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Impact of Land Certification on Sustainable Land Resource Management in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia

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Impact of Land Certification on Sustainable Land Resource Management in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia Impact of Land Certification on Sustainable Land Resource Management in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia Enyew Adgo, Yihenew G.Selassie, Abate Tsegaye, Solomon Abate, and Abiye Alemu Ayele April 2014 DCG Report No. 75 Impact of Land Certification on Sustainable Land Resource Management in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia Enyew Adgo, Yihenew G.Selassie, Abate Tsegaye, Solomon Abate, and Abiye Alemu Ayele DCG Report No. 75 April 2014 The Drylands Coordination Group (DCG) is an NGO-driven forum for exchange of practical experiences and knowledge on food security and natural resource management in the drylands of Africa. DCG facilitates this exchange of experiences between NGOs and research and policy-making institutions. The DCG activities, which are carried out by DCG members in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Mali and Sudan, aim to contribute to improved food security of vulnerable households and sustainable natural resource management in the drylands of Africa. The founding DCG members consist of ADRA Norway, CARE Norway, Norwegian Church Aid, Norwegian People's Aid, Strømme Foundation and The Development Fund. The secretariat of DCG is located at the Environmental House (Miljøhuset) in Oslo and acts as a facilitating and implementing body for the DCG. The DCG’s activities are funded by NORAD (the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation). Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the DCG secretariat. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of the author and cannot be attributed directly to the Drylands Coordination Group. © By Enyew Adgo, Yihenew G.Selassie, Abate Tsegaye, Solomon Abate, and Abiye Alemu Ayele Drylands Coordination Group Report No. 75, (April, 2014). Drylands Coordination Group c/o Miljøhuset Mariboes gate 8 N-0183 Oslo Norway Tel.: +47 23 10 94 10 Internet: http://www.drylands-group.org ISSN: 1503-0601 Photo credits: cover: T.A. Benjaminsen, Gry Synnevåg. Cover design: Spekter Reklamebyrå as, Ås. Printed at: Mail Boxes ETC, Oslo. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................... 7 ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 9 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 10 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................................ 12 2.1. LAND TENURE AND LAND POLICY OF ETHIOPIA ............................................................................................................. 12 2.1.1. The pre-1975 land tenure system (imperial time) .................................................................................... 13 2.1.2. Land tenure during the years 1975 – 1991 (Derg regime) ........................................................................ 14 2.1.3. Land tenure post-1991(current government) ........................................................................................... 15 2.2. IMPACT OF LAND CERTIFICATION ON CONFIDENCE OF FARMERS TO SUPPORT MARGINALIZED GROUPS AND LONG-TERM INVESTEMENT .............................................................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.1 Land certification and tenure security ....................................................................................................... 15 2.2.2. Role of land certification on confidence of farmers .................................................................................. 16 2.2.3. Role of land certification on women and marginalized groups ................................................................ 17 2.2.4. Land certification and land productivity ................................................................................................... 19 2.2.5. Land certification and long-term investment ........................................................................................... 21 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................................................................. 25 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................................. 25 3.1.1 Sample woredas in Eastern Amhara .......................................................................................................... 25 3.1.2. Sample woredas in Western Amhara ....................................................................................................... 27 3.2. SELECTION OF SAMPLE KEBELES AND HOUSEHOLDS ....................................................................................................... 28 3.3. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 29 3.3.1. Methods of data collection ....................................................................................................................... 29 3.3.2. Methods of data analysis ......................................................................................................................... 30 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 36 4.1. HOUSEHOLD AND PARCEL CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................ 36 4.1.1. Characteristics of sampled households ..................................................................................................... 36 4.1.2. Farm plot characteristics .......................................................................................................................... 38 4.2. PERCEPTION OF AND CONFIDENCE IN LAND CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................. 38 4.3. IMPACT OF LAND CERTIFICATION ON WOMEN AND MARGINALIZED GROUPS ....................................................................... 42 4.4. IMPACT OF LAND CERTIFICATION ON LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ............................................................................... 45 4.5. IMPACT OF LAND CERTIFICATION ON LAND PRODUCTIVITY .............................................................................................. 46 4.6. ECONOMETRICS MODEL RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 49 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................... 56 5.1. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................................ 56 5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 57 6. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 58 7. APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................................... 64 ANNEX 1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 64 ANNEX 2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 65 5 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: SAMPLE ZONES, WOREDAS AND KEBELES. .................................................................................................................. 25 TABLE 2: DISTRIBUTION OF EXISTING AND SAMPLE SIZE HOUSEHOLDS IN THE STUDY AREA (EASTERN AMHARA).................................... 29 TABLE 3: LAND LED HOUSEHOLD HEADS AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF SAMPLED HOUSEHOLDS. ......................................................... 36 TABLE 4: MEAN HOUSEHOLD HEAD AGE, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND LAND HOLDINGS (N=300). ............................................................. 37 TABLE 5: FERTILITY STATUS AND SLOPE GRADIENTS OF FARM PLOTS OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS. ......................................................... 38 TABLE 6: PERCEPTION AND CONFIDENCE OF FARMERS ON LAND REDISTRIBUTION AFTER LAND CERTIFICATION. ..................................... 39 TABLE 7: PERCEPTION OF AND CONFIDENCE IN LAND CERTIFICATION (N=300). ............................................................................. 41 TABLE 8: LAND CERTIFICATION AND LAND USE RIGHTS OF MARGINAL GROUPS (N=300).................................................................
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