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Squatter Settlement and Its Impact on Urban Amenities of Tilili Town, Awi Zone Ethiopia

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Squatter Settlement and Its Impact on Urban Amenities of Tilili Town, Awi Zone Ethiopia SQUATTER SETTLEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON URBAN AMENITIES OF TILILI TOWN, AWI ZONE ETHIOPIA DESSALEW BERHANE ADVISOR: K.NATH SINGH (DR) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES PRESENTED PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ART (DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES) ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY ADDIS ABABA OCTOBER, 2015 i Addis Ababa University School of graduates This is certify that the thesis prepared by Dessalew Berhane entiteled: Squatter settlement and its impact on urban amenities of Tilili Town, Awi Zone Ethiopia and sub mitted partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of degree of masters of art (in geography and environmental studies) compiles with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the examining committee; Chairperson__________________Signature:_______________ Date___________ Examiner__________________Signature:_______________ Date_____________ Examiner__________________Signature:_______________ Date_____________ Adviseor__________________Signature:_______________ Date_____________ Chair of the department /graduates program coordinator__________________ ii Acknowledgement I extend my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my first advisor K.Nath Singh (Dr) for his unreserved all rounded, support, and enriching comments from the research proposal to this completed research. I also extend my acknowledgement to the department of Urban & Regional Development Planning for giving a chance to study and in support of materials for the all deed of the research. iii Table of contents Decleration …………………………………………………………………………………………. iii Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………………… iv Table of contents …………………………………………………………………………………….. v List of tables ………………………………………………………………………………………….viii Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………...………1 Chapter one …………………………………………………………………………………………….3 1.Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………3 1.1 background of the study ……………………………………………………………………….3 1.2 statement of the problem ………………………………………………………………………5 1.3 objective of the study ………………………………………………………………………….6 1.3.1 general objective of the study …………………………………………………………….6 1.3.2 specific objective of the study ……………………………………………………………6 1.4 research questions ………………………………………………………………………………7 1.5 significance of the study …………………………………………………………………….….7 1.6 scope of the study …………………………………………………………………………….…7 1.7 description of the study area ……………………………………………………………………8 1.8 definitions ………………………………………………………………………………………9 2 CHAPTER TWO ………………………………………………………………………………….…..…..…12 2. LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………………………………………………….12 2.1 introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………..........12 2.2 Urbanization in Ethiopia ……………………………………………………………………………………14 2.2.1 Past Experience ………………………………………………………………………………………14 2.2.2 The Present Land Holding System ………………………………………………………………..…17 2.3 General Characteristics of Informal Settlement ………………………………………………………..……17. 2.3.1 Physical Characteristics …………………………………………………………………………….…18 2.3.2 Social Characteristics …………………………………………………………………………………18. 2.3.3 Legal Characteristics …………………………………………………………………………………18 2.4. Major Causes of Informal Settlement ………………………………………………………………………18 2.4.1Inadequate Formal Land Distribution …………………………………………………………………19. 2.4.2 Poverty …………………………………………………………………………………………..……19 iv 2.5 Informal Land Market ………………………………………………………………………….……..…20. 2.6. Formation and expansion of informal settlement ………………………………………….……………20 2.7 Major Impacts of the Squatter Settlements ……………………………………………..……………….21 2.7.1 Environmental Impacts ……………………………………………………………..…….…………21 2.7.1.1 Pollution of Water Sources ………………………………………………………..…………..21 2.7.1.2 Pollution from Solid and Liquid Wastes ………………………………………………………21 2.7.1.3 Flooding …………………………………………………………………………..……………22 2.7.1.4 Deforestation ………………………………………………………………………..…………22 2.7.2 Economic and Social impacts …………………………………………………………….…………22 2.7.2.1 Encroachment of Good Agricultural Land ……………………………………………………22 2.7.2.2 Haphazard or uncoordinated development ……………………………………..……………23 2.7.2.3. Live in houses constructed with substandard materials ……………………………………………23 2.7.2.4. Crime ………………………………………………………………………….…….………24 CHAPTER THREE ……………………………………………………………………………..…..………24 3. Materials and methods ………………………..……………………………………………....…………24 3.1. Study Setting ………………………………………………………………………………..…………24 3.2 Research Design ……………………………………………………………………………...………….25 3.3 Sample size …………………………………………………………………………………..………….25 3.4. Data collector training and pretesting ………………………………………………………………….25 3.5 The Variables …………………………………………………………………………..……………….25 3.6 Data collection process ………………………………………………………………..……………… 26 3.6.1 Quantitative Data …………………………………………………………………….…………….26 3.6.2 Qualitative Data. ……………………………………………………………………..………….. 26 3.7 Data Quality Control ………………………………………………………………..…………………. 26 3.8 Data analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………… 27 3.8.1 Quantitative data analysis …………………………………………………………………….…….27 3.8.2 Qualitative data analysis ………………………………………………………………….……… 27 UNIT FOUR ……………………………………………………………………………………..………… 28 4. Findings and discussions ………………………………………………………………………………… 28 4.1 Demographic characteristics of identification sample household heads ……………………………….. 28 4.2 Toilet availability in the squatter ……………………………………………………………….………. 30 4.3 .Housing characteristics, infrastructure provision & land acquisition system of informal Settlers …..… 31 4.4 amenities of shower …………………………………………………………………………………….. 32 4.5 Availabilities of pipe water ……………………………………………………………………………….33 4.6 Distribution of electricity in the settlement ……………………………………………………………. 34 v 4.7 Healthy institutions in the town ……………………………………………………………………….. 34 4.8 .Health service condition in the town ……………………………………………………………….…….35 4.9 Unsatisfied dwellers in the service of health institution ……………………………………………….36 4.10 Market place ……………………………………………………………………………………….……37 4.11 .Saving organization …………………………………………………………………………………….38 4.12. Solid waste disposal facilities …………………………………………………………………….……..38 4.13. Sewerage condition in the town …………………………………………………………………………39 4.14 .Road condition in the squatter settlement ………………………………………………………………..40 4.15. Transportation system in the town ………………………………………………………………….…..40 4.16. Distance of residence from main road …………………………………………………………………..41 4.17 Participation in different activities in the squatter ………………………………………………………..42 4.18 Unexpected problems or risk solve mechanism in the settlement ………………………………………42 4.19 Responses of administrators in the town ………………………………………………………………43 4.20 Impact of Informal Settlements on amenities in Study Area …………………………………………….43 4.20.1. Positive Impact ………………………………………………………………………………..………..43 4.20.2 Negative impact …………………………………………………………………………………..…….44 CHAPTER FIVE ……………………………………………………………………………………….………45 5. Conclusion and recommendations ……………………………………………………………………..……45 5.1. Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………………………………..45 5.2. Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………………….………..45 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………...………..47 Annex : Questionnaire………………………………………………………………………………………….50 Map…………………………………………………………………………………………………53 Photographs ….……………………………………………………………………………………………..….54 vi List of tables Pages 1. Table 1.1 Age, Sex, Marital status, Religion & Educational background of household heads……… 28 2. Table 1.2 Toilet availability ……………………………………………………………………………..30 3. Table 1.3 Wall materials …………………………………………………………………………………....31 4. Table 1.4 Availability of places to clean personal hygiene …………………………………………...32 5. Table 1.5 Access to tap water supply …………………………………………………………………...33 6. Table 1.6 Availability of power supply …………………………………………………………….…..34 7. Table 1.7 Availability of Health institutions ……………………………………………………………34 8. Table1.8 satisfaction of people from services of health institutions ……………………………….....35 9. Table 1.9 reasons of unsatisfaction ………………………………………………………………..…... 36 10. Table 1.10 Availability of marketing place …………………………………………………………...37 11. Table 1.11 Availability of saving organizations ………………………………………………….…38 12. Table 1.12 Garbage collections …………………………………………………………………….…38 13. Table 1.13 availability of sewerage facility …………………………………………………………........39 14. Table 1.14 Accessibility the types of Roads ……………………………………………………….....40 15. Table 1.15 distributions of respondents by available means of transportation. ………………….….40 16. Table 1.16 Distance from main road ………………………………………………………….……..41 17. Table 1.17 Participating in social, economic and political activities in the town ………….…..…42 18. Table 1.18 Preventive mechanisms during problems/hazards/ ……………………………….….…..42 19 .Table1.19 perceptions of respondents on references of authorities ………………………….….……….43 vii Abstract Introduction: It is widely and increasingly accepted that urbanization is an inevitable phenomenon. Urbanization has occurred as a result of high natural urban population increase and massive rural-to-urban migration. The rapid rates of urbanization and unplanned expansion of towns have resulted in several negative consequences, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia. Most cities in developing countries are expanding horizontally and the population is moving to unplanned settlements on the peripheries at the expense of agricultural lands and areas of natural beauty. Land delivery system is without normal procedures, no legal framework,
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