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Conflict in the Greek World wh07_te_ch04_s03_s.fm Page 124 Tuesday, January 16, 2007 10:44 AMwh07_se_ch04_s03_s.fm Page 124 Monday, November 27, 2006 1:00 PM Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION 3 Instruction Athens Demands Action 3 As the Persian invaders grew dangerously close, the Athenian generals were split between going Objectives into battle or waiting for Spartan reinforcements. As you teach this section, keep students To break the deadlock, the Athenian general focused on the following objectives to help Miltiades approached Callimachus, the them answer the Section Focus Question commander-in-chief, and pleaded that a decision and master core content. 3 must be made. 3 Callimachus, it is up to you, right now, to ■ Summarize how the Persian Wars “ enslave Athens or to make her free. Athens affected Greece. is in the most perilous moment of her ■ history. If we fight now, why then we can Explain how Pericles instituted a direct Miltiades, Athenian democracy in Athens. victor at Marathon survive this battle. It hangs on your deci- sion—now. If you vote with me, your father- ■ Understand the causes and effects of land will be free . , but if you choose . not the Peloponnesian War. to fight, then the opposite of all good . will fall to you.” Focus Question How did war with invaders and conflict among Greeks affect the city-states? Prepare to Read Conflict in the Greek World Build Background Knowledge L3 Ask students to preview the headings in Objectives Like the Athenian generals, divided on whether or not to go into this section. Given what they know about • Summarize how the Persian Wars affected battle, the Greek city-states were often at odds with one another. Yet, when the Persians threatened them, the Greeks briefly put the frequent warring of the ancient Greece. aside their differences to defend their freedom. Greeks, what do they predict will happen • Explain how Pericles instituted a direct democracy in Athens. during the century between 500 B.C. and • Understand the causes and effects of the 400 B.C.? Peloponnesian War. The Persian Wars As you have read, the Persians conquered a huge empire stretching Set a Purpose L3 Terms, People, and Places from Asia Minor to the border of India. Their subjects included the Greek city-states of Ionia in Asia Minor. Though under Persian rule, ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection alliance stipend these Ionian city-states were largely self-governing. Still, they aloud or play the audio. Pericles jury direct democracy ostracism resented their situation. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, In 499 B.C., Ionian Greeks rebelled against Persian rule. Athens Athens Demands Action sent ships to help them. As the historian Herodotus wrote some Ask What did Miltiades demand of Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details years later, “These ships were the beginning of mischief both to Callimachus and what did he say Make a table like the one below. Then, use the the Greeks and to the barbarians.” table to record the supporting details as they would happen if Callimachus relate to the main ideas discussed in the section. Athenians Win at Marathon The Persians soon crushed the failed? (He demanded that Callima- rebel cities. However, Darius I was furious at the role Athens chus fight rather than await the Spar- Persian Athenian Peloponnesian Wars Democracy War played in the uprising. In time, Darius sent a huge force across the tans; if he did not fight, Athens would Aegean to punish Athens for its interference. The mighty Persian • Athens is • • Greeks resent lose its freedom.) victorious Athenian domination. army landed near Marathon, a plain north of Athens, in 490 B.C. at Marathon. ■ The Athenians asked for help from neighboring Greek city-states, Focus Point out the Section Focus • • • Question and write it on the board. but received little support. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 3 Assessment answers.) Vocabulary Builder ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. Terms, People, and Places. Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 67; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 ■ Have students read this High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence section using the Paragraph Shrinking uniqueness, p. 126 n. the quality of being without equal; individuality strategy (TE, p. T20). Have students fill The uniqueness of the previously unknown dinosaur made the discovery of the in the table to record the section’s fossils all the more exciting. supporting details. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 41 124 Ancient Greece wh07_se_ch04_s03_s.fmwh07_te_ch04_s03_s.fm Page 125 Page Wednesday, 125 Monday, September November 14, 2005 3:00 7, 2005PM 3:49 PM Persian Wars, 490 B.C.–479 B.C. For: Audio guided tour Teach Web Code: nap-0431 Black Sea The Persian Wars L3 MACEDONIA Map Skills When the Persian empire attacked Greece, the Greek city-states Instruct briefly joined forces to defend their ■ 40° N Introduce Ask students to recall the independence. militaristic society of Sparta. Based on A 1. Locate (a) Athens (b) Sparta e their previous readings, ask them to g (c) Marathon (d) Thermopylae 20° E e PERSIAN a predict whether Sparta and Athens will EMPIRE (e) Salamis Thermopylae n work together or fight each other dur- Thebes S 2. Movement Describe the routes of Marathon e IONIA Sardis a ing the Persian Wars. N Salamis Athens the Persian army and navy toward the Delos city-state of Athens. ■ Teach Describe how Athens and the W E Peloponnesus ATTICA 3. Making Inferences Why do you ancient Greeks defeated the Persians. S Sparta think Xerxes’ fleet hugged the Greek LACONIA Ask What led to the conflict coastline instead of sailing directly Areas settled by Greeks between Persia and the Greeks? Rhodes Athenian Empire 36° N across the Aegean Sea? 24° E (Athens sent ships to help Greek city- about 450 B.C. Miller Projection Route of Xerxes’ fleet 050 100 mi states in Asia Minor rebel against Per- Route of Persian army Crete sian rule—which infuriated Darius I.) Battle sites 050 100 km Mediterranean Sea 28° E Why might some Greek city-states have wanted to withdraw from the The Persians greatly outnumbered Athenian forces. Yet the invaders Delian League? (Though the League were amazed to see “a mere handful of men coming on at a run without was intended to continue the defense either horsemen or archers.” The Persians responded with a rain of against Persia, Athens dominated the arrows, but the Greeks rushed onward. They broke through the Persian League, even using money others con- line and engaged in fierce hand-to-hand combat. Overwhelmed by the tributed to rebuild its own city. Domi- fury of the assault, the Persians hastily retreated to their ships. nation and taking of money provided The Athenians celebrated their triumph. Still, the Athenian leader, strong incentives for other city-states to Themistocles (thuh MIS tuh kleez), knew the victory at Marathon had try to withdraw.) bought only a temporary lull in the fighting. He urged Athenians to build a fleet of warships and prepare other defenses. ■ Quick Activity Display Color Trans- parency 22: Persian Wars. Use the Greek City-States Unite Darius died before he could mass his troops lesson suggested in the transparency for another attack. But in 480 B.C., his son Xerxes (ZURK seez) sent a book to guide a discussion on the Per- much larger force to conquer Greece. By this time, Athens had persuaded sian Wars, including the location of bat- Sparta and other city-states to join in the fight against Persia. tles, the extent of the Persian invasion, Once again, the Persians landed in northern A relief illustrating the Athenian Greece. A small Spartan force guarded the narrow battle with the Persians at Marathon and the distance between Persia and Greece. mountain pass at Thermopylae (thur MAHP uh lee). Led by the great warrior-king Leonidas (lee AHN ih Color Transparencies, 22 dus), the Spartans held out heroically against the enormous Persian force, but were defeated in the end. Independent Practice The Persians marched south and burned Athens. The Have students access Web Code nap- city was empty, however. The Athenians had already 0431 to take the Geography Interac- withdrawn to safety. tive Audio Guided Tour and then The Greeks now put their faith in the fleet of ships that Themistocles had urged them to build. The Athe- answer the map skills questions in the nians lured the Persian navy into the narrow strait of text. Salamis (SAHL uh mis). Then, Athenian warships, powered by rowers, drove into the Persian boats with Monitor Progress underwater battering rams. On the shore, Xerxes As students answer the map skills ques- watched helplessly as his mighty fleet sank. tions in the text, circulate to make sure they understand the difficulties of waging war across a sea. Link to Literature Answers Greek Poetry The Greek lyric poet, Simonides of Go tell the Spartans, thou that passest by, Map Skills Ceos (c.556–468? B.C.), had a reputation as a man of That here, obedient to their laws, we lie. 1. Review locations with students. learning and was of such popularity that he is said to Read the epitaph to students and discuss what it tells 2. The Persians followed two routes to Athens: have influenced the political world. Among his finest about the battle at Thermopylae. Have them write their one over land from the north and the second by epitaphs, he wrote about the Spartans who died at own epitaphs for the Spartan dead at Thermopylae, the sea, hugging the coastline and eventually Thermopylae: warrior-king Leonidas, or the vanquished Persians.
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