFP authorities to switch to individ- ther. ual distribution by late 1981. Mohammed Rafi is- the kind of' But Mr Karzai, at 47, is not sure the . "We used to distribute food through Afghan refugee who Pakistanis centuries-old traditions will suniive in- the maliks, but a lot of them turned out worry about. He's here and he : ~ct the current war between commu- to be crooks," said one official at the wants to stay . .mst Kabul and the Muslim resistance. NWFP commission for Afghan refugees 'Tm not going back," said the 32- ' "The tribal system is being under- in Peshawar. - · year old former science teacher! who : mined," he said. · Western diplomats in Islamabad now. makes his living doing Persian- , • . Mr. Karz!li, who wore a diplomat's said they thought Pakistan wanted to Enghsh translations and other odd jobs.. ! ' pm-stnped Jacket over his floWing Af- get better control over the well-armed "There's no future for me in Kabul..·. ghan garb, spoke at his. new home in and traditionally war-like tribes. any more," he shrugged. · 1 Quetta, 170 kilometres southeast of his "The Pakistanis are trying to under- "I wouldn't go back even if the war native city of Kandahar in southern cut the malik system bei:ause they don't ended and the Russians promised to Afghanistan. · · want the refugees to establish them- leave." The exodus of 2.8 million Afghans selves as a ~ower in their own right,"_, . There are probably thousands of to Pakistan, many of them from the · one envoy sa1d. · middle-class Afghans like Rafi in Pakis~ Pashtu-speaking tribal belt in/eastern "They could cause a Jot of trouble. ta~ putting down roots. now despite, and southern Afghanistan, has torn here." · stnct legal bans on their settling, buying 1 · some large holes in the social fabric of In the camps themselves, radical their home villages, lie said. Islamic partjes like Hezb-1-Islami, the property or carrying Pakistani identity;, cards. · 1 In areas worst-hit by the five-year ..:..~arm...o£..the Muslim .Brother- Many more of the 2.8 million refu-: war, teenage I>Qys with Kalashnikovs hood, ~ave used ideology and weapons; ·· gees are peasants living in refugee: have replaced white-bearded elders as supplies to create loyalties cutting camps along the border, some of which~ the supreme local authority. across tribal, regional and ethnic ties. are so vast and well-established that '• . In Pakistan refugee camps, rival · "fhey openly oppose the tribal sys- their Pakistani neighbours worry' mterest groups ranging from revolu- tern as a barrier to the Iranian-style tionary Islamic parties to wheeler-deal- Islamic revolution they are fighting for. whethe! they will ~tay for good. ers peddling arms and food have sprung · The Islamic aspect of the Jihad, the Pak1stam officials believe the refu- · up to challenge old loyalties and cus- rebels' "Holy war" against com m u- _ge~~ wou.!~-l~ay<: th_e_ _360 or SQ__cam_p~ toms. ·· nism, has catapulted many· mullahs for home if the five-year Afghan war The result, Mr Karzai said, is a new (Muslim clergy) into a political role ended. mix. ~f leaders - some modern, some they did not know back home, said Dr To calm .the fears of. their country­ traditional. Barhuddin Majrooh, a former Kabul men, some have taken to talking tough . Many people, for lack of any other university professor now living in about the people whom Islamabad wel­ social organisation, clung to their tribe Peshawar. comed here as a sign pflslamic solidar­ - a sort of extended family ruled by a Nasrullah, a young Afghan living in ity .. chiefahd elders. Kacha. Gari refugee camp outside "They might want to settle in Pakis­ "It's an old system but we use it Peshawar, explained the inside details tan, but the Government doesn't want because nothing else exists," Mr Karzai of the exiled tribes. them to," said Brigadier Khadim Hus­ ~d over a dinner of steaming. rice "There are two kinds of maliks now, sain. the commissioner for Afghan refu­ pilau, the Afghan national dish and those who were maliks in Afghanistan · ' gees in Baluchistan province. curried meats. . and the new 'ration maliks' who gain "If a settlement comes and some· ~l.iuoin~t.butjf_yOu_ttv to m"h jt influence by distributing food or weap- don't want to go back. we'll probably out the door too fast, it will come back ons," he said. have to force them back," he added. through the window." .. "If a malik has influence in Afghan- Mr Sajjad Hyder, a former ambassa­ ' The pull of tribal loyalties amt)ng istan and if he takes part in the Jihad, dor to Moscow, wrote in a newspaper the Pashtun, who made up about 60 per then he can keep up his influence in the series this month that the refugees were cent of Afghanistan's IS million pre- camp. becoming a dangerous state within a war population, was dearly seen after "But if he's not active, he can lose state which could he:p Islamic funda­ the April 19!78 communist coup in his reputation and people will look for mentalist groups block any return to Ka~ul as, whole clans sought refuge in other leaders." parliamentary democracy in Pakistan. Pakistan. The organisation of the .vast camps, Recalling the long hi~tory of Afghan Official estimates say there are now some of which house up 'to 150,000 invasions ·of the sub-continent, he ~.8 millio~ refugees in Pakistan, mostly refugees, also plays a part, he added. warned: · m camps m the Pashtu-speaking tribal The refugees think of their camps as "There is no. record of any Afghan belt of Pakistan's Northwest Frontier neighbourhoods built up around going back." Province (NWFP) and provinces of mosques. As for the less-visible Afghan com- Baluchistan. · Many mosques are exclusively for munity settling into Pakistan cities, 1 "We've ·traced the genealogies of the one tribe living around them. both the military Government and the l several .families in the camps back In these neighbourhoods, Nasrullah banned opposition in Pakisian have through six generations and found al- said, the chief usually retains his influ- seized on the question as a possible m?st every li~ing relative is now here," ence and the elders, rather than mullahs campaign issue in the run-up to the sa1d Mr Dav1d Edwards, an American or other political leaders, are the final elections promised by March next year. anthropologist studying 'tribalism in authority for all community matters. Lieutenant-General Ghulam Jilani NWFPrefugeecamps. Some mosques were. shared by Khan, the governor. of Punjab province. 13 told local counsellors last month to The Baluch are already a minority in From an article in the 4/12 FEER crac_k do~~ on _Afghans illegall.y"bu_ying their own province and the presence of by Romey Fullerton: Pakistani Identity cards. passports~and so many Pashtun Afghans is raising property. · ·. ·- There is a tendency m the West at the 1 fears among Baluch nationalists of Officials in Quetta. the ~apital of I being further outnumbered, they said. moment to believe that if the resistance Baluchistan province bordering tln · Af- : Many Baluch believe Afghans with is not winning it must be losing. As the ghanistan. have begun evicting reTugees illegal Pakistani identity cards voted in rest of the world's attention is turned from houses and shops which they ille- September's local council polls to swing to other issues, the Soviets' discomfort gally bought there. · the vote in favour of Pashtun candi­ due to adverse public opinion and dip­ Even in Sind, ~he southern province dates in-two areas. lomatic pressure diminishes. On 26 furthest from the border. police .ha ve Like mQu_t _40Q was wounded last year and·of and families of fallen fighters Asia. ·1 , ·r-upees( a6out HK$240) to get the . his defeat at, the hands of . are surrounded with attention. A family in Moldavia rang ' papers. . . · bureaucracy ·"when he ' came l and care," the· newspaper \ Sasha to express sympathy ·. Armed with the identity card, the . home. . . · . I quoted from an official reply and a Muscovite girl sent him ; refugee can then apply for a passport; The rcase evidently won to the case. books, but her letter involun- ;

buy property or marry into a Pakistani· the hearts of readers .. On one 'I Few details of injuries or tarily reflected public igno- · family without any more legal prob­ day the editors received 969 , deaths among the estimated ranee about the Afghan con- I lems. letters, filled with praise and 105,000 Soviet troops in Af- flict. . .; Some investors have taken a riskier sympathy fo·r Sash,a, the . ~hanistan are ever made pub-· It said:· "We have lived for 1 route. buying their stores or houses paper said. . he. . . . . \ :many years without war. My through a . Pakistani frontman who en­ As a result the town party Indications of casualties ~n - generation, and I am a year.~ sures a smooth registration of the pur­ chief, the deputy director of Afghamstan usually com~~ older than Sasha, know o~ chase - but can then keep the property tile pipe-manufacturing firm _ the form of bne_(-deat~ n.o- war basically through books,i for himself. 1 the cinema and old men'si "M.y Pakistani cousin is my partner. C'S'e'e chronolozy .3/25.) ------.. storie~"---··· .• ~ ...... -- .... . and he ensures everything here is legat,'• said an Islamabad carpet salesman. "But the police still know it is,an Afg~an runn ing _the shop and !have to pay them about 4,000 rupees (about HK$2.400) a year to avoid any prob- lem." he said. · The young salesman. who brought · carpets from his shop in Kabul three years ago to help him set up in Pakis­ tan. was the only one in an Afghan-run shopping street who would agree to discuss his business. Several others, alth.ough willing at •first ~~~ lk , refused afte; the polit~ r I parties to which they belong forbid them because o£ the publicity that it might cause. In Quetta, wh·ere officials set up a new refugee camp to take 'the refugees from more than I 00 repossessed houses, politicians said the Afghans could soon aggrevate the already tense relations between the native Pashtun · and Baluch populations...... ------_ I ------T~ ---· -----·------. The following articles by Antero Pietila were written from Kabul and appeared the BANGKOK POST on March 25: __ in ....,,__ - ~on a few nights, the pops of' ·~It is O:ow officially acknowledged AS ~IGHT falls on the snowy · gunfire were heard and sometimes that the city's population, estimated mountains around this ancient even in the daytime the distant echo in 1978 at 800,000, has virtually Central Asian capital, giant of artillery fire echoed from the doubled to more than 1.5 million. But searchlights go on at nearby mountain range. Said Marthaza, Afghanistan's deputy guard posts. . · And there were other reminders. plailning director, insisted in an Their ruthless beams scan the Throughout my stay, I kept B:Sking interview that people's "motivation mountain sides of the old Bala His- my Afghan guides to take me to the to leave the provinces is to get better saar fortress, now a key Soviet out- areas outside Kabul. In the end, I jobs." post. They then drop down and sweep managed to get out of the city twice. The exodus of refugees out of Af- over neighbourhoods of mud houses The first time was to a protected ghanistan has· been even more before penetrating the nooks and village five miles away. In the early dramatic. About three million Af- f t b crannies. o governmen w"ldi ngs, stagesbeen. ·attacked of the repeatedly,guerrilla war its schoolsit had g h ans- one-fifth1 of th e popu Ia t'Ion· factories and warehouses. ed - have sought safety in neighbour- These truck-driven searchlights and government buildings de~troy · · ing Pakistan and Iran. They consti- were designed to spot aircraft in Now, at least in the daytime, It · tute the largest refugee concentra- World War IT: Now they are deployed seemed secure enough to be shown tQ tion in the world. to hun~. out the Mujaheddin, the a visitor. -~.:-:- · In the four years since the Red :fslamic guerrillas who four years ago -:The~ seconct::ume; "twct WE!si 'Ger- .Army invasion .brought communist declared a jihad (holy war) against man journalists and I were flown to leader Babrak Karmal to power, gov- the- regime of Babrak Karmal and Jalalabad, a city near the Pakistan ernment and Soviet troops have· ~e Soviet invaders who lifted him to border, about 100 miles from Kabul. gained control of Kabul and most of power. · - According to diplomats, we thus the other key cities, though sporadic · For two. weeks in January, I ob- became the first W~stern journalists fighting occurs in some of them. ~rved those searchlights from my to be allowed outside Kabul city But much of the countryside is hotel window, where I was confined limits for well over a year. We could either in the hands of several rival by the nightly curfew. I was here stay in. Jalalabad only t~ hours. Mujaheddin groups. or local chief- thanks to a· rare visa the Afghanistan But even that brief time was enough tains, who throughout Afghanistan's Government had issued. . tO show \181 a Soviet presence much long history have never really recog- : Ever since the Christmas Eve lieavierthan that evident in Kabul .. ' nised any central government. Thus,· mvasion of 1979, it has been almost · The manager of a . state farm , . the Karmal regime's inability to col- impossible for non-communist jour- talked about the continuing destruc- Iect taxes, added to a sizable trade nalists to enter Afghanistan legally, tion that the guerrilla war is causing. ' deficit last year, had made the coun- though many have ventured here on Such frank· official interviews were try increasingly dependent on Soviet missions with Mqjaheddin groups. rare. . · aid. . Now, apparently, the Karmal regime '"Everybody is 'afraid," a 29-year- . I ' The government's statistics show wants to let some correspondents in old teacher whispered. "Everybody is . that much of the country is in ruins. ~ ilsually from Moscow- to support afraid, everybody suspects everybody Marthaza, 40, a SovieHrained plan- its claim that it is in control. else," she said. · ' ; ning official, said that 1,800 schools, ; On the basis of my two-week visit, :Her words were repeated many i clinics, roads "and. even mosques" ij is evident that while Kabul and times. The message was also silently 1 have been destroyed in the fighting. 8ome other cities may be in govern- delivered by people - including for- · He estimated the devastation at 24 ment hands, fighting is continuing / eigners - who broke ·off conversa- billion afghanis (about $480 million), 4J!d is widespread. · tiona or refused them altogether once which is more than one-third the . "As you can see, everything here is they were told they were talking to a , total development aid the country normal," was the standard morning reporter. - . ,. . . reCeived in the 20 years before the- greeting from my· . government-ap- · The ··apprehension ·• is mostly invasion. pointed guide and interpreter. Created by fear of the"' Khad,. the . The scale of destruction is - : Outwardly, that often seemed to be regime's KGB-styled: and-advised--se- minutely detailed in the govern- true within central Kabul.. The ba- cret police. But it is also created by ment's statistical yearbook, a docu- Zaa.rs and food shops were filled with an uncertainty about tomorrow, 'ru- ment that even counts Afghanistan's people and goods from all corners of mours and some unmistakable signs telephone booths !there were.just 109 the world. Heavily guarded govern- oftheregime's lack.ofcontrol. . of them in 1982>. ment offices seemed to function nor- One· of those signs is the daily -- Bet~ee; .1979~;.hen the fighting mally; traffic jams developed on n~- trouble with electricity. Even in the started, and 1982 - the latest year row streets, and old men in therr best of times, the electricity. supply recorded in th~ publication - the · tilrbani squ~~:~ endlessly on theiJ:,., has been erratic. Now; it has reached length of Afghanistan's telephone colourful carpets ui tea ho~,-~k· - a point where large areas of Kabul lines decreased from 10,941 miles to ing ·long-stemmed Wa~' p1pes, ~lp- · may be without electricity for days, just 4,421 miles. In the same time, ping sweet green tea and chattenng Even the downtown .. office area is the amount of distributed internal in their variant of old Persian. subjected to HO many daily blackouts - mail dropped from 27:1_million pieces But there were constant reminders that KhfJpkl!f!)'>CI'!I are buying portable to 6.8 million. of the reality of this war-torn land, · _genThere~:e ~:o reasons, a~~d;-~ri;,- Other information also speaks of reminders like the- wandering- the lect t the government's lack of control. searchll.ghts at m"ght, or the gangs of lo.w water_ levels,- for . e nci y Ad I B ba . ffi . I f th e a a , a senior o 1c1a o e Mghan soldiers who kept stopping tro:E!!iy in January, the Muj~hedd.in ruling party's women's organisation, military-age young men and check- successfully attacked the Soviet-built revealed in an interview that her ing their documents. · 1 t group has not been able to establish a I saw many men, with documents Naghlu: hydroelectric power p an.. local structure even on paper in COnsl.dered unsatisfactory, being According to an Afghan official, It Lo Pro . h' h tarts . t fro th · T was thellth attack m a year. wgar vmce, w 1c s JUS dragged away m err wa1 1ng The. other reason is that as fight- 30 miles outside Kabul. : sisters or girl friends- presumably ·ll According to Mawlawi A. Wali stral.ght to the barracks and war. - ing between the guem ~· govern- H . 'd t f th t True' On most nl.ghts the search_- ment units and the So VIe t t ro ops lsiUJat, . pres1A~r. . en D o e governmenh' . lights apparently spotted nothing continues in the country Sl ·d e, the am1cII k ua1rs epartment,· · 1s un1tf and ·the curfiew remam·ed unbroken. relatively · safe capl'tal ·has be come a sti 1ac s representation, ·m two .._ o· haven for refugees. "safety"the country reasons. s 28 provmces 10r 15 A key reason for the-regime's lack "We had haa tots ot gunfire in the · of control in many areas is that the area and I had no idea of whether Soviets, after some early mistakes . they were the government, the po­ and heavy casualties, decided not to . ' lice, thieves or 'the others'," he said. bother with sections of Afghanistan The night visitors turned out to be a that are of no immediate value. The 0 thinking seems to be that the mar­ .i ro;~he f~~~~~~~~~s·:s~t~;~,h~~~~~ ginal areas will fall in line once the who fear to speak ofthem openly.' Karma! regime steadies its control in They. marched in carrying auto­ ~ey regions and the important supply matic rifles and machineguns and lmes that keep it in power have been · ~ asking where the tax.i driver kept his secured. ·'· gun. He said he had no gun. The --'---~ Along with Kabul, the estimated Mujaheddin responded by demand­ 105,000 Soviet troops concentrate ing that he give them 10,000 af­ ghanis, an . amount equivalent to their efforts on controlling the major •, about five months' pay for most cities along those supply lines. Kabul residentS. · · The Karma! regime's ability to The driver protested he had no co.ntroUhese routes seems to change . money. The Mujaheddin simply from ~y to day. Nevertheless, the \. . began dragging him out of the house highway link froin the Soviet border ·1· in front of his crying 70-year-old through Kabul to Pakistan is in such · mother, frightened wife and five chil­ generally satisfactory working condi­ . dren. tion that a major Japanese shipping The mother pleaded with the guer- agency uses it, rather than the Pakis­ rillas not to take away her son, the tani port of Karachi, for transporting . .. sole provider for the family. When. 90 per cent ofits cargo to Pakistan, 1 the guerrillas finally let him go, they including all auto parts. · i :, said they . wanted' him to buy two "Of course, we lose some ship­ r green army jackets for them. ments, but we really don't lose them · · "You· know what?" he recalled. because insurance covers. every­ ; .· ''They sent somebody to get them in thing/' a source· said. But the route is , broad daylight the very next day."- . so unpredictable that while it takes • Independent Press Service one month for the shipments to reach --··~-·---~--...... _ . _._ ____ ~ -----~~- -- the Afghan border' through Siberia by train, two months must be re­ served for the short trip to Pakistan. - ~No news, ~nly _rumours M_nes . That .was_ what. overlapping groups of West­ ing out what's going on is difficult, apparent as I surveyed the Kabul­ ern !iiplomats meet here, compare particularly because none of them J alalabad road from the air; Also notes' and the rumours they have are allowed to travel outside Kabul. heard, and decide what's happening Even . in the. capital, information­ evident were several armoured per- in Afghanistan. · gathering is not easy. Many Af­ '·somj'ill carriers and tanks that had They report their consensus, with ghans want no truck with foreign­ beet\' positioned at strategic points : personal variations, back to their ers because-, of their fear of the · alortg the road to protect convoys that· capitals. Sometimes, their informa- security police, and once-frequent ··may consist of as many as 40 vehi­ . tion ends up in newspapers social contacts . have virtually cles .. Later, on a flight from Kabul to th:r.oughout the world, usually as ceased. . · . New Delhi, I saw some of the devas­ stories quoting diplomatic sources ·The fear is so pervasive that one tation of the countryside from the air. in Islamabad, the capital of Pakis• diplomat coul

JALALABAD- Arriving by air in travelling with two reporters of the this market ·city of orange and palm government's Bakhtar news agency trees and camels near the Khyber as our guides - appeared to sur­ Pass is like arriving in a Soviet city. prise Jalalabad officials, .who did The $irport has been so totally not hide their· desire to get us back taken over by the Soviets that only . to Kabul as soon as possible. A the city's name on the camouflaged hasty programme was arranged. control tower remains in Arabic ·Even in three hours, it was evi· script. Five other signs on the build­ dent that the Muslim holy war ing are in Russian. against the', Moscow-installed re- Mghan guards are not even per­ gime is taking a heavy toll. · mitted past the outer perimeter that "It's not over; it continues," said forms the tbst defence of an: elabo­ Anwar Spinrar, manager_,of·a state rate security system protecting at ·. farm one and a half miles from least two dozen Soviet helicopter. Jalalabad's centre. -· gunships, transport planes and so­ . His .10,900-acre farm was estab­ phisticated radar installations. lished with Soviet help on newly Jalalabad is a key . city in the irrigated desert land' 10 years ago Soviet effort to crush the Mujahed­ and now employs 1,294 workers. din and destroy their supply routes · The 38-year-old manager said he from Pakistan. It also is a city that was not competent to talk about the controls · the southern end of the situation outside his farm.. most important highway in Mghan­ .His farm, he added, had lost 30 of istan. "its 37 tractors and 10 of its 16 trucks to querrilla activity in two years. In the four years since the 1979 In the same p~riod, 24 of the Soviet invasion, Jalalabad has be· workers' children had been killed come known as one of the safest by land mines and 52 injured, ac. cities in the country from the gov­ cording to Spinrar. ernment's standpoint.. He said the mines had been laid Even in recent times, ·however, by guerrillas. It is known, however, the airport has been attacked at that Soviet helicopters have drop­ night and two Soviet-manned ar­ ped thousands of camouflaged but­ moured personnel . carriers were terfly anti-personnel mines in the stationed in front of the Communist area to prevent guerrilla activity. · Party headquarters the day I visited Asked about the latest incident, Jalalabad. Spinrar said it happened at sun· Along with two. West German · down late last year. journalists, l was flown here for Guerrillas, who had been destroy- three hours in mid-January to see : ing .power lines, attacked the jeep that "Western reports _about. fight­ carrying the farm's director of irri·. ing in Afghanistan are untrue and gation, the controller of water and everythiDg is normal," · -· their driver, he·said. After spraying !, We.were the first Western journal~ their bodies with machinegun fire, ists allowed to get outside Kabul for the guerrillas burned the jeep. . more than a year, diplomats said. "We didn't show their bodies to In a bazaar downtown, boys simi­ IB.ter. their families because they had larly are acting as go-betweens for Our· group's arrival - we were turned to ash," Spinrar said.-IPS Soviet soldiers ·trafficking· in cap­ tured or stolen weapons, even jeeps, · it is said. Because of the Chicken Street merchants' contacts, all ----A-cOffiradely bus-fn-ess -- ~- kinds of stories, true and false, can

---·--·------~ ···· -~ - - ...... be heard there, most of which must· be taken with .more than a grain of'· KABuL~.:::_ . On· Chicken Street, they , j Some soldiers do -have moii~y salt. ' don't liJle Russians becau~ soldiers.· . and ehicken Street merchants say· Many of the merchants moonlight in'theRedArmyhavenomoney. ~eyknowwhy. - · as police informants. In fact, it is "Look at that," one shopkeeper -''They kill people in the ;;ill~ges almost impossible for a foreigner to muttered scornfully, pointing to a and steal their afghanis," one mer- stay in any of the street's stores for pressure cooker next to a stack of chant charged. Though Soviet mill- longer than a few minutes without hand-knit wool sweaters. A Soviet tary police patrol Chicken Street some other merchant coming in to soldier had exchanged the cooker whenever Red Army members are check what time-consuming busi­ for a sweater, he said, adding, "I present, a vast_b!ack_!llgk.e1..in Rus- ness is being conducted. -IPS had no choice. Business is bad." .-· ld1lll goods has developed.there; In the days when tourists still '~ · ·On the lower part of the str.eet- came to Afghanistan on their way to where groceries and specialty food India and Nepal, Chicken Street stores stand next to chicken stalls was a stretch of thriving souvenir that once gave the street its-name- · shops. Almost anything could be shelves are filled with Soviet can- Pakistan: new site in the Punjab bought there, from swe~ters and ned goods, biseuits, preservatives. The Government of Pakistan recently designated a new leather goods to antique~ carpets Ample supplies of Caspian Sea site for Afghan refugees . The site of Choronwala!Dar­ and, occasionally; hashish. . • caviar·are available at prices so low ratang. in the Punjab, is expected to accommodate · 1 they would make a Muscovite weep. 10,000 people. Work on the installation of the water The oitly steady customers on All those articles, Imowledgeable system should be completed by the end of March. The " Chicken Street these days are sources say, are trafficked by Sovi-· present village for Afghan refugees in the Punjab, Kot Soviet soldiers and about 6,000 civil- . ets from army and civilian commis- Chandana, now accommodating approximately 60 ,000 ian specialists that Moscow h'" sent sarles in payment for other goods. people , is expected to have a registered population of here. ·But, because ordinary Red The go-betweens in most cases 100,000 by April, at which time the Choronwala/Dar­ Army conscripts are paid only 200 are boys who have developed some ratang site will begin to receive refugees. baht a month, they hav'ifi. -_little 1 facility in Russian and greet any _ Rl:.rd money, though some are known to . foreigners with "tovarich" (com- have exchanged their shoes for rade) .and "eedee· sooduh" (come . Chicken Street's wares. here).: 17 Behind the Jines by John Gunston nation of Afghan casualties) estimates • .t. rn'h • t 1 · tha90t per cent of all those badly m ftl61.1anJ.S an tIS mo~e than fO':lf years since Soviet troops invaded wounded die from lack of adequate 'I1iCee months recently spent with the Afgharustan and mstalled the puppet regime of facilities. mujahedeen rebel forces in Soviet- Babrak Karmal. Since then-and with increasing Their deep faith in Islam suStains the occupied Afghanistan convinced me success--Afghan rebels have fought the Russian rebels through all ordeals. Fear of that it is the fundamentalist group invaders and government troops. The author a death is much reduced by their convic- rather than the moderates who are former British Army officer, saw at first hand, the tion that those martyred in a holy war bearing the chiefburden of the war and go straight to heaven. Hekmatyar re bel s• st reng ths an d wea knesses and the nature of Gulbaddt'n, leader of the extreme ofwho the enjoy Afghan the support population. of the majorityGeneral th etr· suppo rt . H e accompam'ed a sortie into Kabul fundamentalist party Hesbi-I-Islami, Fazle Haq, Governor of Pakistan's and came under frequent fire from Soviet aircraft. explained to me that the aim of the war North-West Frontier province, told With a cry of Allah Akhbar ("God is able to consolidate their gairis ·and me before I entered Afghanistan that in great") through his megaphone, Com- press home their advantage. his view the mujahedeen of three of thl mander Abdul Karim launched the With every justification the mujahe- fundamentalist groups were respon- attack. Five recoilless rifle shells deen feel that they have considerably sible for 70 per cent of the fighting. By accompanied by half a dozen 82mm improved their position over the last 12 contrast, the moderate mujahedeen mortar shells were dispatched into the months, and are bitterly disappointed groups-on whom western sympathies ministry building. The operation took that the West has not given them more have focused---are concentrated in the about five minutes and exhausted our support. Not only have they gained south-eastern provinces of Afghanis- modest ammunition supplies. Only as control over most rural areas, but they tan and enjoy little real support else- we were withdrawing did we come have begun to establish provincial where in the country. Certainly in the under heavy but haphazard fire from administrations. Furthermore they provinces surrounding the capital, the Afghan and nearby Soviet troops. have largely buried their own differ- Kabul, I could find little evidence of . An hour or so later we reached the ences, and have formed two main moderatesupportoraction. villages from which we had come. The groups along religious lines: the Unity It was with the fundamentalist muja- following morning these villages came of Afghan Mujahedeen, composed of hedeen in Kabul province that I spent under heavy artillery bombardment the moderate, and the Alliance of most of my 12 weeks in Afghanistan. fro~ within Kabul, undoubtedly as a Afghan Mujahedeen, comprising the Nearly 80 per cent of the province was repnsal. I was later informed that Dar- fundamentalists.. The latter's much under their control. The Soviet forces aluman was sealed off for the next two greater militancy, both in· religious are confined to the city, to which. the days and that the Defence Ministry matt~rs and in fighting the pagan com- guerrillas have almost unlimited access had sustained severe damage. murusts, has proved much the stronger at night, as I myself witnessed when Elsewhere in Kabul province the . attraction for the people. accompanying a sortie into the capital. Soviet and Afghan forces are restricted In the five years of the conflict Egypt First we infiltrated into the suburb of to the major towns and to garrisoning and China have provided the mujahe- D!1ra)uman; where·t.'le ~\'let outposts alo1_1g the essential highways. deen with the bulk of their weapons, as High Command's headquarters and Convoys taking troops and supplies to I could observe from the markings. the Afghan Defence Ministry are outlying provinces are so constantly Saudi Arabia has been generous with both situated, some 400 yards apart. ~by rebel forces that they travel funds, Pakistan with hospitality and The commander asked me which m lines of no fewer than 60 vehicles at a support for the exiled and wounded. target I would prefer them to attack. I time so. that at least some get through. The most desperate· shortage is of held no strong views. We went up to Havtng suffered considerable troop surface-to-air missiles, since the rebels' the perimeter of the Soviet head- losses, the Soviets have had to resort to machine guns can scarcely counter quarters and observed a couple of indirect ~ethods of attack to challenge fast-flying jets and heavily armoured guards patrolling the grounds, using t~e muJahedeen's dominance of the helicopters. I saw only two SAM-7 torches and talking loudly, contrary to ~ high ground. They do this with artillery missil~ in my time with the mujahe- normal military practices. There was ' bombardment, fighter ground attack, deen m Afghanistan. They had been no evidence of any vehicle checkpoints : and helicopter gunship raids. While bought on the "black bazaar" in Beirut or stop-groups in the area. serving in the British Army I had been and were not totally effective, since The mujahedeen went into consul- taught to respect the redoubtable ftre- they co.uld be diverted by heat decoy tation with their section commanders, power of the Soviet air force. Yet see- flares ejected from the Soviet aircraft. and decided that reprisals from the ing it in action, I was struck by the The acquisition of a system like the Russians against the local population reluctance of the pilots to press home. British Blowpipe would radically would be too savage. So we moved on their attacks. On each such occasion change the war by enabling the muja- down the road to the Afghan Defence ! when we came under fire, the heli- hedeen to engage oncoming hostile air- Ministry. Then there was an almost ~· copter gunships and MIG-21 fighter craft with near-certain success. farcical scene as the mujahedeen took bombers never came in lower than 'J!le. rebel~ also urgently require 10 minutes to establish their fighting ?·000 feet. As a result of their .. stand- baste ttems hke boots, socks, jackets positions. Little attempt was made to 1 mg-off", their ordnance could not be and sleeping bags to help them combat disguise the nature of their activities as delivered with sufficient accuracy. It the extreme cold. Many had lost toes in they laboured to set up their recoilless was therefore largely ineffective against previous winters due to frostbite, and . rifle on its tripod and dig in a mortar, the mujahedeen's positions high up in more face the same prospect. Food is for which they had to borrow a shov<;! the _mo1111:~i~s, though deadly enough short, thanks to the Soviets' scorched from a local household. All this took agamst etvthan targets on the valley earth policy. Medicines and qualified place just 20 yards from the mud wall floors. personnel are also urgently needed. surrounding the Defence Ministry and The Afghan government forces Evacuating casualties is a prunfliland ·~ a mere 200 yards from a strikingly themselves have been greatly reduced ?angerous process entailing long ~vigilant company of Afghan troops by desertions and heavy casualties, so JOurneys on mules and camels to Paki- ILLUSTRATED m an encampment advertised by large much so that the Soviet forces do not stan. Mohammed Firdaus Khan LONDON arc-lights. · trust them to execute any important admi'_listr~ltor of the Afghan Surgicai NEWS 4/1/84 operations. If the mujahedeen were Hospttal m Peshawar (the main desti- adequately equipped they would be 18 As long as the Russians remain in Afghanistan we will continue Excerpts from an interview with Prof. Abdur Rabbur Rasul our struggle and negotiate with them only from the barrels of our Sayyaf from the MUSLIM WORLD LEAGUE JOURNAL, Rabi al-TL-tani . guns. Our guns and mortars best 140/;.. The interview first appeared in Afghan Mujahi~--s;;;;~ 1o4o--;--­ express our outlook and views in N.ovemtier "1983; Pu.blished by the Islamic -AIIian~e of Afgl!an Mujahi·deen, BM Box Z084, opposing our enemies and the· London 11\/CIN ,3xx. · - · . . ~. enemies of Allah. These attemps The jihad in Afghanistan . Q. Is there any political so- at finding a political solution are over the last few years is in itself lution that might resolve the the greatest example of how situation in Afghanistan? · mainly intended at making the Russians look innocent. They Allah helps those who believe in A. We heard, from a distance, Him against their enemies. Who news of attempts by the United have not been talking to the could have imagined that a strug- Nations representatives to solve Russians at all. The UN represen­ tatives have been talking to gling, weak people could resist th_e crisis. These are doomed to Pakistan, Iran and the puppet an enemy whom the whole world !allure. '!"hey have been contact- government in Kabul. This will , fears? We started with empty mg partres who have nothing to give credence to the Russian hands, simple and scanty resour- 1 do withy the jihad - they think claim that the problem is between ces, yet Allah has granted us they ca~ reach a solution without the Afghan, and Irani remarkable victories and has consultmg t_hose really involved. Pakistan~ 1 governments and that there is no given us weapons from the hands They. are mrstaken. There is no Russian involvement. This de­ of our enemies. They have been solutron except through armed spite the fact that the battles are using anti-tank and anti-aircraft strugg.le. We will contin.ue until being fought between the weapons against our infantry we dnve the enemy out of our Mujahideen and Russian troops. even though we had neither l9nds and are able to establish a They don't mention the tanks nor aircraft: they do this clean, correct Islamic society. Mujahideen in hope of denying because of their deep hatred of Any solution that doesn't reflect their existence. But they can't Muslims, whom they fear and the will of the Mujahideen, that deny their existence since the envy. hasn't come from the battle- Mujahideen have been imposing And now, alhamdulillah, the ground, has no validity. themselves on their enemies. Mujahideen have been capturing · What we are saying is this They want to draw !ran and those weapons and using them. "What is there to negotiate? Did Pakistan into this crisis while in When we started. we couldn't we have an argument with the reality they have no interest in it. even get pistol. We used hunting Russians when they invaded us? These attempts are aimed at ex­ guns and so forth. Now we have Are we fighting them over fran- · oneratmg the Russians - their more than three hundred thous- tiers, rivers, resources?' name is not being mentioned and armed men. , . . The problem was an internal even though the whole world If you had visited one. A few sold themselves, their knows that the Russians are in­ Afghanistan fifteen years ago and deen and their people, hoping to volved. They try to overlook this come back now, you would have rule over Afghanistan with fore­ fact and give official recognition found a great change in the ign support. Most of the people to the illegal government in people's understanding. Jihad is want Islamic rule. Due to this, Kabul. The government in Kabul a school. It has educated the there has been a dispute. There is a branch of the government in people, it has made them heroes. should have been no foreign . Moscow. Even so, they are not Allah makes a promise in Qur'an: intervention, but the Russians able to control ten per cent of 'Those who struggle in Us. We interfered, invading the country Afghanistan. They don't even will guide them in our ways.' This and killing the people. We have have complete control of Kabul saying is a truth which we have no alternative but to face the itself? witnessed in our p~opie. The . Russians with whatever we have. These attemps have never pro­ word 'jihad' was forgotten and its What is there to talk to the duced a solution and our view, reality lost to the Ummah. But Russians about? About the type the Alliance position, is that we now when you enter of government in Afghanistan? should continue the armed Afghanistan, you find the little About the future of Afghanistan? struggle. We also stress that we child who is starting to speak These matters are the concern of do not accept any other party saying 'jihad.' the Muslims of Afghanistan and attempting to represent the . Jihad has had a deep effect on no one else. There is nothing to Mujahideen- the Allance is the all the Muslims. It has brought us negotiate. To drive out the in­ only legitimate representative of together. Today, the Afghans vaders and establish the rule of the Afghan people. We will con­ know one another. We have also Allah- that is the only solution. tinue to shoulder that respons­ found out in the process who is We, the Islamic Alliance of ibility in the future, if Allah wills. good and who is bad. Those who Afghan Mujahideen, will not give If anyone wants to find a sol­ are sincere have gathered toget­ an opinion to anyone trying to get ution, then they should press the her in the way of the Truth and us to negotiate, wherever they Russians to leave. Then the have started to cooperate. They come from, the United Nations or Muslims of Afghanistan will es­ have started to live in an Islamic ' wherever, unit! the Russians an­ tablish an Islamic government, way, a good and blessed way, nounce that they are ready to and the crisis will be over. and they have started to taste the leave Afghanistan uncondition­ Otherwise, as I said, we will only real meaning of jihad. So we can ally. Then we will state our negotiate through the barrels of confirm that Allah has fulfilled opinion on one thing, about how our guns and we will continue His promise by guiding them as they should leave, noth~ing-else:­ our armed struggle until Allah He said He would in the Qur'an. anything else is our own affair. gives us victory. 19 The Searcl~for Peace in Afghanistan 1~ •• while the Russians are thought to have su{fered no more than 2,000 sl The S~1le D~partment tak1•s rong in_crea..:ingly bn1t."ll t.1cti~ inducing dl!llths each year. T-o reduce SOViet t'Xcept.ion to Selig Harri~on'~ ~rticle \\1des~read killin~r of ~:i\"ilians, the de­ ~ties further, Moscow· Is ln­ "Are We Fighting to the Last Af­ structwn of vi! !ages :1m! agril'Uitural ~vs­ crea~y relying on air power to at­ +Selig ghail?"lop-ed, Dec. 29f. In ~upport of tem.s, and the crrat.ion of the worfd's ta'*;resistance holdouts and retaliate Harrison his underlying tht>sis that the HPagan b;:cst refugee cofl'_onunity. agamst nearby villages. recently admini~tratiun clue~ nut want a ni'I(Oti­ I repeat, \\'a.c;hir.g!A•n ·docs not h1•ld . the Russians and their local allies do . not~trol all of Afghanistan,~ Mos­ spent ated political 11ettlt>ment for Afghani­ the key In ending the sl!ffe:ing of the Af­ CO'!_ has made considerable progress In 8 days stan, Mr. Harrison claims that this ad­ t-:hnn IX'OP!£>, :..1U'Cuw d~ We Ct•ntinue ministration ha.o; done little to advance the. :'Sovietization~· of the country. The in !? _hor-e that ~1oscow \\ill l'l-riol!.~lv ron­ ~et- Union Increasingly dominates the U.N. mediation effort. and that we .. s,der a negotiated !'Olution to 1·nd the the' Afghan economy, parttcularly the; Kabul. are mis.~ing an "unprecedented" oppor­ agony that the Clll1!"8l:l.'Oll'l Af.,han peo­ · exploitation of its -oil and gas re­ We hope tunity to test Moscow·~ willingnl's~ to ple have endured for f11ur !on" ~t'al'!l sources. Afghanistan is" now Connected: to have withdraw. He ahm implies that last . RICHARD w."'~nJHPHY to t4~- Soviet Unioil by roads, trade: June we held Islamabad back from A'-,.tst.:Lnt ~e.·t.ary or ~tatt routes/and lines of communication - a report B~rt:>u or Near t:l.•t.om and Soulh "-'•11'1 M:al,; Including a satellite link.· Educational · moving wward a settlement, and thus 1 of gave Moscow an excuse for not giving a \\a<~hmgt.on WP..~r\,..:.Gi""l\1 p.,s,- and J;Wtural ties have also expanded his visit sigiillicantly, and many Afghans now · definite time frame for the withdrawal . . --qJo in the of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. *The article referre to ~va their higher ~ucation In the,. 5o'1~ Union and.Eastem Europe. In. October Mr. Harri.•lnn is absolutely \WOng on all appeared on page 9 of the detil,.ir.even half of the 10,000 Afgharjs issue. counts. The United States has comis­ FORUM, Vol. XII, #2. We now·studying In the Soviet Union re-; tently and forcefully supporU.>d the search reproduced it from the main loYal to Soviet-style Marxlsm­ (Ed.) for a peaceful, political !!Olution to the war International Herald Let#Pi~m. they will have a significant in Afghanistan. We have repeatedly, in Tribune of 12/20. influence on Afghanistan's fUture. public and in private, empha.~i7.ed to all ~while, the rest of the world is concerned parties our !lupport for the on~_ag_ain forgetting aboUt Afghani. · U.N. negotiating process that seeks a stan·. Before the Soviet Invasion MOSCOW'S GRIP ON AFGHANS We'Sfemjoum~tsrarelymentioned cm<;Cd by r~>}u~ion ~ t.'te cri..c;i.<~ M~­ by Zalmay Khalilzad in Af~~~ except as a joking syno. cow s mv;t'l!On and <.'Ontinuin~ occupation. nym for "obscurity/' This changed We have repea!tdly st.'ttcd trw1t in our t~e NYT 4/9 for~eln1979and1980, butitlsin- view such a :'tt'ttlement mll'lt inrlude the ThegeneraJ im})J:eSSion-ln the West· creasingly true again today. MeaD- · basic elements ll_pt-llcd out in five U~GA ' is tllal.the Russiails ~bogged down_ w~. no significant InternatiOnal r~lution.'l on Af!(hani.•t;m-the with­ I. In Af~ Even official Wash- a~nt with the ·Soviet Union is drawal of Soviet troo~ the inde!'('ndl'nt lngtbri'seems !O believe that the Rus- befuk. delayed or prevented· because and nona!i),'Iled !l!atus of Afg!-.wi.~t.an. siaas-&ave made little progress since ~!-~·war In Afghanistan, and sev~ In are encouraging dete~.ation by L~e Afghan people of theJ;mt.ervened In 1~. fact, the.. ~c.allies Washing• last'fo_ur years-havefbrought signifi- t~·Jttmute its protest about what is their u\~n form of government and these­ · caiit'-improvement In the Soviet posi- ha~ there. . . . cure return of the refugee;. tiOil';'bd Moscow j.s now looking for- If- IS hardly surprising, tben,.tthat We have made perfectly clear that ward- to the day when the Afghan ' th~ seems to feel that time is we f'ndon~e the concepts we under­ re~t& will be no more than a Ininor. on its side. M;oscow is now pressing stand form the ba<~is of the current nuisance, : Paftistan to consider direct talks with draft text, which would provid£> for a wbat have tJ:ie Russians achieved? ~resj_d~t Babrak. Karm.8I - push- fully integrated settlement We have To begin with, Moscow has bad signif- mg, ln. effect, for Pakistani recogni- welcomed the progress made to date icallt success· in stepping out of the timrior'his Government. Indeed, the and hope for fwther forward move­ figtiting and qun1ng the conflict Into a Kremlin Is now confident enough of waf'between AfgbanS. The Russians pgsifion In Afghanistan to begin to. ment with the propo~ resumption of · its have orpnized the AfgbanS Into ~- · C~trllct at least one air strip In the consultations in the spring. Soviet re­ eraJ:Overl.apping security forces. -The Heftiland Valley, thus improving its calcitrance is the problem, not an al­ state· security· service,. known as, ta~accesstotheArabianSeaand leged U.S. unwiUin~:,'Iless to accept the Kbad, includes 20,.000 men and is con-" the ~.Strait of Hormuz. U.N. ~ettlement proposal. troilecLby the K.G.B. It Is suwle- Altof this poses significant dllem- Contrary to Mr. Harz-;_'iQn's claim, the mented by revolutionary guards, aC- mas:tor the United States. A continu- United States did not hold l.c;!amabad tive iii the cities, and local peasant atiO"ii · ot the current trend could 1n back last sprL"lg and thu.~ save the Soviet antFfribal militias, .whiCh. are paid timt!_lead to a coqsolidation of Soviet Union from having kl face the central handsomely by the Government to pOwer In Afghanistan- and a Soviet i.c;sue of the negotiations-the with­ figtit 'in rural areas. : . . · mifitary victory would be unlikely to drdwal time frame for Soviet forces. The MOScow has not been able to build a · · lead. to- a complete withdrawal; The large regular army, ana the .often cos~ of oCcupation would fall sharply Soviets have repeated this theme ad inefficient ·· ·security forces are and .Moscow would find it consider- nallc.eam to cover up their unwillinrness plagued by defections. Yet the Rus- ably- easier to bully Pakistan. to provide the time frame. " sians bave ~ged to teep some \1{-lia£ can be- done? The Afghan Unfortunately, we !:-.ave seen no indi­ 30,09.0 ,AfghanS under arms, allowing resiStance faces a number of major cation that the Kremlin is ready to ne­ them to reduce their active involve- pro~er_ns: disorgamzation, lack of gotiate meaningfully to end its war me!Ji,:. Less than 20 percent of the· eqll_q)ment, lack of si~cant outside troops Afghanistan cpordi. ~ahlst the Afghan nation. We would 100.._000 Soviet In ~ SUppqft. But American help, we!come such signs. In Afghanistan as now-participate In actual combat. . .J nat~. with Pakistan, could do.much ~while, Soviet tactics are to !.Dcrease its effectiven~. The elsewhere,· actions spea.lc louder than · weakening the rebels' determination West~ democracies, China and the wordc;. Soviet actions bdic.ate that M~­ to fight. The Russians have Inflicted countries on the Pelsian · Gulf can cow remains c!etennined to continue its mueb. higher costs on the Afghan par- play~lil(important role In encouraging occupation of Afghanistan in it" attempt tisaii!than they have sustained ~em- PaJ9.stan to be helpful In this effort. to subjugate the proud Afg!wt people. selves: As many as half a million Af- Together with Japan, they can help To achieve thls end the Soviets are llc;ing gharJS are thought to have been killed ~~~bad deal with the problems __ sin~. the .ComJDunists took over In ~or Indirect Soviet pressure and an;mcreasecl flbw QJ refUgees- that 20 n u. :t

Zone tramee:hegemonie de 80%a 100% lnitiale ou symbole: forte presence arrm!e .I;""chura . ~ ~Nasr et allies ~ :I: Harakat-e lslami I l(_autres groupes chiites 5 Djamiat lslami j_ • · · rHarokat Enquelab A.. 1\ 1:JHarakat•Enquelab tendance Mansur- ./\ ~ Hezb-e-islomi (Hekmatyoar)__H_ ·:-:-:-:-:· ~Gaylani G_ .·.·.·.·.• ~ Sayyaf T Hezb-e-lslami (Khales) K_ Modjad did i ------L21L...J UFronts independents 16 .... • .. ·1 Zones blanches: indetermine

DISTRIBUTION OF RESISTANCE GROUPS IN AFGHANISTAN. Map by Olivier Roy, published in Les Nouvelles d'Afghanistan, No. 17, March/April 1984. The information recorded on the map is based on information received from many sources during the summer of 1983.

SUMMER COURSES REQUEST Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, May Schinasi wonders if a collection of Portland, OR 97207 (800-547-8887 or 503- the Afghan monthly entitled Mermen (Woman) 229-4081) will offer courses onpAfghan is available outside Afghanistan. Any CuJ_ture & Society•· and "Communist Afghani­ reader knowing the whereabouts of copies stan" during its summer session June 18 - of this periodical is asked to let Ms. August 24. Schinasi know. Her address is 24 avenue The Middle East Institute, Office of Edu­ Gravier, 06100 Nice, France. cational Programs, 1761 N Street, NW, Washington D.C. 20036 (202-785-1141) will offer elementary Farsi from June 1 through August 13.

21 Fuel-efficient stoves and ovens for Afghan refugees Afghan refugees live in some 380 These stoves are more efficient ' training course for women instructors refu~e villages mostly situated in the than the open fire stoves and they are has been started. The course will Nort~West Frontier and Baluchi­ cheap and simple to build. But they teach them the correct use of the stan provinces .. They havJlPiaced an can only take one type of cooking pot Bellerive stoves as well as suggesting enormous stram on t•Iocal re­ and people using them need careful more rational cooking methods. sources and the deforestation is only training. It is still too early to evaluate the one, though the most serious, result. programme but the first stoves have The Bellerive team spent six weeks Cooking Pots been well received. The technology at the Katcha Garhi village near The team found that the tradi­ of the stoves and ovens is appropriate Peshawar in the North-West Frontier tional cooking pots were very ineffi­ in that they have been built in a Province. The total population of the cient, tended to last less than a year refugee village, using primarily local village is about 34.000 refugees. and were difficult to handle when tools and materials. They are gen­ Bread Ovens hot. So, a new pot based on tradi­ erally easy to use. But are they cultu­ tional designs has been developed, rally appropriate? The report of the The staple diet of the Afghan refu­ which is intended for the "Crescent" gees is flat bread, known as "nan", Bellerive team notes some of the and "Poqbi" stoves but also can be initial problems in the utilization and which is cooked in open, vertical used on any open-fire stove. A new ovens called "tandors". These con­ maintenance of the stoves, the baking pan for "nan " has also been necessary changes in cooking habits, sume large amounts of firewood and, introduced. in winter or bad weather conditions, and so on. can often not be used at all. The bulk Considering the trauma of their of the firewood consumed by the Substitute Fuels flight from Afghanistan and the diffi­ Afghan refugees - possibly as high as Even with the savings on fuel con­ culties in adjusting to the reality of 90% - is used for the preparation of sumption by introducing new ovens the refugee villages, is it practical to "nan" in highly inefficient ovens. and stoves, the supply of firewood is expect the refugees to accept any The Bellerive team, therefore, bound to diminish. Hence, it is essen­ further cultural changes? But some­ built two new bread ovens based tial to develop alternative forms of thing needs to be done urgently and closely on traditional designs. They fuel. the Bellerive stoves and ovens are are intended for use by private bake­ Dung cakes have been used as fuel clearly a very useful innovation. At ries run by Afghan refugees. The for centuries. The cakes are a mix­ the same time, it is important to team also believes that the traditional ture of cellulose waste and dung, improve the supply of cheap, reliable flat bread is not necessarily the best which acts as binder- essential if the alternative fuels, particularly bottled staple food in the circumstances, as it cakes are made by hand. However, if gas. is not particularly easy to digest and briquettes can be made with a hand­ PIERS CAMPBELL quickly becomes stale. They suggest operated press, a wide range of rural that European-style "farmer's wastes can be used, such as hay, dry "Promotion of Fuel-Efficient Stoves and Ovens Among Afghan Refugees", by Wa· bread", if it were available, might leaves, sawdust, paper, etc. claw Micuta. Bellerive Foundation, Geneva, eventually become popular among Pakistan possesses its own natural December 1983. · 'R€.~1J G._t,.E. S - Hc.,.\eh the refugees. The Bellerive ovens gas, which is widely available in bot­ were designed to produce both types tles. In terms of calorific value, it is Nayan Chandra writes in the FEER 4/12: of bread. cheaper than firewood, but there are Cooking Stoves problems. The _d~posit on the ~t!les is often prohib1t1ve to poor fam1hes, nfonned sources said that when Most Afghan refugees use a simple supplies . are erratic and technicians cooking stove, made from local clay l Pakistani Foreign Minister Shaba­ scarce. Natural gas is probably the zada Yaqub Khan sat down for the first mixed with cut straw. It is an open most appropriate alternative . fuel direct talks with his Soviet counter­ fire with walls in the shape of a , supply to firewood and the Bellerive part Andrei Gromyko in May 1983, it horseshoe. These stoves are fairly · t team argued strongly that the became clear that Moscow expected efficient but are difficult to operate in ; necessary production and distribu­ Pakistan to deal directly with Afghan bad weather and cannot be used to tion improvements should be made President Babrak Kannal's regime and warm the house during winter. ur2entlv. stop aiding the resistance. before ~he The Bellerive team developed Kerosene is another common fuel Soviets would. consider w1thdra~g troops or comt'ftitting itself to a tune- three models of cooking stoves for and UNHCR distributes large num­ the refugee villages. During the six table. · bers of a kerosene stove known as It was this realisation, rather man weeks, 120 were manufactured and the "Chinese Stove ". It is easy to use distributed. The simplest version, the US advice, that seems· to hav~ I~ but, on the other hand, it is difficult Pakistan to pull back. Pakistani "Protected Open Fire" is more effi­ to obtain a strong combustion and sources said that another reason for cient than the traditional open fire the smell often affects the food. their unwillingness to accept the Af­ but, like all non-chimney stoves, is Bellerive is developing a new type ghan pledge c;>f non-interferenc~ an~ extremely dangerous to use inside. of kerosene burner. non-interventiOn was the latter s re The other two, the "Crescent" and fusal to accept the Durand Line_ as t.?e the "Poqbi" stoves are more sophis­ Training border between the two co~.~:ntn~.s. .If ticated and have chimneys, which can the border line is not reco~Ised, said be converted to provide heating du­ The manufacture of the 120 stoves a Pakistani official, "wha~ IS the vatu; ring the winter. The team also built a was used to provide in-service train­ of such a [non-intervention) pledge. community stove for the Nasir Bagh ing for more than a dozen Afghan Interventio~, after all, h~s to be across village for Afghan orphans and potters and metal workers. In co­ an internatiOnal border. . · widows. operation with an NGO, SERVE, a 22 A REPORT FROM NOURISTAN from the Afghan Information Center Monthly Bulletin, #36, March 1984.

Nouristan is the region where the Afghan Resistance started in 1978. Since then the Nouristanis have fought the enemy with courage and determination. For over a year, however, it has been quiet and seems to be facing some internal problems. Since the summer of 1982, Nouristan has not been attacked by enemy ground forces and it is only bombarded from the air occasionally. The Kabul regime policy for "tribes and nationalities" is to encourage separatist movements among different ethnic, linguistic and religious communities in Afghanistan. Following this policy Kabul has sent several messages and delegations to Nouristan, promising the population an independent status. When, in 1983, a man called Maulawai Afzal declared the formation of a "Free Government of Nouristan," many observers became suspicious and saw it as a success for the Kabul regime. A commander of the "Free Resistance Front of Nouristan" from Bashgal in eastern Nouristan, was interviewed at the Afghan Information Center in Peshawar in March. Asked about the situation he said: "I know that the people outside Nouristan see the area as torn by internecine war. To some extent this picture is justified because the Nouristan of 1978 and the early years, well-united against the Soviet invaders, has changed. The reasons are: first, the Peshawar political organiza­ tions, by forming separate groups, have stirred many rivalries among the Nouristanis and second, enemy agents have become active in the area. Often they are the'same agents who, in the guise of membership in rival Islamic parties, are creating trouble. We have uncovered and neutralized many of them but still much work in this respect remains to be done. Despite the internal problems, we have done some good fighting against the enemy." He said that because of its strategic position, Nouristan is very important to the Soviets; it dominates the Kunar Valley along the Pakistan border and it is an important supply route for the resistance in Badakhshan and other northern provinces. By creating trouble in the area, the Soviets intend to close this strategic route. "The resistance leaders in Pakistan must become aware of this fact and help us restore order and unity in Nouristan. I was forced to come to Peshawar in order to discuss this problem with all of them. I know that some of them suspect me of being leftist, but the leftists are accusing me of other deviations. This is the price you must pay when you want to be an independent Muslim patriot having in mind only the liberation of your country~froni Soviet occupation." ' Asked about the "Free Government of Nouristan" he said: " In the beginning, when it was announced, I became really alarmed and suspected it to be an enemy maneuver. But I found out that the 'Free Government' people are good Nouristanis trying to keep the population united and avoid divisions along political lines inposed from outside. An agreement was reached between the 'Free Government' and our 'Free Resistance Front,' Now we have formed a single organization. We have built 9 military units of 600 men each. Good, experienced army officers are in charge of the units but some problems of supplies in arms, ammunition and food have to be solved. Anyway, for this spring and summer we have planned operations against enemy positions in the upper Kunar Valley and in the north." About the expenses of their units, he said that they have established a "bank" where donations are deposited and each Nouristani refugee in Pakistan is sending 2 rupees (about 20¢)/month to the bank. Also foodstuffs and clothes, given by the local population or sent by the Nouristani refugees and others, are stored there. He added: " We still need more moral, political and material support."

23 CPtBanJJZiiTlCN5

AMERICAN AFGHAN EDUCATION FUND (AAEF) by Masaud in the Panj~hir Valley to the Matthew D. Erulkar, AAEF's Executive fightine men and their families. The rest Director, writes: of the rubber boots and clothing is being A non-profit organization, AAEF was distributed by the Islamic Unity of Mu­ founded in July 1983 to inform Congress, jahedeen into Kunar, Bamian and Logar pro­ the media & the American public of key vinces. The radio equipment went to Kunar. issues concerning & affecting the effort The distribution was decided under the to liberate Afghanistan. Such issues advice of Mohamad Yahya Masaud, Masaud's include the legislative front in Congress brother, who is one of his foreign repre­ to provide effective material support to sentatives based in Peshawar." American Aid for Afghans, 6443 Beaverton the Afghan resistance. A primary ob­ Highway, Portland, Oregon 97221 (503-297-4743). jective of AAEF is to provide the oppor­ tunity through its publication, Afghan AFGHAN REFUGEE INFORMATION NETWORK (ARIN), 75 International Update, for individuals & Halden Road, London SW18 lQF, (01)874-1562. organizations to explore imaginative ,-A12.PJ~-wi11-o'!:'erate e. resale booth at the East possibilities that will develop into new Putney Scouts Hall, Oxford Road, Putney, ways for the US to support the mujahi­ London SW 15, on the last Saturday of each deen ••• AAEF will focus on bridging the month from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. Proceeds will culture gap between Americans & Afghans go to ARIN and to medical aid for Afghan so that the common values of each society Refugees. ARIN produces a quarterly news­ will be recognized while differences letter with information about the Afghan will be accepted by policy-makers & situation & the refugees. Subscriptions in implementers ••• The process requires the the USA are .;!'5. 00. continuous effort of Americans & Afghans in the US to increase public awareness of M.U.S.I.C., P.O. box 8343, Portland, Oregon both the crisis & the courage & heroism 97207, (503) 638-6933. of the Afghan guerrillas. The nation-wide participation of Afghan-support groups This center for the preservation of endangered on the legislative front is necessary to arts is looking for funds to complete a video create a better understanding of inter­ documentary on Afghan refugees. They are cultural issues & to change the no-win making a one-hour program for TV using footage strategy of America's foreign policy." shot in Pakistan last November. Contributions Matthew Erulkar also edits Afghan In­ to the project are welcome and are tax deductible. ternational Update. He is a former PCV * * * who served in Zaire and has been in­ THE POTENTIAL OF AFGHANISTAN'S SOCIETY & IN­ volved in the Afghan effort with Andrew STITUTIONS TO RESIST SOVIET PENETRATION & Eiva, Exec. Director of the Federation domination is the subject of a research study for American Afghan Action~ undertaken by Prof. Nake Kamrany and Prof. Leon For further information contact Mr. Poullada [and underwriten by the US Dept. of Erulkar at AAEF, Suite 603, 236 ~~s­ Defense]. Prof. Kamrany writes that he expects sachusetts Avenue, N.E., Washington, D.C. to complete the study by the end of August & he 20002 (202 - 547-0201.) hopes to convene a workshop at that time to discuss the findings of the study before it is AMERICAN AID FOR AFGHANS printed. For more information about the study Don Weidenweber, Director, v7ent to Paki­ and the workshop, write Prof. Nake Kamrany, stan in February with the following Dept. of Economics, Univ. of Southern Califor­ items: Co~~ndo and rubber boots, nia - HC 0035, Los Angeles, CA 90089. (213- overcoats, commando style jumper suits, 743-2488) Awami suits, jackets & trousers and a * * * radio amplifier and spares. AAFA NORWAY'S CONTRIBUTION to Afghan refugees in raised the $47,997.90 that the supplies Pakistan in 1983 was about $5m and it will cost. ~V'eidenweber writes: "The com­ rise to about $5.5m in 1984, according to an mando boots are all being used by article in the March issue of REFUGEES. Masaud's men. Half of the rubber boots and other clothing is being distributed

24 i\EI:ENT . PU~LlCi1TlON5

AFGHAN INTERNATIONAL UPDATE. a newsletter CALLIGRAPHY AND ISLAMIC CULTURE by from the American Afghan Education Fund, Annemarie Schimmel, Hagop Kevorkian Suite 603, 236 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Series on Near Eastern Art, NY, New Washington, D.C. (Seep. 24). Edited by York University Press, 1984. 240 pp., Matthew Erulkar, the first issue appeared illus. $40.00. in March.

TRADITION A..r-rD DYNAMISM M:ONG AFGHAN REFU­ GEES. Report of an ILO mission to Paki­ stan on income-generatins activities for Afghan refugees. ILO & UNHCR. 176 pp. 20 Swiss francs. (Available from ILO Pub­ lications, Int'l Labor Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.)

LA RESTAURATION DU MAUSOU~E DE BABA HATIM EN AFGHAl~ISTAN by Regis de Valence, Paris 1982, Editions Recherche sue les civili­ sations (9, rue Anatole-de-la-Forge, 75007 Paris, France). "We Want an Independent Afghanistan," an "Afghans in Pakistan: Promoting self­ interview with Mohammad Zaher Shah by reliance" in REFUGEES, April 1984. Andrew Nagorski in NEWSWEEK, 4/9. Articles by Michel S. Barton and Ekber Menemencioglu and photographs. MUSIC IN EVERY ROOM, Around the World in a Bad Mood, by . John Krich, ·Ii_e:w ~orl~, _~I cGraw­ IN HONOR BOUND by Gerald Seymour, New York, Eil~ i ook Co. 304 pp., $14.95. Travels W. vl. Norton & Co;, Inc. (500 Fifth Avenue in Southeast & South Asia - including Af­ New York, NY 10010 & 37 Great Russell St., ghanistan & Iran. London WC~B 3NU, GB), 1984. 350 pp., $14.95. ISBN 0-393-01859-8. "Afghanistan in 1983 - and Still No Solu­ tion" by Louis Dupree in ASIAN SURVEY, February 1984. Pp. 229-239. "The Coming of Islam to Afghanistan" by Clifford E. Bosworth In ISLAM IN ASIA, ENDLESS ENEMIES: THE MAKING OF AN UNFRIENDLY Vol. 1: South Asia, Yohanan Friedmann, WORLD by Jonathan Kwitney, NY, Congdon & ed., Westview Press, 1984. Ca. 280 pp. Weed, Inc. (dist. by St. Martin's Press), w/index, $25. ISBN 0-86531-635-X. 1984. Two chapters about Afghanistan: "Upsetting the Balance: Iran & Afghanistan" "Far From the Final Victory,;; by Tom and "Tar Baby Wars: The Russians in Af­ Heneghan and "Colonising Afr;hanistan," ghanistan." by Arik Bachar in THE MUSLIM WORLD LEAGUE JOURUAL, Rabi al-Thani 1404. ART OF THE BRONZE AGE - Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia and the Indus Valley T!!.X~ T~-J..Lru-.J.l~."~ '-'" '"' '.....,.,..,V·• ..::.~u" _ IN AFGUA"ru-ul. TC''f'-'-~--"...!.A'.O i- • F1lz,. by Holly Pittman, NY, The Metropolitan Gewebe, Kleidung, Stickerei. Liestal, Museum of Art, 1984. 100 pp., paper. A Bibliotheca Afghanica, 1983. 175 pp., general guide to the Museum's newly opened illus. - Gali~ries -of Ancient Near Eastern Art which -contain a - ~umber of objects from Afghan MIGRATIONS EN ASIE: MIGRANTS, PERSONNES Turkestan. DE.PLACEES ET REFUGIES. Berne, Society suisse d'ethnologie, 1983. 226 pp., maps, AFGHANISTAN: Parthian Ro yal Tombs [a free photos. (Seminar for Ethnology, 7 Schwanen­ translation from the Russian title] by V. gasse, CH - 3011 Berne, Switzerland.) Three I. Sarianidi, Moscow, Nauka, 1983. (In articles are about Afghanistan. Russian.)

.continued on p. 26 25 FILM & VIDEO THE LOST TRIBES- 1984, color. 52 min., CONSUHER NOTES in English & French. Made by the UNHCR At Turkmen Gallery, 9 West 31st Street, 3rd about Afghan refugees in Pakistan. For Floor, New York (212-563-5894), there is a more information write UNHCR, %United good assortment of Afghan kilims, "dhurries," Nations, Grand Central P.O. Box 20, New & carpets, as well as a selection of knit goods York, NY 10017, or UNHCR, 1785 Massachu­ such as socks, gloves and scarves. Mr. M.A. setts Ave, NW, Suite 405, Washington, D.C. "John" Azam, owner of the Gallery, imports 20036. these products for both wholesale & retail BEYOND THE KHYBER PASS, the story of the sale. Turkmen Gallery specializes in flat­ struggle of the Afghan Mujahideen against weaves and notable among its collection are Soviet occupation. This 48~-minute video the brightly colored "dhurries" combining tape was produced by Kurt Lohbeck & Anne traditional designs with "decorator" colors Hurd for TV Documentaries Int'l, P.O. Box adaptable to the American market. (Mr. 24085, Washington, D.C. 20024 (202-332-2928). Azam also has cassette tapes of songs of the The tape is available in 1", 3/4" & ~~~ Afghan mujahideen; there are two tapes & formats. Lohbeck & cameraman Pete Heinlein each is $5.00. He will accept mail orders.) were in Afghanistan with the guerrillas in Len Oppenheim 1983 and finished the tape in early 1984. * * * The ARIN Newsletter (#13, March/April 1984) mentions a shop called 11 Threadlines" in RECENT PUBLICATIONS •••• continued from P·~r. Peshawar. The shop provides a limited outlet "Afghan Nomad Refugees in Pakistan" by for articles made by the Afghan refugees Anne Sweetser and "Afghanistan's Kirghiz such as knitted garments, painted felt rugs in Turkey" by M. Nazif Shahrani in CUL­ & dresses. No address is given for the shop; TURAL SURVIVAL, Spring, 1984. The Newsletter also has this to say about the "Afghanistan: The Secret Terror" by Claude Peshawar Old Bazaar: "At the far end of a Malhuret in the May issue of the READER'S narrow alley leading off the tea houses & metalsmiths lies Murad market. Here the DIGEST. The article first appeared in the Kabuli rug & carpet merchants sit cross-leg­ winter issue of FOREIGN AFFAIRS. ged in their arcades ••• selling their goods AFGHANISTAN MAGAZINE is published by the as they once did in Chicken Street. Buzkashi Social Sciences' Scientific & Research Cen­ whips with handles inlaid with silver hang on ter, Afghanist~n Academy of Sciences, Kabul. the walls beside necklaces, bracelets & amu­ The annual subscription rate for the quar­ lets of the Turkoman tribes •.• Embroidered terly publication is $8.00. Dollars can be textiles of traditional tribal design, tent sent to Acct. 1!25009, -.· Da Afghanistan Bank, hangings, woven "yurt" bands & camel head­ Kabul. dresses can be found along side black "kuchi" * * * dresses adorned with buttons, stlver coins, beads & sea shells. Silk "ikat chapans" ••• AFRANE still has stamp sets from the Wardak are also for sale. resistance group. The sets are 50 French The 1st floor of the market is entirely oc­ francs & can be ordered from AFRANE, BP 254, cupied by carpet merchants & it is to these 75524 Paris Cedex 11, CCP 12077-58 L,Paris, shops that the refugees from Maimana & Kunduz France. bring the carpets woven by their womenfolk in the camps around Peshawar. The men buy the raw materials & market the finished products, but weaving & other stitch work is almost en­ tirely the work of women, who for generations have vJOven carpets for domestic use on horizontal looms in their homes. Over the past 5 years, the rugs produced by refugees have saturated the local market - creating antagonism amongst the old established Pakistani rug merchants ••• "

26 ATHAE-E CHAP! DAR MO'ZILAH-YE AFGHANISTAN (Printed Works on the Problem of Afghanistan), Abdul Bary Ghairat, (Privately published in Peshawar, 1362). 250 pp., paperback. No price but donations of $6.00/copy will be acknowledged by the author. (Abdul Bary Ghairat, Kassa Khany Bazar, Nahala Gangi, Mazhabi k'uthlekhana, Peshawar, Pakistan.)

The field of Afghan bibliography, highlighted by the general bibliographies provided by Donald Wilber (1956,1963) and more recently by Mclachlan & Whittaker (1983), is now supplemented by this very specialized work by an Afghan Islamic scholar, Abdul Bary Ghairat, a former judge, teacher & journal editor, now living in Peshawar. Prof. Ghairat provides us with an annotated collection of 305 titles, most hopelessly unattainable in the ~est, but which we assume . Prof. Ghairat has painstakingly collected over the period of the past several years. Most are published in Dari (Persian), but a large number are in Pushtu & a scattering appear in Arabic, Urdu, English or a combination of these lan­ guages. As often happens, many of the publications lack the usual publication data, but from the subjects it would appear that most are of very recent date, published outside Afghanistan & concerned with the fate of the country. Prof. Ghairat has provided a brief autobiography, a brief introduction and an index in which the titles are listed alphabetically. Otherwise he has devoted the bulk of his text to the items themselves. The only way to find out the range of writers he has in­ cluded is to check the 305 listed items one by one. Some works appear anonymously or under a collective authorship such as Jam'iat-e Islami-ye Afghanistan, Ittihad-e Islami (#3), or, more interestingly, from the Bureau of the Union of Eastern Afghanistan (#128-29) & other lesser known internal groups. Also represented are books authored or attributed to leading political figures in the resistance movement: For example, there are works by Bnrhanuddin Rabbani, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Mowlawi Moh'd Yunis Khalis. Another inter­ esting name appearing in the work is that of Maiwandwal whose 16-page article, Milliat, was apparently reissued in 1982 by his party Hizb-e Demokrat-e mutarraqi (Musavat). (#258) One might have wished for a more analytical introduction to the bibliography as well as more detailed annotations. The fact that a few of the Pushtu works are annotated in that language also limits one's ability to judge the content of the works as does the occasional quotation of lines of poetry in place of annotation (for example, the lines from Khalilullah Khalili in #76). A very important difference between the Afghan resistance to the Soviet invasion & the Basmachi's confrontation with the Red Army in Central Asia 60 years ago lies in the fact that, despite many odds, the Afghans have been able to bring their cause to the attention of fellow Muslims & much of the world. Whatever may come of their struggle, their ideas with regard to why they are fighting, whom they are fighting & what it is costing them can at least be judged by history through their own writings. The Bas­ machis have disappeared with their history known best to their adversaries whose versions are distorted & incomplete at best. The Afghan struggle, on the other hand, is being recorded in the writings collected by Prof. Ghairat. How many of us would persist in intellectual endeavors under such inhospitable circumstances as he and his authors do? Eden Naby Harvard University

WORLD AFFAIRS: A QUARTERLY REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS (Special Issue on Afghani­ stan), Vol. 145, #3 (Winter 1982/83), edited by Rosanne Klass with contributions from Leon B. Poullada, Abdul Tawab Assifi, Stuart J.D. Schwartzstein and Yossef Bodansky.

After a brief introduction by the editor there is an article reprinted from AFGHAN REALITIES (Paris) and the text of a letter from the files of the Afghan Foreign Ministry. The letter, which has been widely circulated by the Afghan resistance, was written in

27 1922 by the Soviet ambassador to Kabul and was intended to pursuade the Afghans of the honorable intentions of the Red Army in Bukhara and Khiva. The accompanying article points out Soviet treachery in Central Asia and similar Soviet moves in Afghanistan. The first full article is by Leon Poullada, a former career US diplomat who has written extensively on Afghanistan. He examines the failure of US diplomacy in Afghanistan particularly during the crucial period of the 1960s. He effectively maintains that the Soviet invasion was the logical road from American appeasement of Soviet actions and ignoring Afghanistan. Abdul Tawab Assifi's article treats the matter of Soviet economic aid (and exploita­ tion) of Afghanistan by studying the development, or lack of development, under Soviet tutelage, of key natural resources: natural gas, oil, iron and copper. The author, Minister of Mines and Industry before the 1978 coup, describes how Russian economic aid, intended to exploit minerals for the benefit of Afghanistan, in fact served to exert Soviet control over these resources. The military invasion gave the Soviets an opportunity to rob Afghanistan openly of its resources. What stands in the way is the Afghan population. However, in key areas such as Logar, near the copper deposits, this population already has been partly eliminated. Stuart Schwartzstein's article on chemical warfare in Afghanistan is strongly worded and appears to make a substantial case for the reality of the use of a variety of weapons. Schwartzstein gives as Soviet reasons for this the wish to test various weapons including poisons used on water and food supplies. Monstrous as the use of such "tests" may be, the implications for Soviet regard for signed agreements (Geneva, 1925) and for human life in general is viewed as disturbing beyond Af­ ghanistan itself. Yossef Bodansky's article discussing the military gains of the Soviets in Afghanistan assumes that the Soviets intended all along to control the country. He argues that the military has benefitted from the experience and is in Afghanistan to stay. This article, unlike the others, is copiously footnoted but certain key passages are free of such encumbrances leaving the author open to the criticism that he asserts more than he proves. For example, he claims that Soviet aircraft "regularly use the Zahidan airbase,11 that the Soviets have "very good connections with ••• Tajik groups" in Pakistan and that "the Soviet armed forces are capable of executing any move their leadership may ask of them." Finally, the editor offers transcripts of eyewitness accounts of human rights vio­ lations and atrocities in Afghanistan. This collection of articles is of interest to the general reader and to the specialist on Afghanistan since they provide a combination of readable and touching accounts as well as information by three persons with personal experience of certain Afghan events (Poullada, Assifi, Schwartzstein). The volume is apparently not intended to be an exclusively scholarly contribution nor exhaustive on any of the topics covered. Thus it complements rather than competes with the issue of the journal Conflict, Vol.4, nos. 2-4, (1983), also devoted to Afghanistan. Eden Naby Harvard University

THE SOVIET UNION AND AFGHANISTAN (Bibliography #2 from the Institute of Soviet & East European Studies), Carleton University, 1984. A 35-page, looseleaf-typ~ of booklet with titles in English, French & Russian. US$5.00. Intended to serve as a starting point for those studying Asia & the USSR especially with a view to Afghanistan, this bibliography covers some 450 titles with sections devoted to other bibliographies, official documents, periodicals and books and articles. It has a subject index.

28 The bibliography includes only materials readily available in Ottawa at various universities and the National Library of Canada. Items range from such magazines as TIME to the journal SLAVIC AND SOVIET SERIES from Tel Aviv. There is no date cutoff-and although the subject index provides some guidelines for use of the con­ tents (and indicates that the editors read some of the material), the materials concentrate on contemporary Soviet-Afghan relations, mainly in light of the Soviet invasion. Its strength is in its English language items, its weakness in the Russian language materials. As a scholarly work it is superceded by the bibliography accompanying Thomas T. Hammond's RED FLAG OVER AFGHANISTAN (Westview Press, 1984). Eden Naby Harvard University

IN HONOR BOUND, Gerald Seymour, New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1984. 350 pp. $14.95 Finally, there is a book about Afghanistan in the fiction section of the book shop. Gerald Seymour is a fairly well-known writer of espionage novels (Harry's Game, The Glory Boys) so perhaps his latest effort will bring the Afghan situation to the at­ tention of a wider public. Caravans (Michener, 1963) with all its flaws, probably introduced Afghanistan to more people than all the other books on the country combined. Fortunately. Gerald Seymour appears to have done extensive research and his novel indicates that his sources were well informed.

The matter at hand is a Soviet Mi-24 he]_~c_opter gu_11sh!P· Both British and American intelligence want one - or at least the electronic components & the instruction manual - and, since this model flourishes over Afghani-stan,- the country becomes the --setting for the story. Besides, says one of the characters, "We think the chaps in the hills [the Afghans] need a small shot in the arm and we have the opportunity to provide it." How the British hero with his obsolete Redeye missiles and his Afghan guide set about this assignment makes a good, albeit depressing, read. - . ------. --. ----- The characters are fairly standard espionage types adapted for the Afghan situation: the British special forces hero whose grandfather was killed in the Khyber; his older, unhappily married "control" (can anyone remember a senior spy who was happily married?); an American renegade mercenary whose views on the US would short circuit Ronald Reagan's hearing aid; the young English-speaking Afghan guide; a rebel commander probably patterned after Masoud; a nurse from Aide Medicale Int'l who provides more love than medicine - she is Italian, not French; a Russian major and his squadron of helicopter pilots who give the author the opportunity to comment on Soviet army behavior in Afghanistan and in general; an American spook; cameo appearances by high level British, American and Pakistani government personages; assorted Afghan mujahideen and villagers.

Seymour makes very clear the distin~tion between the mujahideen in Peshawar and those fighting in-country. He also makes very clear the lack of concern on almost everyone's part about Afghanistan. This is not a book that will cheer supporters of the freedbm fighters but it is a book that, at least in this reviewer's oJiinion,presenff>_?_ reasonably accurate, if cynical, picture of some o~--the- dilemmas pc_s.ed -by- the Soviet ---rnvasfon-or-Afghanistan - particularly that-of the yciung Afghan commander who knows that by assisting the hero he condemns the people in his valley to ann-ihilation. Gerald Seymour has written a compelling story. Mary Ann Siegfried New York City

29 LA CITE DES MURMURES, Jean-Christophe Victor. Paris, J-C.Lattes,l983. 340 pp., 88 French francs.

A diplomat in Afghanistan for several years, a visitor to the liberated area of Ahmad Shah Mahsood in the Panjshir, Jean-Christophe Victor has one more important qualification for writing this book: he has done a lot of thinking about the significance of the events he has ~itnessed. By significance of the events I don't mean the abstract analysis of great power rivalry over Afghanistan. Victor captures the flavor of the small events, like the death of the Khalqi minister of tribal affairs at the hands of his Pashtoon hosts - we readers are properly led through the surprise, the horror, the mixed feelings of revenge and guilt experienced by the killers. Another example - Victor's description of the death of both a young girl protester and her party-loyal school mistress in the demonstrations by high school children in Kabul in 1982. It is these small events which the author uses to make us understand how the Afghans live their war and what they feel about it. A great merit in this book is that although Victor reviews many events which readers of this journal will have read here or in the newspapers, his more reasoned, more thoughtful treatment of them makes the larger issues behind the war and the human suffering stand out. These are, according to the author, the dedication of the rural Afghans to fight for their way of life, the willingness of the regime and the Soviets to maintain themselves in complete isolation in Kabul, and the inability of any intermediary to bridge the gulf between the two. For the first point, Victor offers ample anecdotal evidence that the Afghans in the villages are content to fight this war. Some enjoy it, others are driven by deep­ seated commitment to repel the invaders, others seek revenge for the loss of friends, family or home. Almost every Afghan is a potential opponent of the regime, including disgruntled Khalqis or mutinous troops. The flight to Pakistan does not diminish the effectiveness of the resistance since it is mainly non-combatants who stay there; the men return to fight. The author depicts a resistance that can last forever - like the legendary rumbling city - cite de murmurs (Shahr-i gholghole) - during the Mongol invasions. The other man's point of view is thoughtfully but not as completely represented. One can understand from this account (and many others) how the Saur Revolution stumbled, but one is left wondering about the mentality of the governmental forces today. Certainly there are large numbers of people in any society who wind up on a side accidentally - following orders, preferring to stay within the system than without. There are beneficiaries of the regime - women, minorities, very young cadres whose careers were launched by the decapitation of Kabuli senior elites. Victor does not probe the conscience or the perspectives of these people. He asks rhetorically what does Babrak think of his own position, indicating that the pr~sident may have been a little like the man who rubbed the bottle and now can't get the genie to go back inside. That is a generous judgement but one has no way of k-r:()~~ng •.. Whether the Parchamis could reduce.the Soviet role, whether they want to, whether they couid survive without them, these are moot points even though fascinating to speculate upon. Salient is the fact that the Soviets can maintain a large presence for a long time. Victor tries to probe the human,moral and economic cost of the occupation for the Soviet Union. He disbelieves in the prospect of a Soviet pullout along the lines of the American experience in Vietnam. The Soviets are trying to make the West believe in some movement, in order to reduce Western interest in the area and dry up the trickle of aid that flows to the resisting Afghans. To opponents, equally bloody minded: Prospects for compromise - nil. Capacity for continuing to fight - unlimited. This is not a very inspiring picture and Victor adds a notable plea that the West not become weary of the issue only because it looks unresolvable. He basis his plea on two things: that the West's indifference to the

30 war allows the Soviets to fight it in an especially brutal manner - unlike the world's scrutiny of US conduct in Vietnam; and that the Afghans are dependent on the West if not for materiel, then at least recognition. He reports that the mujaheds are keenly aware of their isolation, and a little daspairing. Although he knows that the Afghans want weapons and not words, he warns that if silence falls on them in our media, that would be a morally as well as politically dangerous silence. David Chaffetz Paris

URDU NOVEL ON AFGHANISTAN (from the Pakistan Times 4/30) By IFTIKHAR BUTT dissimilar ·plane. The former . flaws; to err is human and so family; Rahi · possesses to his Sitm Ber Jan-i-Atgha.o.an shuns political convulsions, ' does Rahi, more so since he credit three degrees of Master lOutrage against tbe Arghans) violence and booming guns, appears !.0 have Jushcd his or Arts. He is genuinely con­ -the .tirst Urdu novel ot 1ts but superbly portrays social manuscript into vrint. But nected with literary pursuits kina.-is a r;-cditable at­ ehquette, rivalries snobberies such shortcomings have sunk despite being an officer in ..1 temp o.t Maqsood Ahmed and intrigues. while the latter into the undercurrent of pat­ Government department.· Au­ carries along the reader to !{ah.i, wirn its pivotal tnem.: riotic susceptibility. thor of several books, Rahi is witness bloodshed, atrocities Communism has been thrust deeply committed to the Pak­ being the occupation of Af. vnd acts of aggression gharus•an by Soviet forces and upon the Afghan people in istan ideolo&y which indeed with streaks of ugliest forms order to split them up into a an unpreceden,ed exodus Ol serves as "guiding star'' to Afghan refugees from their of human soul. And this is hostile groups and to disfigure him. . homeland. the prerogative of the artist. their national psyche. At pla­ The Arghlifustan situation is none can deprive him of n. ces. no doubt. this has vitiat­ an unusual phenomenon ot The question . is not of the ed the sereruty ot domestic modern history with its catas­ breadth of the canvas but of life as polarisation in the trophic bearing on the moral the anist's sensibilities with Yusut family will itseif bear religious, social and polid.:.1l which he reacts to a partku­ it out. But this Soviet-Karma! Russell Baker in tracutions of a MusLm people lar situation. And ~ reader device. as frequent desertions The NYT Magazine, known for tbeir unbendablt can see that the writer's reac­ from government troops anu 4/22. . - and self-willed character anu tion to happenings in the Khalq Party to the Mujallideen ,There was a time, a religious- conservatism. As sud, neighbouring Afghanistan has side show has ended iii fiasco. time when I foolishly did­ flown into exquisite channels. thmgs are totally dif. The unity and co-ordination things I didn't really want to This guarantees the sncceo;s of heterogeneous .characters f e r e n t from the up- j do but did them· because of the novel, no matter how in the novel point ·out that heavals which took bolo everybody was doing them, i1: will be sellin& in the mar­ 1 of Czechoslovakia and Pola. •. the res1stance 1s much less ket and at that time I probably in the recent past. True there .-.enophob.ac and more noou: CHARACTERISATION: At would have gone to China. At has been global uproar aga.n,.. .wd missionary in character. the very nut!'et the p!ot. Historkally speaking, a na­ that time, in fact, I went to the Soviet Juggernaut whi·.:l­ tion, with whom a religious : Afghanistan. · is at work in Atghanistan. bu, Except for the pleasure of mostly it stems from political cause grows into an over­ whelmmg passion, becomes in­ coming home and annoying and strategic interests Sur­ vincible. friends with cries of, "What! prisingly, there is an acute shortage of genuine literature RE.AL!SM : The sallent tea­ .You haven't been to Afghani­ on the subject to arouse the Lure ot tne nove! IS tne marK­ stan?" going to Afghanistan world conscience. And Rahi's ed similarity between what lt was pointless. I saw a num­ is an alien. voice, a "cri de ~ortrays and tac.ual occur­ ber of camels, a great many coeur" pointing to the ;\f­ cences in Atghanis tan, anu men wearing turbans and fir­ ghans' plight in . a convincing this is what g1ves 1t an im­ ing rifles, and dozens of mov­ way. pres~onistic torie. We may aad ing black tents that, I was The writer, as he himself that oruy a subtle shade d.ifter­ told, were women in street discloses in the foreword, bas .:ntiates tbe novel from. a docu­ memary. Certainly, it is th.: dress. an emotional involvement w I have had better entertain­ ;:he novel; his Islamic identity dramatic pace of the novel ment in Omaha on Sunday af­ has provoked him to identity wL¥ch heightens its impact on himself with the Afghan fret> the reader's m..nd. What 1s ternoons. dom movement. His heart 1s more. places in the novel are pained at the bleeding wounds couched in revolutionary fer- exactly the ·same which exisl oE his · fellow-Muslims. This vour. slightly surfaces itself in Afghanistan. All this brings truthfulness of experience has and its gradual developm.:.nt it closer tCI reality and justi· tir.ged the novel with realism continues with the flittin<> fies the amount ot labour and given it a human tou.;h events in the novel. Nearly all which the novelist has put m. which invokes a spontaneous the characters are akin to Above all, hope sustains all response from the reader. life, but the charaCterisation c~aracters, and thf7 n_ovel ends SHORT CANVAS: Just like 01 Kishwar. Asmah and Yusuf · w1th a note of opt1m1sm that : Jane Austen's the canvas of has been tenderly done in line "If Winter comes, can Rahi-at least in this particu­ with the traditional Afghan Spring be far behind"? lar case -is short and single­ character. This is not to -SUIZ· A few words about the no- dimensional, though on a gest that the novel is altO- velist will not be out of pla:::e gether free from tech.uic:ll here. Scion of an educateJ

31 ______CHRONOLOGY_ fr~m _KAB~_5Bakl:l_ tar_ ~ews Agency)

3/1 - The Inst. of the Blind in Kabul will of­ fer a "free education with full room & lodging 3/8 -Women's Int'l Solidarity Day was to all interested blind people" regardless of marked thruout the DRA. The mother of their age & educational level. the 1st child born after midnight re­ -Regarding reports of damage to the·Soviet ceived special gifts. She was a 12th Embassy in Kabul, Bakhtar says: "No damage grade student named Rita who produced a could have been done to the Soviet Embassy." boy at 1 a.m. at the Malalay Hospital. - Speaking at a "literacy for all" seminar, 3/10 - Helmand now has a teletype machine Sultan Ali Keshtmand said that it was time so newspapers ·and the local radio station for "the cultural revolution in the country to will receive Bakhtar Information Agency be realized in the framework of national & news. 10 provinces get BIA news via tele­ democratic April Revolution. The old culture type. is to be replaced by a new, progressive & popu- - Hundreds of counter-revolutionaries were lar one." Mahmoud Baryalai stated that "killed and captured alive" in Herat, Kapisa, "literacy is the 1st pillar of cultural re­ Kabul, Nangarhar, Balkh, Paktia & Nimroz. volution." 3/11 - The BIA political observer states 3/3 - At the 13th PDPA plenum, Babrak stressed that Washington has allocated $125m for th~ intensification of the struggle against "subversive activity" against the DRA in counter-revolution & the "ever-further strength­ 1984 - ~5m more than last year. ening of state power." Karma! said that the Party had been sending its best representatives 3/12 - The Mazar power & fertilizer plant to serve in the armed forces. 60% of Party in Balkh exceeded its production target members are in the army, police or State Infor­ by over 10% in spite of "the serious mation Services. He also said "that the cre­ shortage of personnel and skilled workers," ation of new local organs & the drawing of the blasted pipelines and an 18-day flood. extensive masses of the working people in 3/13 - Over Afs. 53 billion were earned daily activity is a necessary task in order to from the output of 100 industrial enter­ expose the counter-revolution." prises in the DRA during the 1st 6.months 3/4 - Bakhtar Airlines has flown over 72,000- of the current Afghan year. passengers & earned Afs. 74m this year. The - A protocol on irrigation equipment was airline has 6 planes & is planning to buy 6 signed by the USSR & the DRA. ,more soon. 3/14 - Afg~ Nichi, the Afghan-Japanese - "Grand meetings" were held by the WDOA in import-export company, earned over Afs. anticipation of Int'l. Women's Day. 50m this year. - On religion: The DRA has spent Afs. 70m 3/5 - School in the cold regions opened today to construct 34 new mosques in Kabul after the 3-month winter vacation. & Afs. 14m for new mosques in the provinces in the past 3 years. The DRA gave a sub­ 3/6 - Bakhtar gives the illiteracy factor in sidy of Afs. 180·,000 to i--Iaj pilgrims &- has Afghanistan as 80%. "Over lm people have be­ distributed thousands of Afs. to preachers. come literate since the victory of the April Revolution til the end of the 1st half of 3/14 - a g~rand jirgah of ulema & clergy the current Afghan year." op'ened today. Speakers included Dr. Sayed - Cooperation protocols were signed by Afghan Afghani, Gen'l. Pres. of the Supreme Coun­ & Soviet peasant cooperatives and by the cil of Religious Leaders & Clergymen; Abdul writers unions of the DRA & Czechoslovakia. Wali Eojjat, Pres. of the Dept. of Islamic Affairs & Mezamuddin Tahzib. Pres. of the 3/7 - The DRA gives its population as · Supreme Court. 16, 610,000 of which 8,500,000 are female. - Tribal elders of Paktia met in Gardez The women of Afghanistan novr enjoy the fol­ to express support for the revolution. lowing rights:"equal opportunities for work, - The 99th Rocket Corps held a:Sfl.:.minat.e freedom to choose their profession, equal pay exercise which was watched by Babrak. for equal work, the right to be employed in -Afghanistan's GNP for 1362 (begun 3/83) all social & administrative activities as was Afs. 168.4 billion; the national in­ well as the ~i~ht to benefit fro~ social in­ come was Afs. 118.7 billion- increase surances ••• A great per-centage of our fe­ an of 6% and 4,5% respectively over the pre- males are busy in social, economic, cultural, vious year ._ _ productive and constructive activities."

32 3/15 - Gurash, a Turkic language news­ 3/18 - The new Abu Ali Avicenna Medical Inst. paper, began publication in Shiberghan. was opened in Kabul. The 3,000 students are Other minority-language papers are Sob taught by 70 local and 40 foreign professors. in Baluch and Yuldoz in Uzbek. --­ - The politburo met yesterday and established -- The 9th plenum of the CC of the DYOA a Ministry of Foodstuffs & Light Industries (Farid Mazdak is 1st Secretary), the 9th and set up a Civil Aviation Administration. plenum of the Trade Unions CC and the 2nd The group endorsed the state budget for the plenum of the Pioneers Organization next Afghan year & defined the responsibilities opened today. of the zonal & state organs for enforcement - Sultan Ali Keshtmand said that the of state power. The CC Presidium also met & "volume of agricultural yields except endorsed the 6-chapter, 55-article law on the cottonseed and sugar beets will be higher "assignment of experts," the Foodstuff Ministry, than produced in the prerevolutionary the Aviation Administration, the budget and years." He also told the Council of they approved DRA affiliation with the Int'l Ministers tl:.at the "share of the USSR in Convention of Broadcasting. foreign trade is 60% and 70% of the in­ 3/19 - An 8-day festival of the "best films of dustrial prodcts in the state sector of socialist countries" began in Kabul. Haider the DRA are produced by the Afghan-Soviet Masood, Pres. of the State Committee of Radio joint enterprises in the country." & TV, opened the festival. 3/16 -The 2nd conference of the religious -A state run orphanage opened in Mazar-i-Sharif. leaders & clereymen opened in Kabul. It Other state orphanages are in Kabul, Herat, approved the d~aft law of its o'vn organi­ Jalalabad. Kandahar and Lashkargah. zation & elected New members. Sayed Af­ - A water supply project, completed at a cost ghani was elected President. A recent of Afs. 460m, was inaugurated to provide jirgah of clergymen (see 3/14) a•iopted drinking water to over 130,000 people in the following documents: "A judicial de­ northern Kabul. cree which manifests that despite the 3/20 - New Year was celebrated thruout the midleading propaganda of the enemies of DRA. :?arades. planting, singing and banner revolution, the preachers, religious unfurling were the orde~ of the day. leaders & patriotic clergymen are the -The plan for next year's budget focuses on realistic supporters of the revolution accelerating the economic growth rate. Pro­ & they strongly & wholeheartedly denounce duction is to be increased, trade expanded, the inhumane and unislamic deeds of the enterprise made profitable, prices controlled mercenaries o:i reaction & imperialism," and bribery & corruption eliminated,. 2) a declaration calling for peace & defining the position of jirgah rartici­ 3/21 - A mosque at Kabul Polytechnic was blown pants "vis a VJ..S this urgent & signifi­ up by bandits killing 4 and injuring 12. cant issue of the world," 3) messages - During the spring sowing campaign, 3.8m calling on ;;deceived preachers & clergy­ hectares of land will be cultivated. The men to return to their peaceful country Agriculture Ministry will distribute 5,000 to perform truly & proudly their Is­ - tons of wheat seed, 50 tons of sugar beet lamic functions here." Babr3.k enter­ seed, 5,000 tons of cotton seeds, 4,000kilos tained the group at a luncheon. of vegetable seed, 60,000 tons of fertilizer, lm "vegetable saplings," large quantities 3/17 - "•... ivestock breeding in our country of pesticides and ave~ Afs. 140m in credits is not only po?ular as an independent to peasants. On 3/31 it was reported that vocation, but it is also practiced by incentives to cotton. & sugar beet growers will farmers as a supmentary [sic] engagement." be as follows: cotton growers - a cash al­ A livestock breeding farm 8 km south of lowance of Afs. 1500/jerib (5 jeribs = 1 hectare); Kabul has 250 head of cattle and sup­ sugar beet growers - Afs. 1800/jerib. The in­ plies 150 tons of fresh milk/year. centives are to help meet their production costs. 3/18 - Traffic accidents in Kabul are - An education protocol was signed by the DRA down - only 900 during the ist half of & the GDR in East Berlin. The GDR will train this year. Over 100,000 traffic signs Afghans and provide training material. guide the 80,000 vehicles in the DRA.

33 3/22 - A new station, Radio Kabul, began 3/29 - The Gawargan Project, located on the broadcasting. It is separate from Radio left uank of the Puli Khumri River in Baghlan, Afghanistan. will be completed in 1986. The irrigation - Eng. Moh'd Aziz was appointed Minister project is being built by a Dutch company of Foodstuffs & Light Industries. with credit from the Asian Development Bank. - Many marched on the US Embassy in Kabul - Bakhtar lashed out at the Malaysian pre­ protesting Reagan's Afghanistan Day speech. mier who, on a visit to Pakistan, promised --.-··'"·--:::---- that l-ialaysia would continue its material & moral assistance to Afghan refugees & decJ_ared his agreement for the establishment of a branch of the "Union of Afghan Mujahi­ deen" in Kuala Lumpur. Bakhtar calls Malayeian policy "shortsided, unrealistic & hostile." 3/31 - 60% of the electricity in the DRA comes from generators built with Soviet assistance. 4/3 - 1,300 police commanders from all over the DRA attended a meeting in Kabul. The agenda focused on the "stepping up of com­ bat capability of the police divisions of 3/25 - The Noor Ophthalmology Institute the Interior Ministry & enhancing their con­ treated over 30,000 patients last year. tribution in the consolidation of state power & fight against the counter-revolu­ 3/26 - Seven stamps, in denominations tionary elements." from 2 to 20 Afs., were issued to mark Farmer's Day. 4/5 - The DRA subsidized the the Kabul bus - Trade between the DRA & Hungary will company to the tune of Afs. 70m last year. increase by 80% thin year. The DRA will Kabul city has 780 city buses, 86 trolley export cotton, wool, pelts, fresh & dried buses & 1200 trucks. The DRA will purchase fruit & will import medical equipment, 200 more buses & 515 trucks next year. The medicine, textiles, machinery & chickens. trucks are for Pulikhumri, Mazarisharif & Lashkargah. 3/27 - Babrak met with Jauzjan elders & told them that 11 the counter-revolution 4/7 - Babrak & Keshtmand met with UN rep­ does not have anything to give the Afghan resentative Diego Cordovez. people except murder & terror." - Ghaffar Khan (see Forum XI, ·#3) arrived in Kabul from Pakistan saying that the US 3/27 - The Defense Ministry reported is the enemy of the Afghans. that a MIG aircraft which had taken off - Since the Revolution the Agricultural from Kandahar on a training flight, Development Bank of the DRA has loaned over crashed. The p1ane got lost due to bad Afs. 3 billion to peasants & peasant co­ weather and crashed in Pakistan. Sayed operatives. Hashem, the pilot, died in the crash & Afghan authorities in Spinboldak received 4/8- The Bakhtar'Political Observer says: his body from the Afghan Consulate in "Soviet troops were brought to Afghanistan Quetta. only to help the Afghan people to rebuff the aggression unleashed by Washington, 3/28 - The DYOA has introduced work pro­ which is being perpetrated up to t h1s• t'1me. II grams for youth during school vacations. - The 4th plenum of the NFF met in Kabul. - Large numbers of counter-revolution­ - Radio Afghanistan began special Pashto & aries in Kunduz, Herat, Jauzjan, Ghar, Baluchi programs on 3/20. Its FM station Nangarhar & Paktia were killed or ar­ now broadcasts from 8-12 p.m.; a French rested & arms and ammo were seized. language program is on at midnight & 30 Hariqat-e-Enqelab-e-Saur says that "Coun­ minutes have been added to the English ter-revolutionary elements must be an­ language program. nihilated in the shortest possible time." - The DRA spends Afs. 140/day on ~ach child in the st2te orphanages.

34 4/9 - Bakhtar's bulletin, "The New Af­ 4/14 - Over 1,000 families have returned to ghanistan," devoted its 4th issue to the ~erat from Iran in the past 6 months. One NFF. returnee said: " I have been in Iran for 4/10 - The spring sowing campaign is 4 years. The situation in that country is "rapidly forging ahead." deteriorating. Famine & pressure exerted on deceived people by the Iranian authori­ 4/11 - Radio Afghanistan has started a ties made life very difficult for us. The Pashai language program. The ~ hour Afghans were obliged either to receive the program has "news, views, music & songs." military training card & go to the Iran-Iraq Pashai live in Nangarhar, Kunar, Laghman, war or be under the pressure of the Iranian Kapisa & in Paghman in Kabul Province. authorities & the threats of counter-revolu­ - The DRA Foreign Ministry declared tionary bands ••• In March this year, Iranian Richard Vandiver, 3rd secy at the US Revolutionary Guards arrested 100 Afghans Embassy, persona non grata.(See 4/12) in the holy shrine of Imam Raza & then sent 4/12 - Vandiver was accused of being them to the front of the Iran-Iraq war. A few days later we witnessed that they the control for Abdul Majid, an Afghan brought to Mashhad 18 corpses of Afghans allegedly recruited by Vandiver as a spy. who had been killed in the war." although the DRA says he was a double agent. Majid appeared on Afghan TV 4/16 - A delegation of Danish communists saying that Afghans who were recruited left Kabul after an official & friendly visit. as agents "would go through difficult - An agreement on the use of the int'l & complicated tests including the use motorway between Hairatan & Termez was signed of an electronic belt that could verify by the DRA & the USSR. Bus service over true assertions." the Friendship Bridge over the Amu Darya River begins tomorrow. 4/17 - The USSR will train 1,500 Afghan students annually in scientific, techni­ cal & cultural fields. -The Pakistani charge d'affaires in Kabul was given a note of protest concerning the "arrest & imprisonment of 37 employees of civil organizations of the DRA" in the Torkham border post incident which took place 12/8/83. The DRA says the prisoners want to come home & that Pakistan is holding them illegally & subjecting them to in­ human treatment. 4/18 - The latest from the BIA Political Observer: "Let our motley-hued enemies, whether donning the general's uniform in Pakistan or a 'priestly' cloak in Tehran, continue to play their role in the scenario prepared by the CIA & the Pentagon. Our THE "WAGE" A MERCENARY RECEIVES! people move forward fearlessly & confidently (Carioou, from Ka bul New Times). toward achieving the lofty abjectives of - Winners of the Afghan-Soviet friendship the April Revolution & the making of a new . awards were Abdullah Khedmatgar Bakh­ society. Our enemies will be doomed." tiani, editor of Heywad; Moh'd Sahied 4/19 - 26 Afghans are on a hunger strike in Worokzai, a worker; Hossain Bibi & a Pakistan jail to protest their imprison­ Qamar Gul, folk singers; Habiba Askar, ment. They supposedly were taken into actress; Syarief Azizyar, sculptor custody by "the so-called commissioner of and Abdul Wali Hojjat, Pres. of the Afghan refugees on 3/21/81." Dept of Islamic Affairs. - The DRA is planning vast socio-economic 4/14 - Representatives of the Polish programs for nomads - ca. 2.5m people or Press Agency & Bakhtar News Agency 16% of the population. The program will in­ signed a cooperation agreement. clude health care, education, distribution of grazing lands, etc. 35 4/21 - 3 were killed & 16 wounded in a 5/5 - A big jirgah of elders & residents of bomb blast at the Ariana Cinema. the Panjshir was held in KabuL They "warmly welcomed the crushing of the criminal 4/22 -"Table tennis has come out of the band of Ahmad Shah Masood." The residents state of stagnation of the past & has are now planning to return home & plant now become very popular in Afghanistan." their fields. - A cooperation protocol for surveying & exploiting oil & gas resources in Af­ 5/6 - Construction of a local radio station ghanistan was signed by the DRA & the USSR. began in Chaghcharan in Ghar. - lm sq. meters of rugs & carpet ·were exported 4/23 - "An exhibition of confiscated last year. smuggled works of the Nat'l Museum of Afghanistan was inaugurated ... Prehistoric -= Mir SahibKarwal, Secy of the PDPA CC, Nematullah, Chief of the Central Zone, & the Buddhism & Islamic works, golden & silver Deputy Ministers of Education, Commerce, coins were put on display." Public Health, Land Reform, Power, Agricul­ - The DRA sent a protest note to the French Embassy in Kabul: "Receiving the ture and Communications visited Anaba & ringleader of a counter-revolutionary Rakha in the Panjshir. band [Rabbani] by the Ministry of 5/7 -~en. Moh'd Yassin Sadiqi, Gen'l Pres. Foreign Affairs of France means that of Political Affairs of the Army, gave France has diplomatic relations with him." Babrak's greetings to the Panjshir troops in theAnaba, Bazarak &Astana regions of the 4/25 - On the eve of the 6th anniversary of the April Revolution, all prisoners Valley. with less than 6 months to serve were re­ - The DRA & the Int' 1 Assistanc.e Commission leased. The pardon did not apply to (with headquarters in Switzerland) signed prisoners who were terrorists or members a protocol for a project on renewable energy of "Jamiati Islami, Harakati Islami, resources (solar, biogas, wind). Harakate Inqilabe Islami, Narr, Sarna, 5/9 - Bakhtar on the Panjshir: "The operation Paikar & Rehai groups." prepared the ground for the Panjshir people - Babrak said that the PDPA of the DRA to get rid of the devlish clutches of the has relations with 103 "Political par­ bandits & to begin a peaceful life in their ties & progressive organizations of the beautiful valley. world." He also announced an 18.% raise - New ~tamps commemorating man in outer space in salary for "workers, employees & of­ were issued in Afs. 11, 17,22, 28 & 34 de­ ficials." Lower grade employees will nominations. A memorial post card is Afs.25. get raises of from 22 to 34%. - The 37 DRA employees (see 4/17) cap­ 5/12 -Prof. Abdul Hai Habibi died in Kabul tured at Torkham last December have at the age of 76. Prof. Habibi was an ad­ been released by Pakistan & have returned viser to the DRA State Committee for Culture to Afghanistan. and had served as president of the Pashto Academy & the Afghan Historical Association. 4/29 - The Politburo met yesterday & ap­ proved the raises announced by Babrak on 4/25. The raises became effective as or __4/26/rA. 5/1 - A special revolutionary court tried 2 members of "Rahee, the Maoist organi­ zation," for subversive activities. 5/5- t;'The house-building factory ..• has built 50,000 meters of concrete in the past Afghan year." This translates into 568 apartments.

ID tbe euapa of Alch;m fu!l'itlves. ·

36 Haqiqate-Enqlabe Saur. the Central Committee Paper, provides the KNT with photographs and uplifting captions. A selection appears below: and on the

You till .your mvn land with JYOur shovel ,and l briddle the tehest of iOur comon enemy. ' (Photo: H.E.S.)

Kandahari (Children laugh at ,the 1BBC \Diews MY REVOLUTION, MY HOMELAND, MY MAM saying ·"their eity is being overrun by ~he 'bandits". MY DAD. . (Photo: H.E.S.) . MAHBOOBA KARMAL AMONG THE CHILD­ REN IN NEW NURSERIES.

37 .. ·Draft text of , Lahottr Law ID the DRA '·

[We did not receive ~he KNT which carried Part I of the Labor Law; part two, which fol- . ..,._ lows, appeared in the KNT of 2/21/84.] (2 ~Pr i va.Le institutions the content of item (I ) of_ (2)-.An institute . is ob­ art" duty-bound to pay the this article, after benefit· liged to transfer the ded· Chapter 13: All'nCLE 105 : Chapter 15: difference of price of cou· ina from his sickleaves, it(: ucted amount of monev (1)-lf the number of pon facilities on the ba si~ should be given retirement. based on items (I) of this Conditions of workrrs of an ln~titution r<'­ Labor Prob­ of pricP. wltich is paid by ARTICLE 119 : article to the account nurn­ aches aver 500 persons. the state. (I)-. Disability cif. a wnr· be:- of a worker. work, safety the institution is obliged lems & Dis­ ARTICLE \16 : ker is identified by (or~· ARTICLE I 25: & health to open at least one- health putes. To protect thr !trait h of an.ising health commiss.io~~ s (I)-The establishment clinic through the inst ru. \\ Orkt.•rs anti lr ai nt~ t ·s clll•i for identifying disability). of pension treasury of war· ARTICLE Ill : ction of the Public Hra'•h their family members a ~a· (2)-The list of di.seas· . kers and other affairs of services. Those problems and di~ ­ Ministry. inst various diseases and es which originate from retired workers and its ARTICLE 99: putes of workers which to treat t hosP. workers whn certain fields of work is methods of operation is cannot be solved by admi­ (2)-.lf the numb~r or receive in juries or berom(' prepared by the Public organised by regulations. nistrative authorities will Establishments, areas workers in an institution is disabled d·ue to the inrid­ Health Ministry with the ( 2)- Till the time of en· of work, equipments of estimated betwren 50·500 he investigated by the fol­ ents of work area and lo cooperation of work admi· forcement of this regulati­ work and production Uy persons it should have at lowing aut·horities: ensure the pension of a nistration. on. the shares of pension taking into consideration least one health rarr unit 1-By the corrimission diiabled and retired wor· ARTICLE 120 : of a worker should be tran­ the requirements, health, in compliance • with tlh! assigned for solving labour ker who is afflicted by th~ (I) Male workers by co· sferre-d by the institutions climatic and environmental instruction of thr Public disputes in an institution. 1 disease Of a profession in mpleting 60 years of age, in the ae(ount of . a wocJcer conditions of work acc­ ' Health Ministry. 2-The mixed commts­ .which he/ she was already female workers by comp-­ in one . qf'' the · il!ternal ~ bn· ordin& to the standard nor­ (3)-.lf the numhrr nf I sion of representatives of engaged a network of socia 1 leting 55 years of age and nks, ms which are fixed by workers. of an institution is Central Council of Trade security would be e>tabh· those who work under the ARUCLE 126: the state are to be built. less than 50 per 5n n ~. the Unions of the ORA and the shed. ground by completing 50 ( I). A person who is already monitored and maintained. institutton should hav E" a Iwork administration. ARTICLE 117 : years of age will be given retired and · then re-em~ · ARTICLE 100 : first aid centrE':. CIJ-Till the time of r.s . retirement. loyed, deserves . waae ill A work administrative ARTICLE 112 : tablishment of health eli· (2)-. In determining the addition to his/ her pen.sion body is duty.bound to pre· ARTICLE 106: . The commission for Jol­ nics for workers. an insti­ age of a worker, his date payment . . , pare special regulations Institutio ns can take ar.- ving labour disputes in tution has to look after of birth which is registered · (2)-'-A ' share under the fur ensuring the safety tion after J!ai nin ~ prrmis­ each institution which ic; the health affairs of its in the personnel office or name of pension is not condi-tions of work and hy­ sian of tht' Public Hralth o.rgan ised by internal re­ workers and trainees. Th~ in his identity card should deducted from the wage nf giene in various sectors Ministry to establish joint gulations investigated the eir medical check·ups take be taken . into account as a rrtired person who . is l'e· for protecting the heakh hospitals or polyclinics. disputes between workP.rs, place through the health a whole year. employed and he/ she d<>­ trainees and ·the institu­ of workers against diffP.. 1 centres and polyclinics of 1-The amount of pen­ esn't desene pension·.: for ren.t dlseases. tion itself. The commissio1t the Ministry of Public He­ sion of a worker who has his/ her latter period at takes action for solving su­ An employing adminis- Chapter 14: alth. wMked for ten years is \Vorking time. r:h differences t·hrough di­ tration is duty.bound to (2)-. Regulations cone· estimated as 40 percent of . ARTICLE 127: Training Pro­ rect talks and reconciliafi- \ organise regulations for erning the organisation of his monthly wage and 111 'fhe payments of· ber eav· 1 providing safety ronditions fessional on mPthods. I health clinics for workers return to his each year's ed of workers take place.· ,,f work and hygiene in and determining the limit-; service above ten years 2 according to t·he provisions Personnel. ARTICLE Ill: various sectors of produc­ according to which the percent of his monthly wa­ of law for state officials. ( I)-. If the commission t ion and the protection of family members of workers ~:c should be increased in ARTICLE 107: of an institution for solv­ wo rkers against various can use them is to be org· hi s pension. ing labour disputes does anised by the Mini>try ot 2-A worker who has Chapter 17: Uiseases originating from a (I )-for training and en- not succeed in solving the Public Health with the <<>­ bern retired by taking in­ special field of work. hancin& the professiona I Auditing of differences, or both sides operation of work admini· to ronsideration t·he prov­ level, gaining skill and ge· of the dispute do not ar::c­ isions or this law and hi s ARTICLE 101 : stration. Work. neral knowledge by work· Ppt the decision of the co-­ working period is less than Employment o[ a work­ ARTICLE 118 : ARTICLE 128: ers, an institution oraani.;­ mmission of the institu£ion 10 years. his pension is er in a job which is not (1) In case a worker or (I)-The institutions wh- es and implements prac· or one of the sides has paid by a special rf"gulal i· appropriate to his heal'.h a trainee receives injur!es kh come under the prQVI ­ tical and theoretical pro~· a complaint about the de· on . co.ndi-tions is forbidden. .while performing work in sions of this law are rams thro.ugh. the aa:rcem· cision tilken, then a mixed 3-The amount of pens­ ARTICLE 102 : 1 the work area or becomps investigated by wor.k au­ ent 'and cooperation of commission which compri- 1 ion cannot exceed the 100 ( 1) Before employement, a disabled due to some dis­ ditors. work administration. ses of equal number of l percent of monthly w::Jg\'. eases w~ich originate frcm (2)-.The work auditors workN should ~o throu~h (2)- The number . of ho· member& on behalf of the 4-While estimating HlP, are the officials of work nwdir al r ht•rk-up ;.~u ri lu :-. urs are considered as paid trade unions and work ad· · certain professions, in add­ pension, a period of six administration and ~ rade al>i ltty or unability for c~~ ­ hours which are appropri­ ministration takes steps ition to their sick leaves months and more than that unions who have e nou~ t\ r.ving o u t t'P ~ta in dut1es . ated for the (I) item of for solving the difference. they are benefited by the is r.ounted as one . year . experience after passing should b(' t'ntcr('d in hi s this article. (2)-. The mixed com· following concessions. ARTICLE 122: l-In case . a worker is a tr·aining period in duties h"alth record. (3)-.!f training takes pl­ mission has the authority On retirement a worker disabled for a certain pe­ whi ch ar.e assigned to them (2}-An institution ;" ace during non.official ti­ to confirm the settlement should be tpaid in addition on the ordel' of this law. obliged to take into consi­ me, the wage is paid on introduced by the comm­ riod of time. he/ she can re­ to the amount of pens!on (3)- The work auditors d ~ration the content of he· the basis of normal work ission of the institution. ceive all monthly concessi­ one month full salary of ons. A!: soon as his disabi­ b~ar special identity cards alth record of a worker wh- h~u rs . But if it is recocnised as his last month. lity disappears, he is to and are introduced offiL­ ! en he applif's for resuming against the enforced laws, ARTICLE 123: ARTICLE 108: continue his routine work. ially for investigating . in­ a joh. the commLssion can The pension of disable1 1 (I )-A worker has the 2-ln case the disability .s lilut ions. reject it and can make workers and their berP.av­ right to use literacy c.: ou r­ of a worker is identified as t\HTICLE l:l~l : ARTI CLE IO:l: a decision of its own. ed will be increased pro­ ses fo r enhancing his level sem i-permanent so that Tlu~ duliPs of an audilor Mrdical check ups fl•r (3) If the displlte is not portionally while an incre­ of knowledge. he/ she will not be an•: the purpose of employm­ settled by the mixed com· ase is ~i n t roduced in the 1. (2)- If possible the lite· able to carry out l-l11vesti,llating the im· r nt in rf':gular intervals or . mission, then it is referr•·d wage' scale in general. plcmentation of provisi during which he has then he/she should· be provisions of this law. Mi~i st r y of Public Heah ~ vide its workers and trai­ reaches 8 percent of t lte :>-Presenting reports to received training throu~h paid his/her monthly sa· through thr roopf'ration nees with food allowance, monthly wage of which 3 the institution. otherwise lary as pension . . the work administration rc'· of thr work ad ministra•i• clothes, protection facili- percent is paid by the wor· he' shf' has to pay t he a mo· (2)-His treatment eXrp­ garding the s hortcomin~s on. ties on work area and ker and 5 percent by lhe unt of expenditure the ins­ enditures should be paid of implementation of law, coupons of foodstuff or the institution. titution has paid for his/ her by the institution. regulations and charters in ARTI CLE 104 : difference of a coupon fa­ 2-25 percent of his/ her the area of work. professional training. (3} If an incident takes cilities. wage and allowances ·dur­ ARTICLE I 30 : For taking protrrtion 011'­ ARTICLE !15 : place while a worker is · ARTICLE 110: ing the first month of em· A work auditor has th ~ asurcs against commun1ca· (I)-.To support the wor· under the influence of naP.. An institution has to prr· ployl)1ent. following authorities fo1· bk rlio;('aSPS. an institutton kers of mixed and private cotics or it has taken place pare ground for profession· 3-The difference o{ in· performing ocderly his is nbligrd to roopf':rate wi· institutions ,the state dist· on purpose or the perman­ al >tage. to students of crement of fi rst month in duties, bringing intn att­ th thr hf'a lth CP.ntrrs of ributes coupons of foodstuff ent disability of a worker professional education anri each promotion. ention of facts and gain­ Puhli<· llrallh .. Ministry. to them. is identified as other than higher' studies. 4-50 percent of general ing information from an increase in the first mon­ institution regarding the th howabouts of maintaining:

38 the contents Of law reaula· 80. and 84 of this law will rpose, he should be · puou· tile employment office and ARTIQ.E 159: tions and charters as wP.II b~ corrected by fining him/ shed for it according to the Central Conncil of (1 1- By enforcine this as about the defects of eq. her 500 to 1,000 Afghanis. the provisions of punishJD· liipment anff ways of work Trade Unions of the DRA. law, its provisions are ap­ ARTICLE 139: ent law in addition to the· ARTICLE 151: which endanger the saf· pik:lhle to all contract-ba· (I 1-A violatOr of arti· compensation for the da· , (1 )-Imposing oblicato­ .-eel employees. ety measu.rps: maae. des 71, 72, 77, and 99 of ry work is not permissible. (2)-Matters which deal !-Asking for the at!•· this law will be corrected (2~An institution can A work is considered ob­ .with s the authority ot the ne­ kground of workers. The in its balance sbould be ARTICLE 161: in pre­ arest head of a worker. methods of preparation . of ; transferred to the encoura­ With the enforcement of Chapter 18: (2)- Applyinc the cor­ such documents are i11· &e!Jient fund of the wor­ this law the labour laws Christian re~tina confirmations such traduced by the employm­ ikers. and regulations of national times. Correcting as reclucine of salary, .the ent office. (21-The method of im· industrial institutions of Confirmation & postponement or abro&Mti· (2)-The baclqround do­ plementation of this arti­ Afghanistan in the year on of a contract with a cuments of workers sho­ cle and the date of its en· 1324 HS (1945), including fMcemenl take place thr· all decrees and charters wh­ Provisions of worker is the authority of uld be presented by an ;11,. Punishment. the insti-tution itself. titution when demanded ough special regulations. ich contradict the provis­ ARTICLE 143:. by a work auditor. ARTICLE 156: ions of this law are ann· ARTICLE 135: An institution has to in­ ARTICLE 149: An institution has to set ouncecl as abroeatecl. The correcting confir·m· form a worker three days An institution is oblieed aside in its finandal plan ARTIO.E 162: ations reaistered in this and the work administra­ to provide a separate s~c· certain amount of money This 1- is to be enforc· chapter are applied aaa- tion one month in advan.. tion of reaistration for t~a­ for raising the level or eel after being published in inst violatinl the provis­ ce recardine the scarpine inees and adolescpnts who­ skill of distinguished wor­ the Official Gazette. ions ~f this law. of a contract. se a1es are under 18. kers or trainina them in· (Concluded) ARTICLE 136: side or outside the coun· ARTICLE 150: try. "If a ~rson who accor­ ARTICLE 144: (I 1-An institution is ob­ ARTICLE 157: ding to the need of an m· liged to send the address ()I-When a worker is stitution for his work is In case a worker is res­ of i.ts main center and • 11 servinl in military service informed about the secre­ ponsible for the loss 0 ,_ NEW ARMY REGULATION enoes &C'C'Ordinl to the s• be il belaetited. by tbe _fol- ts of the work of that ins· damaee of the pro~rty of mpl~ issued by the emp­ lowiat C'M' 10 & : ... titution. passes these sec· an institution he has to loyment office during one I -.lie llllould be &iYtiL a rets to other than the au· pay for that. month's time from the thoritative source, wm be coqpoo or its equivalent Annex #4 of the Regulations «tate the institution is in .. allowance. punished on the basis of ARTICLE 145: formed by the employment states that the General Com­ punishment provisions of (1 l-In case a worker office. 2-'l'he perlocl of mili­ law. is not able to pay for the (2~cue-anew m. tary lefYice of a worker mand of the Soviet Armed ARTICU: 137: damage, the cost sbould . titution is ettllblisbed or ~ be cnu.ated for bil Forces can operate wherever di-A transgrrssor or be deducted from his mo- . 1 1 an institution chanees its ~D and .peuion. (21-When. a watfler is the order of articles 194 nthly wage 1)rovidecl it · ' J workinc place, the emplo­ they think necessary with­ and 95) of this law will br demobl>ed from military does not exceed a quarter 1 rment .office lliloalcl be correr.tpd by fining him/ of his monthly ware. ; Informed about it in one service aDd if ile -lies out consulting with the DRA hrr belw•rn 300 and 500 (2)-A worker can !ake 'month's .time. for work in the institution !rmy. The Kabul Army will Af~hanis. his claim to a dispute ;ol· (3)-ln. case an insbta- in which he was workin& 12)-A violator of the vonc S011rce if he thinks tion or one of its agencies earlier, lhould be re-em· have to obey orders given order of articles 147, 148. that the estimation of pay- are closecl, the employm- ~loy~ in ~ne month time 149. 23 and 64 of this law ment for the damage is eat office sbould be iDfor. m hiS preVIOUS job or sim­ at the last moment & will w.ill be corrected by finin,~~; lnJust. med in one montb's time ilar one. have nothing to do with hom/her 300 to 1.000 Af. since its closure ARTICLE 158: ~han is. ARTICLE 146. (41-An insti~tion ca~ Relationships between planning. (AICMB #37) ARTICLE 138: (I )-If a worker destroys aot close its work without workers and private acri- A violator of orders of or damages the pro~rty receiving the advance II· . cultural institutions are articles 65, 66. 68. 78, 79. of an_ institution such as reement in written fonn <~r&anised tbroueh the law. machmes ,tools, etc on pu-

39 -A · telephone channel In _ the section of ren­ between Hairatan port ted circuts: 18, 500 TELEPHONE LINES (KNT 2/15) and Termiz round the A - telephone channel - clock; between Kabul and Mo­ According to the deve­ and the international co- In the t' f . t mmunication lines. , · . sec wn o .m - scow. loping plans of the DRA A Th · t I ernatwnal telegraph com- -Between Kabul and the · · Telecommunication - -:- . e m_erna 1 c?m- munication: · mum<:a.twn Is compnsed A bl . b London. IDepartment has _installed · f . - ca e 1me etw- - Between Kabul and . 196 new telephone sets o two separate sections - een Kabul' and New Delhi Moscow. in the government depar­ local and out of the zone. from 8 t 0 d f The· local communication to - 12 a.m. an rom Between Hairatan . tments and 323 sets in 3 7 services include (9) sets _ ·BePt_.m. K b port and Termiz. the residential areas of . ween a u 1 ·and of au t omatic te1 ephone , Tashk t t . Kabul in the first three with a capacity of · (18- en Wice a day for In addition to tele- quarters of 1983. • half hour each - phone, telegraph, local 500) lines, local battery _ Bet· K. b - Engineer Mokhamed, . 't h b d - - ween a u 1 and - and out of the zone telex , head · of Telecommunicat­ swi c - ?ar s and _central , Frankfort from 8 and international coriunu­ batt~ry m the centers of . p.m. a.m. to ion Department said that 9 nication servi·ces the De- provmces and counties ., _ -.------~- -- on the basis of recomme­ with a capacity (}f (6,500) -Between Kabul and partment takes part in , nded plans the Ministry lines. Also, in order to me- '. Rome from 6 a.m. to 9 the national economy of of Communication was co­ et the requirements of p.m. the country and we can consider the Telecommu­ nsidering to extend and Kabul citizens, (103) co- ~Between Kabul and nication Department as offer better communicat­ ined. telephone booths we- Moscow round the clock. source of income for the ion services to a number re installed and made op- In · the section of country. For _instance, in of public projects. With erational in various parts ' Telex: the implementatiol). and 1 the first three quarters of of !(.abul city. Likewise, - • -Two telex cha:rm,_e_l$ the current year we for_ec- completion of this plan a (100) line automatic te.. · tween Kabul and Rome ast the income of the De­ necessary facilities will lex unit is technically co- . from .6 a.m. t~ 9 p.in. partment to be Af_s. 176,- - be provided for our com­ ntrolling (250) semi-auto- -Two telex channels be- 615.000. . ·- I patroits on the national -matic internal sets · and tween .Kabul and Frank- and :international level. · But the staf.f employ­ ( 400 -secretariat teleph- -fort .from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m.- ees and workers of the de- , Re-operation of a (100) · ones of the instituti-ons. -;90 telex . channels bet- line Telex unit, installm------'------: ween Kabul and - Moscow partment :worked const-a­ . ent and assembling and The out of the ·zone co- round the clock. ntly and as a result,. we i putting into operation of mmunication services co­ ea~ned ·Afs. 193,929,000. nsists - of (26) _ . special I-\ automatic units in Macr-.• i royan, Shahery-Now Ka- telephone switch-boards rt-e-Char plus the insta;. which ensures wireless co­ nation of ( 400)- line aut­ mmunication · with cent­ omatic units in the cities ers of zones, provinces of Charikar, Puli-i-Khom- and c

40 of marriage ceremony, min- - Purchasing ethnogr­ ETHNOGRAPHIC CENTER EXPANDS KNT 2/26 iature and sculpturing wo- aphic works from jndivid- Over fifty thousand pe- of all nationalities. Due rks- of the Ghulam -Moh- uals. ople have visted the cult- to this problem it could ammad Maimanagi organ- At the conclusion of ural and national ethno-, display a limited number · isation have been put at his interview the directo~· · graphic museum of the · _of folk· cultural works the exhi!bition. said that now when the Democart'ic Re;public of ~nd put them at display. It should \be mentioned foundati'On of the ethno- Afghanistan during the After the victory ot the _ that over 1,000 ethnogran- graphic museum is laid, current Afghan year (be- glorious A;pril revolution hie ,works have ib_~~n tl-~- the employees of the mu- gun on Mar.ch 21, 1983). and especially it new and· nsfered from the national seum have launched ever The ethnographic muse- · evolution ary phase due museum and the process further patriotic and un­ um or the centre for c0.ll- to the special attention of of transfering such works defatigua.ble efforts for ection of rare and indige- .the party and the revulu- • is still continuing and will .the further improvement nt works is of tionar.y state paid to the timely be utilised in ext~ · saum~d .. expansi.on of this me-l cultural genuineness of enriched culture of the nding the ethnqgraphic - - - - the nationalities residing • colin try and· respect to the museum. in the DRA which was est" beliefs and traditions of . · ' Speaking on the activ­ ablished and started its cui- ,the mili.tant nationalities •- ity of expanding the eth­ .tural activities during the of this territory, the Coun- • n~graphic muesuem he current Afghan year. cil of Ministers of the _ said that the following. ac- Speaking on the need DRA approved the com;- [ tivit~es are. at hand or of establishing the ethn- ocation of the ethnograp-1 considered _m the develop­ agraphic museum and hie museum in the f rame- ! men~ plan_ of the ethnog­ its activities in an interv- ·work of the national mu- _ raphic mes~. -: iew with reporter 0{ 11 'the seum, ministry of inform-' . - Prapanng_ t~e bulld­ Ka·hul New Times, the di- _ation and culture in the mg of the exhibition for 1 rector of the museum said year 1981. But due to lack : the musem. "In order to preserve, ke~ of a suitable building for _ - 'r:ansfer of the_ ethn-: ep and attach .great value· the basic activities of ogr~phic worlm,from the to 'the. precious culture - the museum, its. work : nftwnal museum of Kab-

of the fraternal nati~~al- . was delayed. 1 u · . . ities of the DRA and , to · The museum started its i - Regist::atiOn of all the· save _the indigenous cult- ac.tivity after -convening : ethn'O~aphic_ works.

1 ural works of .this territo- an exhibition· under the - Prepar:t10n of albums ry, the museum was bro- name of "national culture for et~~gr8;phic works. always ught into existing. It was and art exhbbition" which Classification of the et­ also done in an effort in was held in .a bid to obser- I hno_graphic works of the order to make the folklo- ve the fifth anniversary 1 van~u.s nationalities and alert! rists and fans of culture · -_of the Aipril Revolution. .locallties_ of _the countrv. able· to continue with th- 1 eir research and all out Explaining the works\ activities iii this regard. of the ethnographic mu-• The ·scholar~ .. and rese- seum put for display thei archers of the' country by . director of the mtlseum! realising and making use. said that over 600 ethnog­ of the material and moral : ratphic ~orks inchidil:tg culture of the __ .countr_y_ clothes, Jewelry furniture and through their .- sde'n- : and utensils, hunting me­ tiiic reaserehes can ind- a~s, phenamenon of gen.; etify the _ cultural geuin- ume pont!' in~ustry, the 1 ·-'~ ,eness of the Afghan na-~ rug weavmg mdustry in, , tionalities residing in the. eleven outlets, specific cu~ ~ · country. _, tie~ indicating the cult-- · • ~!. Touching on the history ~ral ~orks of various na, I I ; of ethnography in Afghan- twnahties such as Pash~ .--., istan he added that in the toon, Hazara, Tajik, Uzb- /~ ' year 1961 an outlet after ek, Baloch, Hiridu Noor- 1 ~ the name of ethnogeaphy istani, nomads an'd othe- 1 was put at display in the r~ have been put, at the '///; framework of national _g_I~J?lay.___ _ · ' museum. But it was not Likewise, lo~~~ -jewelry :.j well arranged because the a number of handicraft in- • outlet was not so much dustries relating to vari-ous ·-. large to contain the works localities of the country, manufacturing of pottery · lmPft811ioa o1 - arU at trom the respect paid to the sacred beliefs anti ·and rug weaving, samples the fl'eedOIIl fur ~nn Ill&' :relllious .-tt.es m the DR~:_ _ :.,·: i ·.-- .. , ~·, ,::;, 41 Aoother S

Old citv to be rebuilt Two avenues storeyed envisaged in plan buildings ntial buildings iha vtng all om the main central necessary teehnica.J aDd and Jade Maiwand by ·. built residential facilities, plus passing the bis~rieal Hill of Qala-e-Hasar and end- In the detailed plan of c~ters of social, cultural and commercial services. ing at the reereational ~ ar- b~ on the city master The preliminary design ea of Beny-Hasar. plan, the \offices of depar­ of the 'Kabul city plan en- With the destruction •of tments, state ilnstitutlons compasses two prblciple decayed and old houses, and social «ganisatwns streets, m.e. the Pamir-Ma- measures for construction would be· established in a iwand avenue running up ol party, state .lllld resid­ to Revolution Park of entia! buildings would be Youth township and fina­ adopted .keeping in view In this design the old ci­ lly extending' up to Mart­ the rfact /that principle bu­ ty would be replaced wi­ yrs' Hill and the newly ildings and avenues wo- th beautiful and eomlorta- built avenue beginning fr· ·front, everywhere iis

for struggle. . · \(,.tJ 1' "2..\ 11

(Photo: H.E.S.)

MASTERS DEGREE COURSES The Faculty of Advanced Training for the Instructors of Social Sciences opened on 2·/ 28. Philosophy, political economy and contemporary history will be taught at the masters degree level. At present there are 50 instructors.

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